Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS 1 Python: Functions 2 | Types of Functions 3 1. Functions with no parameters and no return values. 4 2. Functions with parameters and no return value. 5 3. Functions with parameters and return value. 6 4. Functions with Multiple Return Values 7 Function Parameters and Arguments 8 Python: Types of Argument 9 1. Positional Arguments: 10 | 2. Default Arguments 11 | 3. Keyword Arguments 12 | 4, Variable length Positional Arguments 13 _| 5. Variable length Keyword Arguments 14 | Functions and Scopes 1. Global Scope: 2. Local scope: 3. Nonlocal variable 15 | Mutable/immutable Properties of Data Objects 16 _ | Passing String to Functions Passing Lists to Functions 17 _| Passing Tuples to Functions Passing Dictionaries to Functions 18 | Functions Using Mathematical Libraries: 19 | String methods & built in function: Page of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUN Co}. E) * A function is like a subprogram A small program inside of a program * The basic idea: — We write a sequence of statements — And give that sequence a name — We can then execute this sequence at any time by referring to the sequence’s name * Functions reduce code duplication and make programs more easy to understand and maintain * Having identical (or similar) code in more than one place has various downsides: — Don’t want to write the same code twice (or more) — The code must be maintained in multiple places — Code is harder to understand with big blocks of repeated code everywhere * Functions are used when you have a block of code that you want to be able to: — Write only once and be able to use again * Example: getting input from the user — Call multiple times at different places Page 2 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS + Example: printing out a menu of choices — Differ a little bit when you call it each time + Example: printing out a greeting to different people * Code sharing becomes possible Keyword def 5 bas Function Body * Italways starts with the keyword def (for define) «next after def goes the name of the function (the rules for naming functions are exactly the same as for naming variables) * after the function name, there's a place for a pair of parentheses (they contain nothing here, but that will change soon) «the line has to be ended with a colon; * the line directly after def begins the function body - a couple (at least one) of necessarily nested instructions, which will be executed every time the function is invoked; note: the function ends where the nesting ends, so you have to be careful. * Function must be called/ invoked to execute. Page 3 of 34Visit to websits (Computation: mpythonacbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS ‘We're ready to define our first program using function, = The function is extremely simple, but fully usable. We've named it communication, inking and Pros let’s create it. def communication (): print ("Welcome to python programming’s World. ") print ("We start here.") print ("We end here.") Note: we don't use the function at all in the above program - there's no invocation or calling of it inside the code. When you run the above code, you see the following output: We start here. We end here. This means that Python reads the function's definitions and remembers them, but won't launch any of them without your permission. Now we've modified the above code We've inserted the function's invocation between the start and end messages: Invocation/Calling of functi def communication( ): World.") peint("Welcome to python programming? print ("We start here.") --» communication() @- print ("We end here.") Page dof 34‘omputational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS Uni The output looks different now: We start here. Welcome to python programming’s World. We end here. It tries to show you the whole process: © when you invoke a function, Python remembers the place where it happened and jumps into the invoked function; + the body of the function is then executed; ‘* reaching the end of the function forces Python to return to the place directly after the point of invocation 1. Functions with no parameters and noreturn values. * Apython function without any arguments means you cannot pass data * A function which does not return any value cannot be used in an expression it can be used only as independent statement. * Let's have an example to illustrate this. function_prog.py - DyAmjad_CS/function_prog py (3.6.5) ull uur gett jee File Edit Format Run Options Window Help # 1. Functions with no arguments and