ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION DEVICES
Smoke Detector
• A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke
is a device that senses smoke, typically as an
indicator of fire
• it is recommended that every home have one
smoke detector per floor.
• Commercial and residential security devices
issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel
Commercial and residential security devices issue
a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a
fire alarm system, while household detectors,
known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local
Smoke detectors are
typically housed in a
disk-shaped plastic
enclosure about 150
millimetres (6 in) in
diameter and 25
millimetres (1 in)
thick, but the shape
can vary by
manufacturer or
product line
• Most smoke detectors work either by optical
detection (photoelectricMost smoke detectors
work either by optical detection
(photoelectric) or by physical process
(ionization), while others use both detection
methods to increase sensitivity to smoke
• Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and
thus deter, smoking in areas where it is
banned such as toilets and schools
• Smoke detectors in large commercial,
industrial, and residential buildings are usually
powered by a central fire alarm system, which
is powered by the building power with a
battery backup
• in many single family detached and smaller
multiple family housings, a smoke alarm is
often powered only by a single disposable
battery.
How Smoke Detectors Work
• All smoke detectors consist of two basic parts:
a sensor to sense the smoke and a very loud
electronic horn to wake people up
• Smoke detectors can run off of a 9-volt
battery or 240-volt house current
• Two most common types of smoke detectors
used today: photoelectric detectors and
ionization detectors
PHOTOELECTRIC DETECTORS
• Photo beam detector
is being used
• Enough smoke will
sufficiently block the
light beam and the bell
will go off
• Photoelectric smoke
detectors therefore use
light in a different way
PHOTOELECTRIC DETECTORS
• Inside the smoke detector
there is a light and a sensor
that are positioned at
90-degree angles to one
another
• When smoke enters the
chamber, the smoke particles
scatter the light and some
amount of light hits the sensor
• The sensor then sets off the
horn in the smoke detector
• Better for smoky fires
IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTOR
• Ionization smoke detectors use an ionization
chamber and a source of ionizing radiation to
detect smoke
• This type of smoke detector is more common
because it is inexpensive and better at detecting
the smaller amounts of smoke produced by
flaming fires
• Inside an ionization detector is a small amount
(perhaps 1/5000th of a gram) of americium-241
• It consists of two plates with a voltage
across them, along with a radioactive
source of ionizing radiation.
• They ionize the oxygen and nitrogen
atoms of the air in the chamber cause
free electron to be attracted by the plate
with positive voltage
• The electronics in the smoke detector
sense the small amount of electrical
current that these electrons and ions
moving toward the plates represent
• When smoke enters the ionization
chamber, it disrupts this current -- the
smoke particles attach to the ions and
neutralize them
• The smoke detector senses the drop in
current between the plates and sets off
the horn.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• A fire extinguisher, or extinguisher, is an active
fire protection device used to extinguish or
control small fires, often in emergency situations
• Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a
hand-held cylindrical pressure vesselTypically, a
fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held
cylindrical pressure vessel containing an
agentTypically, a fire extinguisher consists of a
hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing
an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a
fire.
• In stored pressure units, the
expellant is stored in the same
chamber as the firefighting agent
itself. Depending on the agent
used, different propellants are
used.
• With dry chemical extinguishers,
nitrogen is typically used; water
and foam extinguishers typically
use air
• Cartridge-operated extinguishers
contain the expellant gas in a
separate cartridge that is
punctured prior to discharge,
exposing the propellant to the
extinguishing agen
• Used primarily in areas such as
industrial facilities, where they
receive higher-than-average use
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Portable Dry Powder Fire
Extinguishers Portable Carbon Dioxide Layflat Fire Hose
Fire Extinguishers
Fire Blanket
Powder & Foam Fire Fire-X Portable Fire Fireman Axe
Fire Extinguisher Cabinets
Extinguisher on Trolley Extinguisher
How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Please visit:
[Link]
[Link]/Use-a-Fire-
Extinguisher
How Fire Extinguishers Work
• Pull out the safety pin and
depress the operating
lever
• The lever pushes on an
actuating rod, which
presses the
spring-mounted valve
down to open up the
passage to the nozzle
• The bottom of the
actuating rod has a sharp
point, which pierces the
gas cylinder release valve.
