PARALLEL STRUCTURE

By: Selamat H. Napitupulu

Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris

Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
UNIVERSITAS INDRAPRASTA PGRI JAKARTA
 1. What is Parallel Structure?
2

Parallel structure means using the same pattern of

words to show that two or more ideas have the same
level of importance. Some common parallel structures
can happen at the:
 Parallel Word (Word & Word )

 Parallel Phrase (Phrase & Phrase)

 Parallel Clause (Clause & Clause )

 Series in Parallel
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Noun & Noun ‘
3
Example-1:

Non Parallel I need to talk to the manager or assistant manager.

S P DO NP CC NP
IO
Note: the manager or assistant manager are not the parallel element.

Parallel I need to talk to the manager or the assistant manager.

S P DO NP CC NP
IO

Notes:
• the manager or the assistant manager are the parallel element.
• the manager or assistant manager : functioned as Indirect Object
• NP : Noun Phrase
• DO : Direct Object
• IO : Indirect Object
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• or : functioned as Coordinate Conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with
‘ Noun & Noun ‘
4
Example-2:

Non Parallel She is not teacher but a lawyer.

S LV N CC NP
SC
Note: teacher but a lawyer ‘ are not the parallel element.

Parallel She is not a teacher but a lawyer.

S LV NP CC NP
SC
Notes:
• a teacher but a lawyer : the parallel element.
• a teacher but a lawyer : functioned as subject compliment.
• S : Subject
• P : Predicate
• NP : Noun Phrase
• LV : Linking Verb
• SC : Subject Compliment
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with
‘ Noun & Noun ‘
5
Example-3:

Non Parallel I do not enjoy think or running

S P Bare Inf CC N ( gerund)
Note: think or running are not the parallel element.

Parallel I do not enjoy thinking or running

S P N ( gerund) CC N ( gerund )
Object
Notes:
• thinking or running : parallel element
• thinking or running : gerund as Noun
• thinking or running : functioned as object
• N : Noun
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• or : functioned as Coordinate Conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with
‘ Verb & Verb ‘
6
Example-1:

Non Parallel He eat and sleeps only when he takes a vacation.

Verb Verb
Note: eat and sleeps are not the parallel element.

Parallel He eats and sleeps only when he takes a vacation.

S Verb CC Verb Adverb
Predicate

Notes:
• eats and sleeps : parallel element.
• eats and sleeps : functioned as a predicate as the tense is present tense
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• and : functioned as Coordinate Conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Verb & Verb ‘
7
Example-2:
Non Parallel She invited us to her home but never talks with us last month.
Verb Past Verb Present

Note: invited and talks are not the parallel element.

Parallel She invited us to her home but never talked with us last
S Verb Past CC Verb Past
Predicate Predicate
month

Notes:
• invited but talked : parallel element.
• invited but talked : functioned as a predicate in past tense
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• but : functioned as Coordinate Conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Verb & Verb ‘
8
Example-3:

Non Parallel You can stay home or goes to the movies with us.
Bare-Inf Verb + es
Note: stay or goes are not the parallel element.

Parallel You can stay home or go to the movies with us.

Bare-Inf CC Bare-inf
Predicate

Notes:
• stay or go : parallel element.
• stay or go : functioned as a predicate in present tense after modal ‘ can ‘ (
s + can + bare infinitive)
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• or : functioned as Coordinate Conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Adjective & Adjective ‘
9
Example-1:
Non Parallel My boss is sincere and nicely.
S LV Adj CC Adv
Note: sincere and nicely are not the parallel element.

Parallel My boss is sincere and nice.

S LV Adj CC Adj
SC

Adjective is a word that used to modify a noun ( nouns) or pronoun.

Notes:
• sincere and nice : parallel element.
• sincere and nice : functioned as subject compliment.
• LV : Linking Verb
• SC : Subject Compliment
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• and : functioned as Coordinate Conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Adjective & Adjective ‘
10
Example-2:

Non Parallel The exam that he gave was short but difficulty.
S LV Adj CC Noun

Note: short but difficulty are not the parallel element.

