The Reproductive System Grief Résime)— 1, One of the most unifying features of all living things is the ability to reproduce. Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically different from their parents. Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring. 2, Reproduction in animals occurs by internal fertilisation and depends on the integrated action of hormones, the nervous system and the reproductive system. 3, Asexual reproduction is the production of new individuals by various methods, like budding, fragmentation and fission—binary fission, multiple fission. Asexual reproduction does not depend on courtship or mating and allows the organisms to produce many offspring rapidly. 4, Sexual reproduction produces new individuals by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote. Gonads are sex organs that produce gametes. Testes are the male reproductive organs producing sperms and ovaries are the female reproductive organs producing ova in animals and human beings. 5. The human male reproductive system consists () A pair of Testes. Bach testis consists of a large number of basie units called seminiferous tubules. These are thread-like tubules which produce sperms. (@ Epididymis. The seminiferous tubules open into the epididymis which stores the sperms. (ii) A pair of Vasa Deferentia, It is also called the sperm duet. It carries the sperms to the outside through urethra. (iv) Seminal Vesicles. These are a pair of glands situated behind the urinarybladder which secrete a secretion called semen which nourishes the sperms and helps in their movement and transportation to the outside, (0) Prostate Gland. It is a bilobed gland near the of also secrete a secretion which mixes with the sperms to form (vi) Cowper’s Glands. A pair of compound tubular gl gland, which discharge into the urethra. (vii) Urethra is a duct which serves asa passage for urine 6. Seminiferous tubules are the basic units of testis. reproduction. x ‘ 1. Sertoli cells of testis are nutritive cells which provi ‘Sperms, 8. Interstitial or Leydig cells are ‘ rane, testosterone. The accessory male Cowper's glands.Biology Self-Tutop oro = spermatogonia intosyg @ 10, Spermatogenesis is the process of transformation of sper Perm nosed includes the following four phases: (9 Proliferative phase (i) Growth phase (iii) Maturation phase (iv) Spermiogenesis or spermateleosis or transformation phase. 11, A sperm consists of the following parts: (9 Head having acrosome and the nucleus containing chromatin fibres, (@ Neck with proximal and distal centrioles, ; (ii) Middle piece with many mitochondria, and Ta : (i) Tail or flagellum for locomotion. Fig. 11.1: Sperm moth: 12. The human female reproductive system consists of: (© A pair of ovaries located in the abdomen. Ovaries produce ova by a proces, (jv) Itsec called oogenesis, | (Gi) A pair of oviduets or fallopian tubes. These carry the ova to the uterus ang are the sites for fertilisation of the egg by the sperms, =a 2) Uterus, houses theembryofor growth and development, andprovidesnuttin | to the foetus, | Gv) Vagina. It is a canal leading from uterus to the outside. It acts as passage fr | the birth of child. 1. Fill in th 15. The main functions of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs, receive the | @ Pl! Th Sperms, provide the site for fertilisation, implantation of the growing embryo and © development of the foetus. It also produces hormones that control the various stages (or) of ovulation and maintenance of pregnancy. (ii) Th 14. The human ovary is characterised by the presence of mature foll -aaflan ; Cenper the presence of mature follicles called Gre (iv) At 15. Oogenesis is the process of transformation of oogonia into ova ®%) 16. Mammalian females have two types of soxual cycles wi) (0 Oestrous eyele. The oestrous eycle is the is ‘oceurinnon-primates e.g., cows, sheep) with the