Physics Project Report on

TRANSFORMER

PROJECT PREPARED BY:

________________________
Class : XII

Session : 2023-24

Board’s Roll Number :

School name :
 CERTIFICATE
This is hereby to certify that the original and genuine project work has
been carried out to investigate about the subject matter and the
related data collection and investigation has been completed solely,
sincerely and satisfactorily by ………………. of CLASS XII, school name,
regarding his project titled “TRANSFORMER”.

Signature of Teacher
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On completion of my project I feel extremely delighted but it wasn’t a
single effort. First of all I would like to thank my parents for helping me
and encouraging me to continue this project and helping me financially
as well. Then I would like to thank my mentor and teacher
…………………….for teaching me the basics of this project. I would also
like to thank my class teacher ………………….. for supporting me and
giving me this opportunity to make this project. In the end I would like
to thank the shopkeeper …………………… for providing me with hard-to-
get materials at very low price.

Signature of Student
 INDEX
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2. CERTIFICATE

3. PRINCIPLE

4. INTRODUCTION

5. CONSTRUCTION

6. INTRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

7. THEORY AND WORKING OF TRANSFORMER

8. EFFICIENCY

9. ENERGY LOSSES :-

10. USES OF TRANSFORMER

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 PRINCIPLE

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction.

according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil.

INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a
high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.
 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note
that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2,
the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there
can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of
the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further,
the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible.
 INTRODUCTION OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing

the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built
in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight
only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
 THEORY AND WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The alternating current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces alternating
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary.

In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary

is also linked with the secondary, then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of
d
turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and = rate of
dr
change of flux in each turn off the coil at this instant, we have
d
Ep = -Np -----------------(1) And
dr

d
Es = -Ns t ----------------- (2)
dr
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by
1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary

coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so

therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip

and Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power =

output power Or

Ep Ip = Es I s Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer

As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same

ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever

we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.

Efficiency:-

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

ENERGY LOSSES:-

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils
of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2
is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
P1P2.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization

and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.
• In the induction furnaces.

• A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

• A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

• A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays

and NEON advertisement.

• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized

power supplies.

• Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long

distances.

• Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud

speakers and electric bells etc.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Physics for class XII by pradeep

2. www.yahoo.com
3. www.google.com
4. www.live.com
5. www.rediffmail.com