Parallel The exam that he gave was short but difficult .

S LV Adj CC Adj
SC

Notes:
• short and difficult : parallel element.
• short and difficult : functioned as a subject compliment
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• But : functioned as a coordinate conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Adjective & Adjective ‘
11
Example-3:
Non Parallel Class can be interesting or bore.
S LV Adj CC Noun

Note: Interesting and bore are not the parallel

element.

Parallel Class can be interesting or boring.

S LV Adj CC Adj

Can be, will be, shall be, must be, ought to be

Notes:
• short and difficult : parallel element.
• short and difficult : functioned as a subject compliment
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• or : functioned as a coordinate conjunction
 Words
12
Example-3:
Parallel You can stay home or go to the movies with us.
Bare-Inf CC Bare-inf
Predicate

Parallel Class can be interesting or boring.

S LV Adj CC Adj

Parallel The exam that he gave was short but difficult .

S LV Adj CC Adj
SC
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Phrase & Phrase ‘
13
Example-3:

Non Parallel The checks will be ready not at noon but in 1.00.
Phrase Phrase

Note: at noon but in 1.00 are not the parallel element.

Parallel The checks will be ready not at noon but at 1.00.

S LV SC Adv Phrase CC Adv Phrase
Adverb phrase of time

Notes:
• not at noon but at 10:00 : parallel element as both of the phrases are placed
based on the correct ‘ preposition ‘.
• not at noon but at 10:00: adverb of phrases functioned as an adverb of time
• LV : Linking Verb
• SC : Subject Compliment
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Phrase & Phrase ‘

14
Example-1:
Non Parallel There are students in the classroom and front of the building.
Phrase CC Phrase

Note: in the classroom and front of the building are not the parallel
element.

Parallel There are students in the classroom and in front of the building.
S LV SC Adv of Phrase CC Adv of Phrase
Adverb of place

Notes:
• in the classroom and in front of the building: parallel element as both of the phrases
are placed with ‘ in ‘.
• in the classroom and in front of the building: adverb of phrases functioned as a adverb
of lace.
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• and : functioned as a coordinate conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Phrase & Phrase ‘
15
Example-2:

Non Parallel The papers are my desk or the drawer.

Phrase CC Phrase

Note: on my desk or the drawer are not the parallel element.

Parallel The papers are on my desk or in the drawer

S LV Adv of Phrase CC Adv of Phrase
Adverb of place

Notes:
• on my desk or in the drawer: parallel element as both of the phrases are placed based on
the correct ‘ preposition ‘.
• on my desk or in the drawer: adverb of phrases functioned as a adverb of lace.
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• or : functioned as a coordinate conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Clause & Clause ‘
16
Example-1:

Non Parallel
They are not interested in what you say or what do you do.
S LV Adj Clause Positive CC Clause in Question

Note: at noon but in 1.00 are not the parallel element.

Parallel They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
S LV SC Clause in Positive CC Clause in Positive

Notes:
• what you say or what you do : parallel clauses both of the clauses are the same pattern in
positive one.
• not at noon but at 10:00: adverb of phrases functioned as an adverb of time
• LV : Linking Verb
• adj : Adjective
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• or : functioned as a coordinate conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Clause & Clause ‘
17
Example-2:

Non
I am here because I have to be and because I wanted to be.
Parallel
Clause in Present CC Clause in Past

Note: at noon but in 1.00 are not the parallel element.

Parallel I am here because I have to be and because I want to be.

S LV SC Clause in Present CC Clause in Present

Notes:
• because I have to beand because I want to be : parallel clauses, both of the clauses are the same
pattern in positive one and also use the same conjuction.
• not at noon but at 10:00: adverb of phrases functioned as an adverb of time
• LV : Linking Verb
• SC : Subject compliment
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• because : Conduction
• and : functioned as a coordinate conjunction
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Clause & Clause ‘
18
Example-3:

Non Parallel
Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers stay late
Clause with to-inf CC Clause with bare-inf

Note: to go and stay are not the parallel element.