behaviour and body changes in the fey a (vit) Tr ‘males in thi (i) Menstrual eycle. rN ; FS 17. Menstrual cycle occurs in female primates, e, (viii) Fe between 12 and 15 years of age and continue : continues for 28 days after which blood and are sloughed off and discharged from the uters, bleeding. This process is called menstruation, The weet he vagina ag m termed menopause. ination of ‘Menstrual cycle involves four phases during the 9 : (@ Menstrual phase from 1-4 davs when bloc 2 Period. (ii) Proliferative phase from 5-13 days quiet curs, uterine lining proliferates. ing Which a ii) Ovulatory phase occurs on the 14th da ovary. new oy when the ovum ig ospe uprodacive System Scene ich Pee le aceaareer eae etait is repeated, ¥. If pregnancy does not occur then the menstrual eycle ire 2. io apr tion in a young girl scaled menarche 1 ered meno pe ceenehettual cle permanently at the age of about 46-50 years is 30, The attachment of the fertilised e ‘enstrual phase duri "ag to the uterus wall is called implantation. 31, Placenta is the organ by whiel oo pce ae pes remains attached to the wall of the uterus, @ It provides nutrition to the foetus (i) It provides oxygen an mother’s blog and Femeves carbon dioxide from the foetus through the (ii) Itprevents the entry of v4 from infection. of germs into: ns: Ts germs into the foetus and gives protection from infe: Model Questions with Answers —— SECTION I " Very Short Answer Type Questions (@ The sperms are produced in the ‘ @ is the passage for sperm from the epididymis to the urethra. (ii) The foetus develops in the st (iv) Attachment of developing embryo with the uterus is called ©) is the birth of the child. . i) is tho onset of menstrual cycle at puberty and, is the complete cessation of menstrual cycle. : (vii) The full term of development of an embryo period. q (viii) Fertilisation of the human egg normally occurs (i) A membrane that surrounds the foetus and the a (@) The rupture of the follicle and release of («ii) Nutrition and oxygen from the mother's blood by the , (iii) The mature ovarian follicle is known as the (xiv) There are two types of sexual cycles in mam piss eeBiology Self Tutor tog By 4 Gv) implantation in) wterus (it) gestation (ii) Vas deferens a (vi) Menarche, menopause tO Parturition | (0), Menarche, menopey v me fallopian tube or oviduct (ix) amnion or amniotic membrane (ai) fertilisation (ei) placenta (iit) Graation fy (x) ovulation (au) oestrous eyele, menstrual eyele 2. Tick (7) the correct answers inthe following! . {) The two testes are placed within @ thin-walled sac of skin known as b) testicular sac. (@ scrotum or scrotal sacs. ( (©) vas deferens, (@) None of these. (ii) Prostate gland is known as the @ subsidiary gland. (b) accessory gland. (© urethra. (d@) endocrine gland. (iii) The primary reproductive parts include the (@ gonads. (b) accessory glands. (©) urethra. (@ prostate gland. (iv) Menarche is the of menstrual cycle. (@ onset (b) stoppage | (© abnormal flow (@) None of these. 1 @ Im (@) In females, after how much time does the fertilised ovum get implanted? Gi) Fe ginal dave: (b) T days el (©) 20 days ‘anaes Gi (vi) The life of the corpus luteum in case of no pregnancy is, @) Th Os So () 10 days. = omy (@ 28 days. Ans. @ Fe (vii) The cessation of menstruation in the female is termed Wi F: (@ ovulation. ‘© ae Pe (© menopause. : @) a Ans. (i) (@) Wi) & Gi) OF oo ©) © oi) es SECTION UT Short Answer Type Qué Q. 1. Name the male reproductive cells ‘Ans. Spermatozoa. ae Q. 2. Name the tubes that lead from the . a to ut ‘Ans, Oviducts or fallopian tubes, oat Q.3. Name the ds pee membrane that surrounds the foetus a Q.4. Briefly describe the functions of scrotum, _ Ans. Scrotum lodges a paii ; r Pair of testes outside the bo 2-2.5°C below the body temperature oe . Name the canal thi Py ca human mate hag Unik the testes desceproductve System 11.5 The pr0cess of fusion ofthe sperm - a alse. The process of fusion of hess d the egg is termed implantation. (True/False) 4, What are the specific rey ‘perm and the egg is termed fertilisation. oh en ‘Productive organs which produce gametes called? 