no return values. oan Semearten be inction without parameters print ("Welcome to python programming’s World. " print ("We start here.") = communication () print ("We end here.") No return keyword is used ion body Ld Cok Page of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS OUTPUT: We start here. Welcome to python programming’s World. We end here. Before discussing second form of python’s function we must know, * A parameter is a variable that is initialized when we call a function + parameters exist only inside functions in which they have been defined * Parameters are given in the parenthesis ( ) separated by comma. * Values are passed for the parameter at the time of function calling. How Parameters Work? * Each function is its own little subprogram > Variables used inside of a function are local to that function > Even if they have the same name as variables that appear outside that function * The only way for a function to see a variable from another function is for that variable to be passed in as a parameter We can create a communication () function that takes in a person's name (a string) as a parameter * This type of function can accept data from calling function * We can control the output of function by providing various values as arguments. Page 6 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUN Co}. E) * Let's have an example to get it better. [reser Bite cencion peer 865) Zz [Ftc tat Format Ran Options Window Help #2. Functions with parameters and no return value. seats [Parameter ‘name’ declared in function def communication (name): 4 print ("Welcome to",name, "in python programming’s World. ") ! print ("We start here.") ‘communication ("Amit") |_ Calling of a function with argument ‘Amit’ print ("We end here.") tnis Coro OUTPUT: We start here. Welcome to Amit in python programming’s World. We end here. tees ead Parameters are the name within Arguments are the values passed in the function definition. when the function is called. Parameters don’t change when the | Arguments are probably going to be program is running different every time the function is called. This is also known as formal Arguments are also known as actual parameters parameters. —— oo [——— Function Parameter or Formal parameter def communication (name) print ("Welcome to",name, "in python programming’s World. " Iprint ("We start here.") Function Argument or Actual Parameter of communication ("Amit") ———+ | 3 ginction print ("we end here. Page 7 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUN Co}. E) 3. Functions with parameters and return value. — To have a function return a value after itis called, we need to use the return keyword Handling Return Values * When Python encounters return, it > Exits the function > Returns control back to where the function was called > Similar to reaching the end of a function The value provided in the return statement is sent back to the caller as an expression result The return value must be used at the calling place by - > Either store it any variable > Use with print() > Use in any expression * Let's have an example to illustrate this. La function prog.py - DAmjad_CS/function prog py (3.65) File Edit Format Run Options Window Help #3. Functions with parameters and return value. def Area (side): R = side*side return R def main(): $ = float(input ("Enter the side of square:") ar = Area(s) print ("The area of square is: ",ar) main() Page of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS Let’s follow the flow of the code: Step 1: Call main() Step 2: Pass control to def main() Step 3: Enter the side of square of s (here, s=4) Step 4: See the function call to Area () Step 5: Pass control from main () to Area () Step 6: Set the value of side in Area () tos Step 7: Calculate side * side Step 8: Return to main () and set ar = return statement Step 9: Print value of ar Sample Output: Enter the side of square: 4 The area of square is: 16.0 Enter the side of square: 6 The area of square is: 36.0 * Sometimes a function needs to return more than one value * Todo this, simply list more than one expression in the return statement * In three ways we can do that: — Using tuples — Using list and — Using dictionary When calling a function with multiple returns, the code must also use multiple assignments Page 9 of 34‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS * Assignment is based on position, just like passing in parameters is based on nar, pr = Area(side, perimeter) posi * Let’s have an example to illustrate this. || inion pn Bei Rion Py OOF) File Edit Format Run Options