Parallel Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers to stay late
S P obj Adv CC S P Obj Adv
Clause 1 with to-inf Clause2 with to-inf

Notes:
• CC : Coordinate Conjunction
• but : functioned as a coordinate conjunction
• to go & to stay : functioned as objects
 Non - Parallel Structure with
‘ Correlative Conjunction ( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
19

Errors in parallel structure can slip when we write

word, phrase and sentences. It can be happened with
Correlative Conjunction (Paired Conjunctions)
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjuction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
20
Cont-
‘ Either …. Or ‘ is used to connect the same kind of
word or phrase in the sentence which to show two or
more possibilities or choices.
Sentence 1 My teacher offers me a book for my graduation.
Sentence 2 My teacher offers me a pen for my graduation.
Combination My teacher offers me either a book or a pen for
my graduation.

My teacher offers me either a book or a pen for my graduation.

S P IO DO Adv
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjunction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
Cont-
21
Examples:

 Either Jansen or my sisters get a good score

Either Jansen or my sisters get a good score
S1 S2 P O
 Either my mother or my sister is here.
The subject is singular : my sister

 Either you or I am going to be the first winner today.

The subject is singular : I

 Either you or he gets the chance to enter the room.

The subject is singular : he

 Either Sue or the girls are going to prepare dinner tonight.

S1 S2 Verb
The subject is plural : the girls
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjunction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
‘Either … Or 22
Pattern 1:
Either + S1 + OR + S2 + Singular Verb (Verb Phrase) + SC (N/Obj/Adv)!
1. Either my mother or my sister is here.
Either my mother or my sister is here.
PC S1 PC S2 SV SC
Simple Pattern:
 Either my mother or my sister is here.
S LV SC
2. Either Jack or James can use the computer.
Either Jack or James can use the computer.
PC S1 PC S2 VP (P) Obj
Simple Pattern:
 Either Jack or James can use the computer.
S P o
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjunction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
Cont-
23

Pattern 2:
S1 + Prediket (Verb) + Either + Verb + Obj + OR + verb + Obj +….!

 We were told to either reduce the staff or find new

customers.

We were told to either reduce the staff or find new customers.

S P PC Obj OC PC Obj OC

Simple Pattern:

 We were told to either reduce the staff or find new customers.

S P Obj
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjunction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
Cont-
24

Pattern 3:
S1 + Predicate (Verb) + O + OC + Either + Noun + Or + Noun.

 The lecturer allows his students to take the assignment either online or offline.

The lecturer allows his students to take the assignment either online or offline.
S P O OC PC N PC N

Simple Pattern:

 The lecturer allows his students to take the assignment either online or offline.
S P Obj
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjunction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
Cont-
25
Neither ……. nor ( Negative)
‘ Neither ….. nor ‘ is used in the same sentence to show something is not
true or doesn’t happen out of two or more people, actions, things, ideas, or
qualities. Neither makes a negative statement about two people or things.
Sentence 1 Miftahul does not collect the assignment to the teacher
1
Sentence 2 Putri does not collect the assignment to the teacher
Combinatio Neither Miftahul nor Putri collects the assignment to the
n
teacher
Sentence 1 Riyana will not follow the speech contest
2 Sentence 2 Bayu will not follow the speech contest.
Combinatio Neither Riyana nor Bayu will follow the speech contest.
n
Sentence 1 Elta is not clear about the mathematic
3 Sentence 2
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjuction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
Cont-
26
Both …. and
Both … and refers to two things or people together. It is always considered
plural in a sentence.
Example-1:
Information 1 I would like to buy a new house.

Information 2 I would like to purchase a new car.

The combination I would like both to buy a new house and to purchase a new
car.
Example-2:
Information 1 I would like to buy a new house

Information 2 I would like to buy a new car.

The combination I would like to buy both a new house and a new
car.
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjunction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
Not only …… but also 27

‘ Not only …… but also ‘ is used to express unexpected or surprising

information, with the second item being more surprising than the first.

Example-1:

Information 1 As young recruits, we were told what to do.