FIRE SPRINKLER
A fire sprinkler system
is an active fire
protection is an active
fire protection
measure, consisting of
a water supply system,
providing adequate
pressure and flowrate
to a water distribution
A glass bulb type sprinkler headA glass bulb
piping system, onto type sprinkler head will spray water into the
which fire sprinklers room if sufficient heat reaches the bulb and
are connected causes it to shatter. Sprinkler heads operate
individually. Note the red liquid alcohol in the
glass bulb.
• Although historically only
used in factories and large
commercial buildings,
systems for home and small
building are now available at
a cost-effective price
• Fire sprinkler systems are
extensively used worldwide,
with over 40 million sprinkler
heads fitted each year
• In buildings completely
protected by fire sprinkler
systems, over 99% of fires
were controlled by fire
sprinklers alone
How Fire Sprinklers Work
• Fire sprinklers have no moving parts and act simply as
a water “plug” that releases at a particular
temperature
• Fire hoses, on average, use eight-and-a-half times
more water than sprinklers do to contain a fire
• According to the Scottsdale Report, a 15-year study of
fire sprinkler effectiveness, a fire sprinkler uses, on
average, 341 gallons of water to control a fire
• Firefighters, on average, use 2,935. Reduced water
damage is a major source of savings for homeowners
• Fire sprinklers aren't triggered by smoke, and
they don't all go off at once
• Fire sprinkler systems are actually heat
activated, one sprinkler head at a time
• Most fires usually require only one or two
sprinklers to be extinguished
EMERGENCY EXIT ROUTE
• How would you escape from your workplace
in an emergency?
• Do you know where all the exits are in case of
your first choice is too crowded?
• Are you sure the doors will be unlocked and
that the exit access, such as the hallway, will
not be blocked during a fire, explosion or
other crisis?
What is an Exit Route?
• An exit route is a continuous and unobstructed path of
exit travel from any point within a workplace to a place
of safety.
• An exit route consists of three parts:
Exit access– portion of an exit route that leads to an
exit
Exit– portion of an exit route that is generally
separated from other areas to provide a protected way
of travel to the exit discharge
• Exit discharge– part of the exit route that leads directly
outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public
way, or open space with access to the outside.
How Many Exit Routes Must a Workplace Have?
• Normally, a workplace must have at least two exit routes
to permit prompt evacuation of employees and other
building occupants during an emergency.
• More than two exits are required, however, if the
number of employees, size of the building, or
arrangement of the workplace will not allow employees
to evacuate safely
• Exit routes must be located as far away as practical from
each other in case one is blocked by fire or smoke
• If the number of employees, the size of the building, its
occupancy, or the arrangement of the workplace allows
all employees to evacuate safely during an emergency,
one exit route is permitted.
What are Some Other Design and Construction
Requirements for Exit Routes
• Exit routes must be permanent parts of the
workplace
• Exit discharges must lead directly outside or to
a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or
open space with access to the outside
• These exit discharge areas must be large
enough to accommodate the building
occupants likely to use the exit route
What are Some Other Design and Construction
Requirements for Exit Routes
• Exit stairs that continue beyond the level on
which the exit discharge is located must be
interrupted at that level by doors, partitions, or
other effective means that clearly indicate the
direction of travel leading to the exit discharge
• Exit route doors must be unlocked from the
inside. They must be free of devices or alarms
that could restrict use of the exit route if the
device or alarm fails
What are Some Other Design and Construction
Requirements for Exit Routes
• Side-hinged exit doors must be used to connect
rooms to exit routes.
• These doors must swing out in the direction of
exit travel if the room is to be occupied by more
than 50 people or if the room is a high-hazard
area
• Exit routes must support the maximum permitted
occupant load for each floor served, and the
capacity of an exit route may not decrease in the
direction of exit route travel to the exit discharge
What are Some Other Design and Construction
Requirements for Exit Routes
• Ceilings of exit routes must be at least 7 feet 6
inches high
• An exit access must be at least 28 inches wide
at all points
• Where there is only one exit access leading to
an exit or exit discharge, the width of the exit
and exit discharge must be at least equal to
the width of the exit access.
What are the Requirements for Exit?
• Exits must be separated by fire resistant
materials—that is, one-hour fire-resistance rating if the
exit connects three or fewer stories and two-hour
fire-resistance rating if the exit connects more than
three floors
• Exits are permitted to have only those openings
necessary to allow access to the exit from occupied
areas of the workplace or to the exit discharge
• Openings must be protected by a self-closing,
approved fire door that remains closed or
automatically closes in an emergency.