Window Help #4. Functions with multiple return value. Function has two parameters as ram return the two values def Area (side, perimeter) : R = side*side P = 2*perimeter Keyword returns two values R and P return (R,P) i i to calling function def main( 5 = float (input ("Enter the side of square for area:")) Pp = float (input ("Enter the side of square for perimeter:")) ‘ar/pr = Area(s,p) Calling function Area with Actual parameters Eee print ("The area of square is: ",ar) print ("The perimeter of square is: ",pr) ‘ar’ get the first value return i.e. a ‘pr’ get the second value return Le. of square perimeter of square OUTPUT: Enter the side of square for area: 4 Enter the side of square for perimeter: 4 The area of square is: 16.0 The perimeter of square is: 8.0 Page 10 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS * Information can be passed into functions as arguments. * Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. There are 5 types of Actual Arguments allowed in Python: 1. Positional arguments 2. Default arguments 3. Keyword arguments 4. Variable length Positional arguments 5. Variable length Keyword arguments * positional argument is a name that is not followed by an equal sign (=) and default value. * When we pass the values during the function call, they are assigned to the respective arguments according to their position. For example, if a function is defined as def demo(name, age): and we are calling the function like : demo("Ahil", "05") then the value “Ahil” is assigned to the argument name and the value “05” is assigned to the argument age. Such arguments are called positional arguments. Page 11 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS Example: 1. the value 10 is as to the argument 2. the value 5 is assign to the argument y an 3. the value 15 is assigne [a function prog py - D\Amjad, CS\hinction pog.py 253) El File Ede Format Run Options Window Help # Example: Positional Argument def largest (x,y,z): if x>y and x>z: return x to the argument z. elif y>x and y>z: 4. Such arguments are veturn Y called positional else: return z arguments. 5. They match up, in that order, to the parameters the way the function was defined. def main(): ee L-largest (10, 5,15) print ("Largest number is: ",L) main() Ln Coo If we call it with a ifferent number of uments, the ouTPUT: D:\Amjad_cs\function_prog.py| Largest number is: 15 1. Python allows function arguments to have default values. 2. If the function is called without the argument, the argument gets its default value. 3. The default value is assigned by using assignment (=) operator of the form keywordname=value. Page 12 0f 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS Example: 1 Parameter age is a Fett Format fun Options Window Hep + Example: Default Argument det info( name, age = 17 ): "This prints a passed info into this function” print ("Name: ", name) print ("Age ", age) return; default argument. 2. If the function is called without the argument, the argument gets its default value. . info (name =”Pooja”) File Edit Shell Debug Options Window Help is called without age D:\Amjad_cs\function_prog.py value argument. 4. As we can seen in the Name: Amit Age 50 Name: Pooja } Age 17 output the default value is assigned i.e. age 17 Ln:14 Cok 4 | With Keyword arguments, we can use the name of the parameter irrespective of its position. * All the keyword arguments must match one of the arguments accepted by the function. * You can mix both positional and keyword arguments but keyword arguments should follow positional arguments Page 13 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUN Co}. E) Example: Point to Remember Example: Keyword Argument | ‘ def infot nas. age)! 1. In case of passing “this prints a passed info into this funcyiet” |] keyword argument, print ("Name: “, name) order of arguments Cage" oreere prank fase is not important. 2. There should be fatot Sgen20, nanewranit Mean, eal ereatetad info( "Pooja",age=17 ) one parameter. info( age=17 )w. 13. The passed keyword name should match with the actual keyword name cs\ function prog.py = 14. In case of calling = . function containing Name: non-keyword age 20 arguments, order is Name: Pooja important. age 17 Traceback (most recent call last) : /]5: we call it with a different number of , line i in arguments, the info( age=17 ) ‘ interpreter will TypeError: info() missing 1 required show an error positional argument: 'name' message. * It is useful when we are not certain about number of arguments that are required in the function definition or function would