Information 2
As young recruits, we were told what to think.

The combination As young recruits, we were told not only what to do

Clause
but also what to think.
Clause
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjuction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
Cont-
28
Example-2:

Information 1
Sam hoped to go to France for the
summer.
Information 2
Sam hoped to live there (France) later
on.
The combination
Sam hoped not only to go to France for
the summer but also to live there later
on.
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Correlative Conjunction
( Pair Conjunction ) ‘
Cont-
29
Example-3:
Non - Parallel Structure
in ‘ Series of Words &
Phrases ‘
 7. Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Series Words &
Phrases ‘
A series is a group of three or 31 more elements in a row. The

last element in the series is connected to the others with one of

these coordinating conjunctions: and, or, but (not), or yet (not).
‘ Commas ’ should be placed between each element in the
series and before the coordinating conjunction.
1. series of noun
2. series of adjective
3. series of adverb
4. series of prepositional phrases
5. series of to- infinitive phrases
6. series of gerund
7. series of gerund after object preposition
8. series of events in parallel tenses.
Non - Parallel Structure
in ‘ Series of Noun ‘
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Series of Noun ‘
Series of noun are something several events or things of a
similar kind (noun) that happen one after the other.
Examples:
1. She wanted three things: money , power, and security.

2. I like to eat noodles, pizza, hamburgers, and other junk

food.

3. The raccoon and skunk are animals found primly in

North America.
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Series of Noun ‘

Examples of Non Parallel in Series of Noun

Not Parallel The lady needs for things : money , power, security, and beautiful.
N N N CC Adjective

The lady needs for things : money , power, security, and beauty.
Parallel N N N CC N

The lady needs for things: money , power, security, and beauty.
S P Obj Object Compliment
Non - Parallel Structure
in ‘ Series of Adjective ‘
Adjective is a word that used to modify a noun (nouns) or
pronoun (pronouns).
Examples:
 red, yellow, blue, pink, white, black, green, etc.
 white house; a white house; a big white house.
 red car, a red car, a small red car.
Sentences :
 His house is big.
 She has a good voice.
 She’s wearing a red dress.
 The tower is very tall.
 His story is very interesting.
 I have a big white house.
 Parallel Structure in Series of Adjectives !
Examples:
1. Murray collects valuable, old, Canadian coins.
Adj Adj Adj Noun

2. He is handsome, smart, and humble.

Adj Adj Adj
3. This café is cozy and romantic.
Adj Adj
4. The tribes emphasized collective survival, mutual aid, and
Adj N Adj N
responsibility for one another.
N
 Non-Parallel Structure in Series of Adjectives !
Example Non-Parallel Structure :

Not She is graceful, pretty, but greedily and sometimes so naughty.

Adj Adj Adverb Adj
Parallel

Parallel She is graceful, pretty, but greedy and sometimes so naughty.

Adj Adj Adj Adj

She is graceful, pretty, but greedy and sometimes so naughty.

S LV series of adjective as Subject Compliment
Non - Parallel Structure
in ‘ Series of Adverbs ‘
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Series of Adverb ‘
An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb an adjective,
another adverb, or even a whole sentence. Adverbs often end in -ly, but
some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective
counterparts.
Examples:
Adjective Adverb
( ending in – ‘ ly’ )
silent silently
slow slowly
careful carefully
clear clearly
nice nicely
polite politely, etc.
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Series of Adverb ‘
Examples:

1. Thomas did not run badly.

Note: badly modifies ‘ run ‘

2. Jelly is very tall.

Note: very modifies ‘ tall ‘

3. The race finished too quickly.

Note: too modifies ‘ quickly ‘

4. Fortunately, James recorded Laura’s win.

Note: fortunately modifies ‘ recorded ‘

 Parallel Structure in ‘ Series of Adverbs ‘

Examples of in Series of Adverbs :

 We snuck into the mysterious house, silently, slowly, and carefully.

