Magnetism and 52 TheBarMagnet 5.5 Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity 53 Magnetism and Gauss's Law 5.6 Magnetic Properties of Materials 5.4 The Earth’s Magnetism 5.7 Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets BSCR AC RN SO EIR SESSA RO Ca COE) Mvsa Msar sau Bi vsq Bua 6 23 E> Zi z © Topic —> »» Maximum weightage is of Magnetic Properties of | ¥» _NoVBQttype questions were asked tll now. Materials. >» Maximum VSA and SAltype questions were asked from Magnetic Properties of Materials. © Natural magnet and artificial magnet = when suspended frely, comes to res along north-south direction > Natural magnet : A natural magnet isan ore of 7 > Artificial magnet : Magnet which is prepared ae artifcally is known as artifical magnets. e needle etc. ~ attracts small pieces of iron, cobalt and nickel towards it ynet, magnetic EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter | EduSuccess - Physics XII © Properties of magnets > Attractive property : When a magnet is dipped into iron filings, itis found that the concentration of iron filings, ie, attracting power of the magnet is maximum at two points near the ends and minimum at the centre. The paces in a magnet where its attracting power is maximum are known as poles while the place ‘of minimum attracting power is known as the neutral region. Directive property : When a magnet is suspended, its length becomes parallel to N-S direction. The pole atthe end pointing north is known as north pole while the other pointing south is known as south pole, ‘Magnetic poles always exist in pairs ic, an isolated magnetic pole does not exist Like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other, ‘Magnetic Field : The space around a magnet within which its influence can be experienced is known as its magnetic field. The line joining the two poles ofa magnet is known as magnetic Magnetic dipole : A magnetic dipole consists of two unlike poles of equal strength and separated by a small distance, eg.a bar magnet, a compass needle ete. are magnetic dipoles Magnetic dipole moment : It is defined as the product of strength of either pole (m) and the magnetic length (27) of the magnet. It is denoted by ‘Magnetic dipole moment = strength of either pole x magnetic ength Vi =m (21) ~ Magnetic dipole momentisa vector quantity and itis directed from south to north pole ‘of the magnet. ~The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is A = Ifa magnet of moment M and pole strength ‘mis cat into two equal partsalong its length, then pole strength of each part is m2 and the magnetic moment of each partis M/2 ~ If a magnet of magnetic moment M and ° > > pole strength m is cut ito two equal aves along perpendicular to its length, the pole strength of each partis m and magnetic moment ofeach partis M2. ‘Magnetic field at a point due to magnetic dipote ‘The magnetic field du toa bar magnet at any point onthe axial line (end on poation) i iy _2Mr ep Basial where r = distance between the centre of the magnet and the given point on the axial line, 21 = magnetic length of the magnet and _M= magnetic moment of the magnet. For short magnet ! << r° 12M nr ‘The direction of Bay is along S-N. ‘The magnetic field due to a bar magne! point on the equatorial line (broad-side on position) of the bar magnet is Busiat Hob Begustoial = 3 aE sumone ani? + PY? For short magnet J Holt equatorial = : anr The direction of Begucoa is parallel to N-S. Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in a uniform magnetic field : When a magnetic dipole of dipole moment jf is placed in a uniform magnetic field B, it will experience a torque and is given by t=MxB or t where 0 is the angle between Mand B Torque acting on a dipole is maximum (Gass = MB) when dipole is perpendicular to the field and minimum (¢ = 0) when dipole is parallel or antiparallel to the field. When a dipole is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it will experience only torque and the net force on the dipole is zero while when itis placed in a non uniform magnetic field, it will ‘experience both torque and net force. MBsin® EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter | EduSuccess - Physics XII "eo Work done in rotating the magnetic dipole ina unlform magnetic field Work done in rotating the magni poe from 8, to 8, with respect to uniform magntl elds w= [sino d0= -MB cos0,~ cs0,) a, MB(cos®), - cos®,) IF the dipole is rotated from field direction i.e., 0, = 0° to position 0 ic., 0, W= MB (1 = cox Potential energy of a magnetic dipole + Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnet elds U=-d- B= MB oso The potential energy of the dipole will be minimum (=~ MB) when 6 = 0°, ie, the dipole is parallel to the field, and maximum (= MB) when 8 = 180°, ie, the dipole is antiparallel to the field Gauss's law for magnetism : Gauss’ lave for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero, o= D Bas-0 