receive. * Iti quite useful to write functions that take countless number of positional arguments for certain use cases. Page 14 0f 34* Python function first fills the slots given formal argument: positional actual arguments. which is available through variable which is having prefixe definition. Example: Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS s by passed * Any leftover actual (positional) arguments are captured by python as a tuple, d * in the function La enon ogy Orel Cer 7 (6 Fafa Fert Ran Opts Window Hep # Example: Variable lenght Argument ‘es varingt( argl,arg2, ‘vartupl ) 1. print ("Regular Positional Arguments: " ,argl,arg2) print ("Variable Length arguments", vartupl) # Now you can call varlngh function varlngt ( 10 ,20)s00, print () varlngt ( 30, 40) 50, 60,70), File Edit Shell Debug Options Window Help RESTART: D:\Amja: cS\function_prog.py ================ fReguiar Positional Arguments: 10 20 [variable Length arguments () fav variable Length arguments (50, 60, 70 nil Cob: Regular Positional Arguments: 30 40 J ye laa Page 15 of 34 Point to Remember Variables argi, arg2 need to be filled by actual arguments any leftover passed arguments can be accessed as tuple using vartupl. .. Since there are no extra positional arguments are passed in the above function call. The variable vartupl is a empty tuple. . As you can see in the function call, left over arguments are added to tuple and can be accessed using given variable vartupl.‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS ‘5. Variable length Keyword Arguments * Variable length keyword arguments are very much similar to variable length positional arguments. * Itis the mechanism to accept variable length arguments in the form keyword arguments * It is useful if we are not certain about number of keyword arguments that, function receives. * Python functions captures all extra keyword arguments as dictionary and * Makes it available by name (variable) which is prefixed by ** in the function definition. Example: La uncon progpy - DVanjad_ Venton prog py (8.55) Fle E&t Format Rin Options Window Help Point to Remember # Example: Variable lenght keyword Argument, det varlngtkat argi,arg2, **kvarg 0 2. Variables arga, arg2 need to be filled by print ("Regular Positional argunents: " ,argi,arg2) | actual arguments any leftover passed arguments can be accessed as, dictionary using kwarg. 2. Since there are no extra positional arguments are passed in the above function call. The variable kwarg is a empty dictionary. ‘As you can see in the function call, left ‘over arguments are added to dictionary and can be accessed using given variable kwarg. print ("variable Length arguments", kwarg) # Now you can call varlngh function varlngtkd( arg2=10 ,argi=20 )* print() varlngtkd( 30, arg2=40, a=50,b=60,c=70 Je, OUTPUT: PY . festiar Positional arguments: 20 10] friable Length arguments () Regular Positional Arguments: 30 40 Wj ariable Length arguments {"a': 50, 'b': 60, 'c': 70) ett Cote Page 16 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS * Ascope in any programming is a region of the program where a defined variable can have its existence and beyond that variable can’t be accessed * Scope determines visibility of identifiers across function/procedure boundaries In Python 3.x there are broadly 3 kinds of Scopes: 1. Global Variable 2. Local Variable 3. Nonlocal Variable * Avariable, with global scope can be used anywhere in the program. * Itcan be created by defining a variable outside the scope of any function/block. * Itcan be accessed inside or outside of the function. Let's see an Example 1 of how a global variable is create: Pecorino ea) Example 1: Z ; Fie Edt_Forat_Run_Optors_Window Hep # 1.Create a Global Variable OUTPUT: gib = “global def fun(): glb in fun : global print ("glib in fun 2", glb) glb out of fun : global fun() print("glb out of fun:", glb) ea Cobar — The variable gbl is defined as global variable in above code. — The only statement in fun() is the “print” statement. — As there is no local glb, the value from the global glb will be used. Page 17 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUN Co}. E) © Changing the value of global variable ‘glb’ inside a function will not affect its global value Example 2: OUTPUT Treat as local variable inside the fun() glb inside fun : New glb [tion prog py bana. funion 9659 059) # 2.Create a Global Variable glb = "global" glb outof fun : global def fun(Q): glb="New glb" print("glb inside fun fun() No change in global variable gib * If you need to access and change the value of the global