8. What is the intimate connection of the . Placenta. g, What is the attachment of the emby ns. Implantation. q.10. Where are the sperms produced? ‘ns. In seminiferous tubules, ql. Name the cells that secrete the testosterone hormone. Ans. Interstitial cells or Leydig cells, embryo with the uterine wall called? ied rY0 to the uterus called? | se es SECTION [1 ee Long Answer Type Questions Qu. (@ Implantation takes place in vagina. (True/False) (i) Fertilisation of the human egg normally occurs in the uterus. (True/False) (ii) Gestation in humans is completed in about 380 days. (TruelFalse) (wv) The embryo inside the uterus is protected from jerks or mechanical shocks by i - (allantois, amniotic fluid, uterine wall) Ans, () False. Implantation takes place inuterus, ‘ (ii) False, Fertilisation of the human egg normally oceurs in fallopian tubes. (iii) False. Gestation in humans is completed in about 270-280 days. (iv) amniotic fluid. ss stain Qh 2. ‘The diagram given is the outline of the male repr stem : () Names the parts labelled 1 to 5. (ii) Name the hormone produced by the testis. (iii) Why are sperms produced in largenumbers? (iv) State the function of the seminal vesicles. Aas. () 1, Penis. 2. Vas deferens. 3. Seminal vesicle. 4, Prostate gland. 5. Epididymis. 7 & =—————____ Biology Self-Tutoy cau 7S Tarte, ye BP 116 Q.3. Name the following: _— (The male gamete. 1 (ii) The fusion of the male and the female gametes. E at PY (ii) One accessory gland of the male reproductive sysit He (iu). The expulsion of placenta and foetal tissues from the uterus. Ay (e) The structure formed by the villi of the foetus and the uterus of the mothe Fertilisation. 7 Ans. (i) Spermatozoa (sperm). i) : Pa Ot) Sem (jv) Afterbirth. as (iii) Seminal vesicles. (v) Placenta. Q. 4. Answer the following questions: 2 Dre () Name the human female gamete. ‘ans. See (ii) Which organ produces it? (ii) When does the ovum undergo development? (iv) Where does the ovum develop? (0) Give two materials which are obtained by the foetus through the placenta, (vi) Name two things which are excreted by the foetus through the placenta, Ans. () Ovum, (ii) Ovary. (iii) After puberty. (iv) In ovary. (v) (@ Nutrients and (6) Oxygen. (vi) @ Carbon dioxide and (b) Urea. Q.5. Write a short note on the phases of menstrual cycle. Ans. Refer to Point 17 of Brief Résumé on Page 11.2, — Q.6. Give the functions of the following: (@ Oviduets (i) Uterus (iv) Interstitial cells (0) Prostate gi Ans. (i) Refer to Point 12 (ii) of Brief Résum (ii) Refer to Point 12 (iii) of Brief Résum (iii) Refer to Point 12 (iv) of Brief Résumé (iv) Refer to Point 8 of Brief Résumé or (v) Refer to Point 5 (v) of Brief Résumé (vt) Refer to Point 5 (tii) of Brief Résun Q.7. (i) Name the various parts of the hw (ii) Sketch and label the female reprod (iii) State the part of fallopian tube tha (wv) What are ovaries? State the functi Ans. (i) Ovaries, fallopian tubes, iterus, (i) Refer to Q. 26 (i) and Fig. 11.7 on (ai) Fimbriated funnel. _ (iv) Refer to Point 12 (i) of Brief RBiology Self Tutor roauctive S o onset | “4 a ese 1. ovula @.5. Given domgside inthe outine of te mele # @ a ee . 