allatea cements This law establishes that isolated magnetic poles do not exist. Elements of the earth’s magnetic field Magnetic declination : ‘The vertical plane passing through the geographical north pole and south pole at given place is known as the geographical meridian of that place. And a vertical plane passing through the axis of a freely suspended or pivoted magnet is known as magnetic meridian, Magnetic declination at a place is defined as the angle between the geographic meridian and magnetic meridian. Magnetic dip or inclination : Magnetic dip at a place is defined as the angle made by the earth's magnetic field with the horizontal in the ‘magnetic meridian. Itis denoted by 8. Horizontal component : It is the component of earths magnetic field along the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian. It is denoted by Br, > v = If B is intensity of earths total magnetic field, then the horizontal component of carth's magnetic felis given by Byy= Bcosd - The Earth always has a component except atthe poles. ‘The vertical component of earths: magnetic horizontal field, B, sind i, +B and tan 8= Be Bu ° Magne] GeograpRemeridian ~The Earth always has a vertical component except at equator. ~ Ina vertical plane at an angle 0 to magnetic meridian Bj, = By, cosOand By, = By cos If at a given place 5, and 5, are angles of dip in two arbitrary vertical planes which are perpendicular to cach other, the true angle of ip 3 is given by cot'S = cor + co Angle of dip Bata place is related to its magnetic latitude A through the relation tand=2tand ‘Magnetic intensity : Whena magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, it becomes ‘magnetised, The capability of the magnetic field to magnetise a material is expressed by means of a magnetic vector ff, called the magnetic intensity of the field. The relation between ‘magnetic induction B and magnetising field His B=uH where is the permeability of medium. Itisa vector quantity and its SI unit is Am” Intensity of magnetisation ; I is defined as the ‘magnetic moment per unit volume. EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter | EduSuccess - Physics XII Magnetic moment __M Volume v If A = uniform area of cross-section of the ‘magnetised specimen (a rectangular bar) a= sagnetic length of the specimen. rrength of each pole ofthe specimen, then > ‘The intensity of magnetisation is @ vector quantity and its Suni is Am Its dimensional formula is [M°L"'T*A]. © Magnetic susceptibility : It is defined as the ratio ofthe intensity of magnetisation (1) to the ‘magnetisng field (#). > It is @ scalar quantity with no units and dimensions. Physically, it represents the cease with which a magnetic material can be magnetised, ie, large value of 7, implies that the material is more susceptible tothe field and hence can be easily magnetised © Magnetic permeability:Itisdefined astheratio ‘of magnetic induction (B) to the magnetising field (H), > itis scalar quantity having unit Hm and dimensional formula [MET2A] > Tt measures the degree to which a magnetic material can be penetrated by the magnetising field, > Relative permeability : It is defined as ratio of permeability of a medium to that of free space ae Ho ~ thas no units and dimensions. > Relationship between relative magnetic permeability and susceptibility 14 © Classification of magnetic material > On the basis of magnetic properties, different materials have been classified into three categories Diamagnetic substances amagnetic substances are those in which the individual atoms/molecules/ions do not posses any net magne ‘moment of their own, Paramagnetic substances: Paramagnetic substances are those in which each individual atom/molecule/ion has net non zero magnetic moment of its own, The magnetic susceptibility ‘of paramagnetic substance depends on the temperature and it varies with temperature c according to the given equation, Xn. ‘This is known as Curie law. The constant C is known as Curie’ constant. Ferromagnetic substances : Ferromagnetic substances are those in which each individual atom/molecule/ion has a non zero magnetic moment, as in a paramagnetic substance. At hhigh temperature, ferromagnetic becomes paramagnet. ‘The temperature of transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic is known as Curie temperature (T,). The susceptibility above the Curie temperature ie, in the paramagnetic phase is given by c A (>) re ‘Thisis known as Curie Weiss law. = Type of ferromagnetic materials Ferromagnetic materials are divided into two types: Soft magnetic materials : “These have low retentivity, low coercivity and small hysteresis loss. These are used for making clectromagnets, cores of transformers, ‘motors and generators. Sot iron, mu-metal and stalloy are examples ofthese materials. Hard magnetic materials ; ‘These have hhigh retentivity, high coercivity and large hysteresis loss. These are used in making Permanent magnets of various kinds of clectric meters and loudspeakers. Steel alnico, aleomax and ticonal are examples of these materials EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter | EduSuccess - Physics Xi a ‘The comparison between dia, para and ferromagnetic substances are as shown in the table. S.No. Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic 1. | Substances are feebly repelled by | Substancesare feebly attracted | Substances are _ strongly the magnet. by the magnet. attracted by the magnet. 2. | Susceptibility ,, is small, negative and temperature independent. Amis small, positive and varies inversely with temperature, Anisvery large, positiveand temperature dependent. ies 4. (UD. Relative permeability 4, slightly 1, is slightly greater than | 4, is much greater than lesser than unity, ie, M< Hy unity, unity, £6, M>> Ho ies M> to 4. | Atomsdo not haveany permanent dipole moment. ‘Atoms have permanent dipole moments which are randomly oriented, organised in domains. | Na, K, Mg Mn, Al, Cr,| Fe, Co, Ni and their alloys | Sn and liquid oxygen are] are ferromagnetic. paramagnetic. Atoms have permanent dipole moments which are Bi, Cu, Ag, Hg, Pb, water, hydrogen, He, Ne, etc. are diamagnetic. © Hysteresis : Hysteresis is the phenomenon of lagging of magnetic induction (B) or intensity © Permanent magnets and electromagnets : Substances which at room temperature of magnetisation (J) behind the magnetising ficld (1), when a specimen is taken through a cycle of magnetisation, From the hysteresis loop of material, we can study about retentivity, coercivity etc, of the material. The study of these characteristics enables us to select suitable material for diferent purposes retain their ferromagnetic property for a Jong period of time are known as permanent magnets. When a ferromagnetic rod is placed in @ solenoid and current is passed through it then the magnetic field of the solenoid magnetises the rod. This produces an electromagnet. EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter | EduSuccess - Physics XII vious Years’ CBSE Board Ques! 5.2 The Bar Magnet HEME oars) 1. Explain the following (Why do magnetic lines of force form continuous closed loops? (ii) Why are the field lines repelled (expelled) When a diamagnetic material is placed in an ‘external uniform magnetic field? (Foreign 2011) 2. A small compass needle of magnetic moment “Mand moment of inertia ‘? is free to oscillate in a magentic field ‘B: It is slightly disturbed from its equilibrium position and then released. Show that it executes simple harmonic motion, Hence, write the expression for its time period. (Delhi 20110) (5 marks) 3. (a) Asmallcompassneedleofmagneticmoment ‘m’ is free to turn about an axis perpendicular to the direction of uniform magnetic field ‘B! ‘The moment of inertia of the needle about the axis is ‘I. The needle is slightly disturbed from its stable position and then released. Prove that it executes simple harmonic motion. Hence deduce the expression for its time period (3/5, Delhi 2013) 5.4 The Earth’s Magnetism (1 mark) 4. Where on the surface of Earth is the vertical component of Earths magnetic field zero? (Delhi 20130) ‘The horizontal component of the carth’s ‘magnetic field at a place is B and angle of dip is 60", What is the value of vertical component of earthis magnetic field at equator? (Delhi 2012) 6. A magnetic needle, free to rotate in a vertical plane, orientsitsef vertically ata certain place on the Earth, What are the values of (i) hor component of Earth’ magnetic field and (i) angle of dip at this place? (Foreign 2012) 7. Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of pontal dip 90°? (azo) 8, Ifthe horizontal and vertical components of the Earth's magnetic field are equal ata certain place, what would be the angle of dip at that place? (AI20110) BENE 0 mars) 9. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its north tip down at 60° with the horizontal, The horizontal component of the earths magnetic fieldat the place, isknown tobe0.4G. Determine the magnitude of the earth's magnetic field at the place (Delhi 2011) 10. (i) Name the three elements of the Earth’ ‘magnetic field, (i) Where on the surface of the Earth is the vertical component of the Earths magnetic field zero? (Foreign 2011) 11. The horizontal component, of the earth’ 1 magnetic field, ata place is times its vertical rf nlae a tes veri component there. Find the value of the angle of dip at that place. What is the ratio of the horizontal component to the total magnetic field of the earth at that place? (AT 2010C) (5 marks) 12, A compass needle free to turn ina vertical plane orients itself with its axis vertical at a certain place on the earth. Find out the values of () horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and (i) angle of dip atthe place. (25, Delhi 2013) 5.5 Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity BEY 2 mars) 13, Define