variable from within a function, this permission is granted by the global keyword. Example 3: The below given code is same as the example 2 except the use of global keyword. Es 2 function prog py - DYAmjad,CSunction prog-py 3.65) Fle Edt Format Run Options Window Help # 3.Create a Global Variable OUTPUT: glb = "global" glb inside fun : New glb def fund: global glb glb="New glb" glb outof fun : New glb print ("glb inside fun :", glb) fun() print ("glb outof fu Page 18 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS Working of above code: * Inthe above program, we define glb as a global keyword inside the fun () function. * Then, we assign new string to the variable glb i.e. glb = “New glb”. * After that, we call the fun() function. * Finally, we print the global variable glb. * As we can see, change also occurred on the global variable outside the function, glb= “New glb”. * Avariable with local scope can be accessed only within the function/block that it is created in. © When a variable is created inside the function/block, the variable becomes local to it. A local variable only exists while the function is executing. def funQ: ible only function fun () 1cl="Local" print("lcl inside fun :", 1cl) fun() print("lcl access outside of fun:", 1cl)|- 1cl inside fun : Local Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:/Amjad_cS/function_prog.py" , line 8, in print ("lcl access outside of fun: 1cl) NameError: Icl can’t be ac outside the fun( ) i.e. not visible or can’t be used outside the name 'lcl' is not defined Page 19 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUN Co}. E) * Nonlocal variables are used in nested functions whose local scope is not defined. © The outer function’s variables will not be accessible in inner function if we do the same, a variable will be created as local in inner function. * Insuch a case, we can define the variable (which is declared in outer function) as a nonlocal variable in inner function using nonlocal keyword. * Let's see an example of how a keyword nonlocal is used: # An example of use of Non Local variable # D:\amjad_cs\function_prog.py # Nested Functions def ofun(): x=5 y= 10 def infun(): # nonlocal binding nonlocal x x = x+50 # x will update y= 100 # y will not update, # it will be considered as a local variable # and not accessible outside infun() # calling inner function infun() OUTPUT: # printing the value of a and b print ("The value of x is: ", x) The value of x is: 55 print ("The value of y is: ", y) 10 The value of y i: # calling the function i.e. ofunc() ofun() Explanation of above code: * As you see in the output, x and y are the variables of ofun() and * inthe infun() we declared variable x as nonlocal, thus x will not be local here but y will be considered as local variable for infun() and Page 20 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS * if we change the value of y that will be considered a new assigned for local variable(for infun()) y, * If we change the value of a nonlocal variable x (here, x= 50+x), the changes appear in the local variable of outer function (for ofun()) also. Mutable/Immutable Properties of Data Objects Func (Formal_B):<— Statements function Fune (is called Statements 7 Func (Actual_A) ee enc) ee RC) IF Actual_Ais immutable (int, float, string, tuple) Actual_A Formal Bis assigned [J Formal_Bis modified doesn't change to something else in place If Formal_B changes LB=[0, Formal_8.append (9) changes Common immutable type 1. Numbers: int, float, complex 2. Immutable Sequences: string, tuple This means the value of integer, float, string, complex or tuple is not changed in the calling block if their value is changed inside the function. Page 21 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS Common mutable type (almost everything else): 1. Mutable sequences: list 2. Set type: set 3. Mapping type: dict Example: (S function prog.py - D’VAmjad_CS\function =e) aie) File Edit Format Run Options Window Help # Immutable objects in python +] def tuple_Immut (num) : num += (4,5,) return num Tuple x is passed to function tuple_Immut() and function updates the tuple x= (1, 2, 3) y = tuple_immut (xJ RESTART: D:\ * Amjad_Cs\functio print (y)- print (x) # Mutable objects in python L def list_Mutable (num): num += [4,5] return num x= (1, 2, 3] y = list_Mutable (x List xis passed to function list_Mutable()function updates the list print (y) — print (x)= * We see in output that the tuple x can’t change when we pass it to tuple_Immut() function. This is because tuple is an immutable object, so | cannot change it. * But