S P Obj Adv Adv Adv

Note: ‘ silently, slowly, carefully ‘ are Adverb of manner which

modifies ‘ snuck ‘

 The tall slim man usually speaks clearly, nicely, and politely.
S Adv P Adv Adv Adv

Note: ‘ clearly, nicely, politely ‘are Adverb of manner which modifies ‘

speaks’
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Series of Adverbs ‘

Examples of Non-Parallel in Series of Adverbs :

The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately,
Not
Adv Adv
Parallel and in a detailed manner.
Phrase

Parallel The production manager was asked to write his report quickly,
S P Obj Obj Comp Adv
accurately, and thoroughly.
Adv Adv

Note: quickly, accurately, and thoroughly are adverb of manner which modify ‘ was
asked’
Non - Parallel Structure
in ‘ To Infinitive ‘
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Series of ‘ to-infinitive ‘
Examples for Series of ‘ to-infinitive ‘ :

1. She likes to look but not to listen!

to-inf to-inf

2. The frustrated customer wanted to exchange the article, to obtain a

to-inf to-inf
refund, or to speak to the manager.
to-inf
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Series of ‘ to-infinitive ‘
Cont-
46
Examples of Non - Parallel Structure in Series of ‘ to-infinitive ‘ :

Not Mary needs to hike, to swim, and ride a bicycle in order to be

Parallel healthy.

Parallel Mary needs to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle in order to be healthy.

Mary needs to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle in order to be healthy

S P to inf phrase as Object Object Compl Adverb of reason
Certain (common) verbs followed by ‘ to-infinitive verb’

VERBS
agree decide expect hesitate

learn need promise neglect

hope want plan attempt
propose intend pretend decide
forget claim demand desire
fail intend offer plan
prepare refuse Seem strive
tend want try wish
agree expect
Non - Parallel Structure
in ‘ Gerund ‘
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Gerund ‘
Examples for Series of ‘ Gerund ‘ :

1. Maureen loves reading poetry and writing novels.

Gerund Gerund

2. Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling a bicycle.

Gerund Gerund Gerund
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Series of ‘ to-infinitive ‘
Cont-
50
Examples of Non - Parallel Structure in Series of ‘ to-infinitive ‘ :

Not Sir. Brown always avoid drinking alcohol, eating meat,

Parallel and slept too late.

Parallel Sir. Brown always avoid drinking alcohol, eating meat ,

and sleeping too late.
Sir. Brown always avoid drinking alcohol , eating meat , and
S P S eries Gerund Phrases as Object
sleeping too late
Adv
Certain (common) verbs followed by ‘ to-infinitive verb’
VERBS
deny risk delay consider
can’t help keep give up be fond of
finish quit put off practice
postpone tolerate suggest stop (quit)
regret enjoy keep (on) dislike
admit avoid recall mind
miss detest appreciate recommend
get/be through get/be tired of get/be accustomed to get/be used to
resist recent resume advise
report quite claim appreciate
anticipate bear begin complete
continue discuss forget hate
postpone like love mention
miss practice prefer recall
Non - Parallel Structure
in ‘Gerund after ‘ Object
Preposition ‘
 Parallel Structure in Gerund after Object
Preposition ‘
Gerund can be functioned as object preposition. After certain
adjectives are followed with prepositions plus a few gerunds which
called ‘series of gerund after object preposition’.

Examples :

1. The speaker has been tired of, explaining, arguing and giving
Gerund Gerund Gerund
the solution to his clients.
2. My young daughter, Melisa is fond of listening to fairy tales,
Gerund
watching horror film, and talking about some other cultures.
Gerund Gerund
 Non - Parallel Structure in Gerund after
Object Preposition ‘
Examples of Non - Parallel Structure in Gerund after Object
Preposition :

Not
The girl is interested in reading literature books, watching
Parallel Gerund
western movies, to play basketball, and hiking the mountains.
To – inf Gerund