magnetic susceptibility of a material, Name two elements, one having positive susceptibility and the other having negative susceptibility. What does negative susceptibility signify? (Delhi 2008) EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter | EduSuccess - Physics XII 5.6 Magnetic Materials (1mark) 14, The permeability of a magnetic material is (0.9983. Name the type of magnetic materials it represents, (Delhi 2008) 15, In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic material different from that of @ paramagnetic, when kept in an external magnetic field? (Al2016) 16, Depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines in the presence of a diamagnetic material. (Foreign 2016) 17, Relative permeability of a material u, = 06. Identify the nature of the magnetic material and ‘write its elation to magnetic susceptibility (Delhi 20140) 18, Draw magnetic field when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is placed in an external magnetic field. Which property distinguishes this behaviour id lines due to the two substances? (Delhi 2010) 19, What is the characteristic property of a diamagnetic material? (Foreign 2010) (2marks) 20, If x stands for the magnet Properties of lines magnet of the fi susceptibility of a given material, identify the class of material for which -1s%<0 ii) 0 < x <€ (e stands for a small positive number) (ar2011) 21, Give two points to distinguish between a paramagnetic and a diamagnetic substance. (Foreign 2014) 22, Depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines with () a diamagnetic material and (il) a paramagnetic material placed in an external ‘magnetic field. Mention briefly the properties of these materials which explain ths distinguish behaviour. (A120130) 23. (a) How does a diamagnetic material behave when it is cooled to very low temperatures? (b) Why does a paramagnetic sample display ‘greater magnetisation when cooled? Explain. (Delhi 20120) 24, State two characteristic properties distinguishing the behaviour of paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials. (A120120) 25. The following figure shows the variation of intensity of magnetisation versus the applied magnet field intensity, Hf for two magnetic materials A and B: 1 H (a) Identify the materials A and B. (b) Why does the material B, have a larger susceptibility than A, for a given field at constant temperature? (A12008) EININ (3 marks) 26. Show diagrammatically the behaviour of magnetic field lines in the presence of (i) paramagnetic and (i) diamagnetic substances. How does one explain this distinguishing feature. (AI 2014) EM (5 marks) 27, Distinguish between diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials in of @ susceptibility and (ji) their behaviour in a non- uniform magnetic fed. (2/5, Al 20110) 28, Distinguish few magnetic properties of dia, para- and ferro-magnetic substances in terms ‘of (i) susceptibility, (i) magnetic permeability and (ii) coercivity. Give one example of each of these materials Draw the field lines due to an external magnetic field near a (i) diamagnetic, (i) paramagnetic substance. (12007) EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter | EduSuccess - Physics XII 5.7 Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets (mark) 29, What are permanent magnets? Give one example. (Delhi 2013) 30. (i). Write two characteristics of a material used for making permanent magaets. (ii) Why is core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials? (Delhi 2010) 31, Why should the material used for making permanent magnets have high coercivity? (Delhi 2007) (2 marks) 32, (a) How is an electromagnet different from a permanent magnet? (b) Write two properties of a material which make it suitable for making electromagnets, (Al2014¢) ELNIN (3 marks) 33. What is the difference between an electromagnet and) a permanent magnet? How is an electromagnet designed? State any two factors fon which the strength of an electromagnet depends. (Delhi 2010¢) EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter | EduSuccess - Physics XII PEN CEL TCT 1, (Magnetic lines of force form continuous closed loops because a magnet is always a dipole and asa result, the net magnetic flux of a magnet is albeays zero, (ii) When a diamagnetic substance is placed in an external magnetic field, a feeble magnetism is induced in opposite direction, So, magnetic lines of force are repelled. 2. If a small bar magnet placed in uniform magnetic field & in equilibrium, is rotated through a small angle 0, then it experiences a restoring torque, which tends o align it in the direction of magnetic fel, pvenby te MB sin 4 a |egl=12= ats sind or £8 M8 ing dr dt? For small angle 6, sin 8 = @, so this represents SHM. So small bar magnet executes SHM in uniform magnetic field of time period ae MB ed oe aa © fa | T i . iB where Iismomentof inertia of Bar magi 3. (0) Refer toanswer2 44 Vertical component of earths magnetic ld is 5, RR ogg thea De Ter Spe at earth's magnetic field is zero. 6 (0, (oar 7. At North and South poles, 8. Given, By= y= (net ss ens-1 5 b= 45, 9. ‘The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field is H=Bgcosd Given, H= 0G and 0 = 60° os . . Bp-—“4-08G [+ coseo?