list x changes when we pass it to list_Mutable() function. This is because lists are mutable. Page 22 0f 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS * Function can accept string as a parameter * If you pass immutable arguments like strings to a function, the passing acts like call-by-value so function can access the value of string but cannot alter the string * To modify string, the trick is to take another string and concatenate the modified value of parameter string in the newly created string. * Let us see few examples of passing string to function. Example 1: Write function that will accept a string and return reverse of the string. # function definition: it will accept # a string parameter and return reverse of string def str_rev(str): revstr = '' index = len(str) while index > 0: revstr str[ index - 1 ] index = index - 1 return revstr s='abcde12345' print ("The reverse of ",s,'is',str_rev(s)) function_prog.py = ~ F| The reverse of abcde12345 is 54321edcba_ nm? Coka Page 23 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUN Co}. E) Example 2: Write a Python function that accepts a string and calculate the number of upper case letters and lower case letters. Le function prog.py - D:\Amjad_CS\function._prog.py (36.5) Eat_Format Run Options Window Help # function definition: it will accept # a string parameter and return number of # upper case letters and lower case letters def str_COUNT(s): uc=t Lk c in s: if c.isupper(): UC+ elif c.islower(): Lc+ else: pass print ("Original string : ", s) print ("No. of Upper case characters : ", UC) print ("No. of Lower case Characters : ", LC) str_COUNT('Learn Python With Fun') Ln20 Cok3 File Edit Shell Debug Options Window Help RESTART: D:\Amjad_Cs\ function_prog.py ============ Original String : Learn Python With Fun No. of Upper case characters : 4 of Lower case Characters : 14 Page 24 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS * We can also pass List to any function as parameter * Due to the mutable nature of List, function can alter the list of values in place. + Itis mostly used in data structure like sorting, stack, queue etc. Example 1: Write a Python function that takes a list and returns a new list with unique elements of the first list. Lg function_prog.py- mje CStncton progpy 365) Eas File Edit Format Run Options Window Help — # takes a list and returns a new list # with uniqueelements of the first list. def unique 1st (1st): L= for i in lst: if i not in L: L. append (i) return L print (unique_1st ({1,2,3,3,3,3,4,5])) File Edit Shell Debug Options Window Help D:\Amjad_Cs\function_prog.py (1, 2, 3, 4, 5] \|>>> Page 25 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS Example 2: Write a Python function to multiply all the numbers in a list. (function progpy - DVAmjed CSiincton pregy 355) = File fait Format Run Options Window Help |# Write a python function to multiply + # all the numbers in a list. al def mult_1st (num): total = 1 for ¢ in num total *=c return total Ist=[3,5,7,3,-1] print (mult_1st (1st)) Lied Cok? L.@ Python 3.6.5 Shell — File Edit Shell Debug Options Window Help D:\Amjad_cs\function_prog.py © Function can accept tuples as a parameter * If you pass immutable arguments like tuple to a function, the passing acts like call-by-value so function can access the value of tuple but cannot alter the tuple. * Let us see an example of passing tuples to function. Page 26 0f 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS Example 1: Print the prime numbers from give list of numbers using tuple passing to function. 1. Iterate through each number in a list 2. Check whether it is divisible by 2 or more numbers 3. If num is divisible by itself and 1 then it is prime and stores it in tuple. # function definition: it will accept # a list of numbers as parameter and return list # of prime number from the give list def countPrime (mytup) : prime=() for i in mytup: c=0 for jin range(1,i): if ity cel This statement used to _ concatenate tuple item i to tuple prime if prime = prime + (i,) return prime mytuple =( n=int (input("Enter how many number :")) for i in range (n)+ number=int (input ("Enter any numbber..")) nytuple-mytuple + (number, ) primetuple=count Prime (mytuple) print ("List of prime numbers:",primetuple) tem Coto RESTART: D:\Amjad_Cs \function_prog.py Enter how many number :5 Enter any numbber..2 Enter any numbber..5 Enter any numbber..7 Enter any numbber..10 Enter any numbber..11 List of prime number: (2, 5, 7, 11) Page 27 of 34‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS * Python also allows us to pass