Parallel
The girl is interested in reading literature books, watching
Gerund
western movies, playing basketball, and hiking the mountains.
Gerund Gerund
 Common Gerund after Object Preposition

 accused of  fond of
 accustomed to  furious at
 afraid of  good at
 angry at  grateful for
 annoyed at  interested in
 ashamed of  proud of
 aware of  responsible for
 capable of  scared of
 careful about  sorry for
 concerned about  successful in
 confident of  sure of
 disappointed at  surprised at
 engaged in  thankful for
 excited about  tired of
 experienced in  be used to
 frightened of  worried about
 Non - Parallel Structure
for ‘ Series of Events In
Tenses ‘
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Present Tense ‘
The simple present tense is used to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual.
The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that
often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
Pattern: S + Verb (s/es/ies) + Obj + Adv!
Examples:
 I always help the poor here.
 You sometimes come late to class.
 We often drink coffee.
 They think their future well.
 She usually does her work well.
 He never speaks English in class.
 It always barks the people.
 Today Clara studies speaking course.
 John pays his debt today.
 Today Mr. Brown advices his sons.
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Present Tense ‘
Examples of series of events in the present
tense:
1. Sinta always wakes up early, then
sweeps the floor, and goes to school.
2. After arriving at home, I usually take a
rest for a moment, then, take a bath,
and then have breakfast, the last watch
some movies.
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Present Tense ‘
Examples for non-parallel of series of events in the
present tense:
Not Before going to sleep, my uncle sometimes watches
Parallel news, has a chat with my aunt, then has checked his

daughter’s homework and drinks a glass of beer.

Parallel Before going to sleep, my uncle sometimes watches

news, has a chat with my aunt, then checks his

daughter’s homework and drinks a glass of beer.
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Past Tense ‘
The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterite, is used
to talk about a completed action in a time before now.
Pattern: S + Verb Past + Obj + Adv !
Examples:
 Yesterday, I went to the theater.
 You explained the cases briefly last night.
 They visited me last week.
 We discussed the heavy lesson just now.
 She told them the problems.
 He drove the car fast.
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Past Tense ‘
Examples of series of events in past tense :

1. Yesterday, I cleaned my backyard, then

planted some flowers, and watered them.

2. Just now, the boy went to the corner, then

took the bus, and went to school.
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Past Tense ‘
Examples for non-parallel of series of events in the past
tense:

Not The teacher said that he was a poor student because

Parallel he waited until the last minute to study for the exam,

completed his lab problems in a careless manner,

and lacking motivation.
Parallel The teacher said that he was a poor student because

he waited until the last minute to study for the

exam, completed his lab problems in a careless
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Future Tense ‘
The future tense is a verb tense used for a future activity or a future state of
being.
Pattern: S + will/shall + Bare-infinitive + Obj + Adv !
Examples:
1. I will have a steak.
2. You will answer them tonight.
3. They will help you to carry it.
4. We will speak tomorrow.
5. She will conduct the meeting.
6. He will report the program next month
7. It will bark you.
8. Melissa will phone you tonight.
9. I shall answer the hard question.
10. We shall leave for America.
 Parallel Structure in ‘ Past Tense ‘
Examples of series of events in future tense :

1. Tomorrow morning after arriving at the office, Clara

will sweep the floor, dust all the tables, prepare

the coffee, tea with sugar, and mineral water for all
the staffs.

2. Before I print my project, I am going to reread,

review, then print, and last summit the project

report.
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Future Tense ‘
Examples for non-parallel of series of events in the future
tense:

Not Next week, the team will check the system fire in the
Parallel building, will investigate some people who involved in the
fire, and conclude why the building was fired.