- #* cos60° | 10. (i) Elements of earth’ magnetic field (a) Angle of declination (0) (b) Angle of dip (3) (c) Horizontal component of earth’ magnetic field (B,.) (ii) Atequator 11. Let the horizontal component of the earths ‘magnetic field be H and vertical component be Z Ha Et tan = (given) = ¥3 = tan 60° ‘The angle of dip is 60° Ratio of the horizontal component to the magnetic field is #E = cos 8 = cos 60° = + =1:2 Be 2 12. () As horizontal component of earths magnetic field, By = Boos Putting 8 = 907, 8,,~0 (i) For a compass needle aligned vertically at a certain place, angle of dip, 8 = 90° 13, Magnetic susceptibility : Magnetic susceptibility cof a material is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetisation (1) induced in the material to the :magnetisation force (H) applied on it Magnetic susceptibility is represented by Ma Diamagnetic substances like copper, lead ete, have negative susceptibility. Paramagnetic substances like aluminium, calcium ete. have positive susc EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter | EduSuccess - Physics XII Negative susceptibility shows that substance gets ‘magnetised in a direction opposite to the direction of magentising fel. 14, Since the value 0.9983 lies between 0 and 1, hhence the material is diamagnetic. 15. A diamagnetic specimen would tend to move towards the region of weaker magnetic field while a paramagnetic specimen would tend to move towards the region of stronger magnetic fel. 16, Behaviour of magnetic field lines when a diamagnetic substance is placed in an external field. 17. ‘The relative permeability isan intrinsic property of a magnetic material, A related quantity is the ‘magnetic susceptibility, denoted by Zn Walt | Here, iy <1 (iy negative), so the material is termed diamagnetic 18, (i) Refer to answer 16; (i) Behaviour of magnetic field lines when a paramagnetic substance is placed in an external field ‘Magnetic susceptibility distinguishes this behaviour ofthe field lines due to diamagneticand paramagnetic substances. 19. Diamagnetic substances: These are the substances in which feeble magnetism is produced ina direction oppesite tothe applied magnetic field ‘These substances are repelled by a strong magnet. substances are repelled by a strong magnet. These substances have small negative values of magnetism ‘Hi and susceptibility x and positive low value of relative permeability Hy, ie -1S7S00t | | cok | tow | (i) Field lines near a diamagnetic substance (ii) Field lines near a paramagnetic substances 4d 29. Permanent magnets are those magnets made of ferromagnetic materials with high retentivity and high coercivity. For example, stecl, Permanent magnets are those magnets made of ferromagnetic materials with high retentivity and high coercivity. For example, sted. 30, (i) The material chosen to make permanent ‘magnets should have (a) High retentivity so that it produces a strong magnetic field (b) High permeability so that the magnet can be rmaghitised easily. (ii) The core of electromasnets "ate “made Of ferromagnetic materials, which have high permeability and low retentivity. Soft iron is a suitable material for this purpose. 31. The material used for making permanent magnet should have high coercivity so that the 'magnetisation is not erased by stray magnetic field, temperature fluctuations or minor mechanical damage. 32. (a) An electromagnet is different from a permanent magnet because clectromagnets are made of soft iron which is characterised by high retentivity and low coercivity however, permanent ‘magnets are made of steel which is characterised by high retentivity and high coercivity. (b) Two properties : Soft iron has high retentvity and low coercivity. Electromagnets have these characteristics. so soft iron is preferred for making clectromagnets. 33. A permanent magnet is an object made from ‘4 material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic ficld. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold-notes on a refrigerator door. ‘Anelectromagnetisatype ofmagnet whose magnetic field is produced by the flow of electric current. The ‘magnetic field disappears when the current ceases. Design of electromagnet: An electromagnet is madé from a coil of wire wrapped on a soft iron core which acts as a magnet when an electric current passes through it, but stops being a magnet when the current stops. Following factors affect the strength of electromagnet: (i) The number of windings in the electromagnet (ii) The amount of current supplied. >>> EduSuccess Smart Learning Centers | www.edusuccess.in | Contact # +91- 85 0606 1616 / 5252