dictionaries to function * Due to its mutability nature, function can alter the keys or values of dictionary in place Example: # passing dictionary to function Ce! my function (school, standard, city, name): schoolNane = school citywane = city standardNane = standard studentNane = name print ("student Nane: ";name) Print ("school Nano: *, SchoolNane) print ("city Name: ",cltysane) print ("clase ",standardNane) detail = {'school':'KPS', ‘standard': "12", ‘name’ my_function(**detail) print (" oR tamit', ‘city': "Delni") ) PU EUENETE OR TETENET EET ESET cet my_function(**data) : schoolname = data{'school'] cityname = data('city") standard = data['standard"] studentname = data['name'] print ("student Name: ", studentname) print ("school Name: ", schoolname) print ("city Name: ",cityname) print ("Class: ", standard) detail = {'school':'KPS', ‘standard': ‘11, ‘name': ‘amaan', ‘city't 'Delhi') my_function (**detail ; . vA ‘ > ART: D:\amjad_cs\functio n_prog-py = OUTPUT: Student Name: Amit School Name: KPS City Name: Delhi student Name: aAmaan School Name: KPS City Name: Delhi Class: 11.Unit: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website leampythondcbe.com Chapter-3: FUN Co}. E) irene Derr cal peered ‘Output prototype math.ceil(x) It returns the smallest >>>math.ceil(-45.17) 45 Integernotlessthan¥, 5>smathceil(100.12) 101 where x is a numeric ee >>>math.ceil(100.72) 101 math.sart(x) Itreturns the square root >>>mathsqrt(100) 10 of x forx>0, Se xisa >>>math.sqrt(7) 2.645751311 numeric expression. math.exp(x) It returns exponential of | >>>math.exp(-45.17) 2.42E-20 X@p,wherexisa —-SsSiathexp(10012) | 03E43 numeric expression. >>>mathexp(100.72) 5.52E+43 math. fabs(x) Itreturns the absolute >>>mathfabs(-45.17) 45.17 value of wherex isa >oyathfabs(100.12) 100.12 ‘numeric value. >>>mathfabs(100.72) 100.72 math floor(x) Itreturns the largest >>>mathloor(-45.17) 46 integer not greater than | ssathisloor(100s12)) 100) x, where x is @ numeric expression. >>>mathfloor(100.72) 100 math.log(xbase) It returns natural logarithm >>>math.log(100.12) 4.606368467 of x, forx>0, where xis@ Tumeviccrprossion >>>tatlog(100.72) — 4,61234439 math loglO(x) Itreturns base-10 | SSSimtathuloglO(i00Li2y"))2.000520844 logarithm of x for x>0, where x is a numeric >>>mathlogl0(100.72) 2.003115717 expression, math.pow(base,e Itreturns the value of — >>>math.pow(100, 2) 10000 xp) base and exp, where > >math.pow(100,-2) 0.0001 base and exp are Ske numeric expressions. | >>>math.pow/(2, 4) 16 >>>math.pow(3,0) 1 Page 200634Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUN ONS math.sin(arg) Itreturns the sine of arg, >>>math.sin(3) 0.141120008 inradians, where arg >> math sin(-3) -0.141120008 must be a numeric value. >p>imathsin(0) 0 math.cos(arg) It returns the cosine of x >>>math.cos(3) -0.989992497 in >>>math.cos(3) -0.989992497 >>>math.cos(0) 1 >>pmath.cos(mathpi) 1 math.tan(arg) Itreturns the tangent of | >>>math.tan(3) -0.142546543 xin radians, where org ssssisathitan(3) 0.142546843 must be a numeric value. >>>math.tan(0) ° math.degree(x) It converts angle x from >>>math.degrees(3) 171.8873385 radians to degrees, math degrees(-3)_-171.8873385 where x must be a numeric value. peemath.degrees(0) 0 math.radians(x) _Itconverts angle x from >>>math.xadians(3) __0.052359878 degrees toradians, 5 sSsathwadians(3) | -0.052359878 where x must be a numeric value. >>>mathzadians(Q) 0 abs (x) Itreturns distance >>>abs(-45) 45 between x and zero, where x is a numeric expression. Itreturns the largest of | >>>max(80, 100, 1000) 1000 its arguments: where x, y and z are numeric variable/ expression. Itreturns the smallest of | >>> min(80, 100, 1000) 80 its arguments; where x, y, and 2 are numeric variable/expression. >>>abs(119L) 119 max( x, y, 2, >>>max(-80,-20,-10) 10 MIN X,Y, 2 oe >>> min(-80,-20,-10) 80 empl x,y) It returns the sign of the _>>>emp(80, 100) Ey ALifxsy,Oifx==y,0r1 > cmpc1so, 100) 7 divmod (x,y ) Returns both quotient >>> divmod (14,5) (24) Page 30 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Coy Ey scree ee ONS and remainderby |) >>> divmod (27,15) (1.0, 1.20000) division through a tuple, when xis divided by y; where x & y are variable /expression. len (s) Return the length (the >>> a= [123] number of items) fan ton (ay 3 ‘object. The argument maybeasequence >>> b= “Hello” (string, tupleor list) ora >>> Jen (b) 5 mapping (dictionary). round( x n}) Itreturns floatx _ >>>round(80.23456,2) 80.23 rounded. >>>round(-100.000056, 100 Ifnis not providedthen 3) xis rounded to 0 decimal 55 sound (80.23156) 80 digits. Lets Consider