Parallel
Next week, the team will check the system fire in the
building investigate some people who involved in the fire,
and conclude why the building was fired.
 Non - Parallel Structure
for ‘ Series of Clauses ‘
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Series for Clauses
‘
A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with
clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the
verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism.
Example - 1
Not Parallel
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep,
that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up
exercises before the game.
Parallel
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep,
that they should not eat too much, and that they should do
some warm-up exercises before the game.
OR Parallel
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not
eat too much, and do some warm-up exercises before the game.
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Series for Clauses
‘
. Example - 2
Not
Parallel
The salesman expected that he would present his product
at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his
slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by
prospective buyers. (passive)

Parallel
The salesman expected that he would present his product at
the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his
slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask
him questions.
 Non - Parallel Structure in ‘ Series for Clauses
‘
. Example - 3
Not
Parallel The company doesn’t care about who you
are, how do you got here, or why have you
come.
Parallel
The company doesn’t care about who you
are, how you got here, or why you have
come.
Non - Parallel Structure
with ‘ Elements Being
Compared ‘
 Parallel Structure with ‘ Elements Being
Compared ‘
When we compare things, we often use words such as : more, less,
better, and worse, We connect the items being compared with words
like as and than. Note the comparison methods in the examples below:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

‘ er ‘ ‘ est ‘
big bigger biggest
( besar) ( lebih besar) ( palingbesar)
black blacker blackest
( hitam) ( lebih hitam) ( paling hitam)
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
(cantik) ( lebih cantik) (paling cantik)
Handsome more handsome most handsome
( ganteng) ( lebih ganteng) ( paling ganteng)
Parallel Structure with‘ Elements Being
Compared ‘
‘ than ‘ & ‘ the ‘.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
‘… than …. ‘ ‘… the…. ‘

big bigger than the biggest

black blacker than the blackest

beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful

than

handsome more handsome the most handsome

than
 Parallel Structure with
‘ Elements Being
Compared ‘
Examples:
1. Laura is more beautiful than Clara.

2. Jack is more handsome than Brown.

3. Lake Toba is the biggest one in Indonesia.

4. I am the tallest among of you.

 Parallel Structure with
‘ Elements Being
Compared ‘
Examples:
1. Laura is more beautiful than Clara.

2. Jack is more handsome than Brown.

3. Lake Toba is the biggest one in Indonesia.

4. I am the tallest among of you.

Parallel Structure with
‘ Elements Being
Compared ‘
‘ Irregular ‘
Adjective Comparative Superlative
bad worse worst
far farther farthest
far further furthest
good better Best
little less least
many more most
much more most
well better best
 Parallel Structure with
‘ Elements Being
Compared ‘
‘ Irregular ‘
Examples:
1. I feel much better today than I did last
week.
2. The university is farther than the mall.
3. He has less time now than he had before.
4. Clara has more books than Sue.
5. This magazine is better than that one.
6. He acts worse now than ever before
 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Elements Being
Compared ‘
Examples Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Irregular ‘
More, Less, Better, and Worse with: as & than:
 Driving to New York can actually take less time than flying there
 How you live your live is just as important as how much money you
make.

Not I like swimming better than to dive.

Parallel
Parallel I like swimming better than diving.
Parallel
I like to swim better than to dive.
Non - Parallel Structure
with ‘ Elements Joined
by a Linking Verb or a
Verb of Being.
 Parallel Structure with ‘ Elements Joined by a
Linking Verb or a Verb of Being.
Joining elements with linking verbs or verbs of being
suggests a completing of the first item by the second one.
Often, in fact, an equality between the two is being set up, as
the examples below illustrate.
Pattern: What + S + Verb + LV + What + do + S + Verb!
Examples:
1. What you see is what you get.

2. Being Jim’s friend means being constantly alert.

3. To know her is to love her.

 Non - Parallel Structure with ‘ Elements Joined
by a Linking Verb or a Verb of Being.

Not To succeed is opening a new opportunity.

Parallel S LV SC
Parallel To succeed is to open a new opportunity.
S LV SC

Parallel Succeeding is opening a new opportunity.

S LV SC

Not What you see is what do you get.

Parallel

Parallel What you see is what you get.

Non - Parallel Structure
after ‘ A Colon ’
 Non - Parallel Structure after ‘ A Colon ‘
Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form.
Look at the examples of the ‘colon’:

Not The dictionary can be used for these purposes:

Parallel
to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct
spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.
Parallel The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to

find word meanings, pronunciations, correct

spellings, and irregular verbs.
FINISH & Complete !!!

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