two Strings: str1="Save Earth" and str2='welcome’ Aili Description eed Ten() Return the length of the [>>> pant (Len(strl)) string 10 capitalize () | Return the exact copy of | "> >prant (str2.capitalize()) the string with thefirst_ | Welcome letter in upper case isalnump) Returns True the SSoprint (str. isalnum()) string contains only rALSE letters and digit. It eum fase the |The function returns False as space “ ’ is an alphanumeric character. string contains an special character tke _, | 22 PEint ('SavelEarth' . isalnum()) @i,* etc. TRUE isalpha) Returns True the 35> print (‘Clicki23’ .isalpha()) string contains only letters. Otherwise return False. FALSE >>> print ("python' .isalpha()) TRUE Page 31 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com isdigit() Returns True if the >>>print (str2.isdigit 0) string contains only FALSE numbers. Otherwise it returns False. Tower() Returns the exact copy _|>>>prant (stri.lower()) of the string with all the | save earth letters in lowercase. islower{) Returns True if the SSoprint (str2.islower()) string is in lowercase. ‘TRUE isupper() Returns True if the Soopeint (ste2.isupper 0) string is in uppercase FALSE upper() Returns the exact copy |>>>print (str2.upper()) of the string with all letters in uppercase. WELCOME find(sub[start[ | The function is usedto | >>>ste-"mammals' vend]}) | search the first >>>str.find('ma') occurrence of the ° substring in the given string, It returns the index at which the On omitting the start parameters, substring starts. It the function starts the search returns -1 if the fromthe beginning. substring does occurin Joos ind (ema’,2) the string. 3 >oostr. find ('ma',2, 4) -1 Displays -1 because the substring could not be found between the index 2 and 4-1 >>>str. find ('ma',2,5) 3 Istrip() Returns the string after >>> print (str) removing the space(s) on the right of the string. Save Earth ooostr-Istrip() ‘Save Earth’ >>>str='Teach India Movement! Page 32 0f 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS >o> print (str.1strip("T")) each India Movement >>> print (str.1strip(" ach India Movement e")) >>> print str.1strip("Pt") Teach India Movement If a string is passed as argument to the Istrip() function, it removes those characters from the left of the string. rstrip() Returns the stringafter_ | >>>st. removing the space(s) Teach India Movement" >>> print (str.rstrip()) on the right of the Teach India Movement string. isspace() | Returns True if the SS stra string contains only | >>> print (str.isspace()) white spaces and False | pays even if it contains one >>> str='p! character. : >>> str.isspace()) FALSE istitiet) Returns True ifthe 35> str="The Green Revolution’ strings title cased. oo> str.istitle() TRUE >>> str='The green revolution’ >o> str-istitle() FALSE replace(old, | The function replaces all | >>>st=="hel Io" new) the occurrences ofthe | >>> print (str.replace('l','8")) old string with thenew | nesso string ‘ >o> print (str.replace('1','88')) hevesto join() Returns a string in >>> stri=("jan', ‘feb ,‘mar') which the string. po>str="e” elementshavebeen [535 sex.join(strl) joined bya separator. | ys eansmar’ Page 33 of 34Unit i: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Chapter-3: FUNCTIONS ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com swapcase() | Returns the string >>>_str='UPPER™ case changes 35> print (str. swapcase ()) upper >>> str" lower >>> print (str.swapcase()) LOWER partition(sep) | The function partitions | >>> stz="The Green Revolution’ the strings at the first occurrence of separator, and returns the strings partition in three parts i.e. before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after the separator. If the separator is not found, returns the string itself, followed by two empty strings. >o> str.partition('Rev') (The Green ', 'Rev', 'olution') >>> str-partition('pe') (The Green Revolution", >>> str.partition('e') Cth’, Green Revolution’) tet split({sep[,max split])) The function splits the string into substrings using the separator. The second argument is, optional and its default value is zero. If an integer value N is given for the second argument, the string is split in N#1 strings. >>>ste= ThegearthSis§whatgwesall $have$in$common.' >o> str.split ($,3) SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> str.split('$",3) ['The', ‘earth', ‘is’, 'what§we§all$have$in$common. '] >>> str.split ('$") ['The', ‘earth’, fall',‘have', | ‘is’, ‘what’, >o> ste.split('e') Uh, ' Get, '', 'n R!, 'volution'] >o> str.split('e',2) UTh', ' Gxt, ‘en Revolution'] Page 34 of 34