5. Given alongs tal (Name the parts labelled 1105 labeled 1 i (i) State the functions of the P ane eae : and 4. stosterone. | 9.10 mater Gti) Namethecelsofpartsthatpredies rates | @ semi fet (iv) Why is the structure 5 present ‘ te in the scrotal sacs? | ey oe A semen? : oe ae ae and, 2, Bulbouretnal gland, an eae a. ‘and 6. Testis. pe 8, Urethra, 4 Vasdeforons and TO | hs s i mix wit ‘| w oes eee ics ‘Vas deferens carry the sperms tothe ous, ns, & ea rms to form ¢ ee body through urethra. ie (iii) Leydig cells produce ‘ae We temperature of 2-2.5°0aam is @ Se (iv) Testes are present outside the body cero i paaaeel the body required for sperm production and sp i reproductive glands andiom,| ¢ 43, Name th is the fluid tha the secretions of the repro‘ é ea 2 ees oe can ae ‘perms and meets the requirements of the ae Reaitiata nutrition. Q.14, Twins m ie ‘Ans. Twins de Q.6. Complete the following with the special functional activity: eee @ Mitochondria and Q.15. Which g (i) Seminiferous tubules and HdWrostis 4 Ans. (i) Energy production. sperms Gi) Sperm production. Q.16, Given b Q 7. The diagram given alongside is that of a developing human foetus in the womb. an egg i Study the same and then answer the questions. that follow: (® Name the part labelled 1. (ii) Mention any two functions of the ‘part labelled 2. (ti) Explain the role played by the part labelled 3, (G0) What is the normal gestation period (in days) of the developing foetus? Ans. (i) Umbilical cord. (ii) Ithelps in attachment of the foet uterus and supplies all the. like food and oxygen, (iii) It prevents the ‘i N : development, 7 "EW? of he foetus and provides free space for (iv) 270-280 days, Q.8. Explain the term parturition, pans. Vigorous contractions of the x 'us to the walll of the Tequirements of the foets " and removes carbon ace Fig. 11.5e womb. ne Reproductive System ‘The onset of menstruation in the for qo 7 f menstruation in the female is termed Ans. (ii) Menarche, i) ovulation, (ii) menarche. iii). menopause, : oe iv) parthenogenesis, Q.10. Arrange in a proper sequence: Qu. Fi Seminiferous tubule, sperms in man) Penis, urethra, epididymis, vas deferens. (course of passage of mminiferous tubule — epididymis > vas deferens — urethra —> penis, in the blanks with the function it performs (@ Corpus luteum and (i) Seminal vesicle and Ans. (i) Secretion of progesterone to maintain pregnancy. (ii) Secretion of bulk of semen to increase sperm motility. Q.12, Give the biological term for onset of menstruation in a young girl around the age of Ans. 13 years, ‘Menarche. Q.13. Name the mucous membrane lining the uterus. Ans. . Endometrium. Q.14, Twins may or may not be identical. Comment, Ans. Q 15. Ans. Q.16. Ans, . Twins derived from different ova are called fraternal twins which are not identical, while twins derived from the same zygote are called identical twins. . Which gland secretes testosterone? What is the function of testosterone? Testis secretes testosterone. It helps in development of sex organs, maturation of sperms and maintain secondary sex characters, Given below are diagrams showing different stages in the process of fertilisation of an egg in the female reproductive tract: E99 © > Fig. 11.6 (i) Use the alphabet given below each diagram to show the correct order in the process of fertilisation. 7 (ii) Where in the female reproductive system does this process normally take place? (iti) What is the biological term for the product of fusion? What is the chromosome number of the egg and the fused prodwet? led diagram of a mature human sperm, (ii) Fallopian tube. (iv) (v) Draw a neat label (@ D, B,C and A. (iii) Zygote. h ie (iv) ‘The eq has 23 chromosomes and the fused product has 46 chromosomes, (v) Refer to Fig. 11.3 on Page 17.10 @.17. Which organ produces testosterone? frac the 1 one in the followings: Qs. Reece Ecole oe Seminiferous tu ‘Ans. Incorrect term: Ureter. Co 119, Arrange in a proper sequence: : : Implantation, fertilisation, ovulation, gestation. ‘Ans. Ovulation — fertilisation > implantation > gestation. @.20. Fill in the blank depending on the relationship: Uterus: Implantation «; Fallopian tube: correct term by a correc ules -» sperm -» sperm duct —» accessory srrect term: Urethra. Ans. Fertilisation. Q.21. Give the exact location and function of: (@ Amnion. (ii) Seminiferous tubules. 2 ‘Ans. () Amnion isa foetal membrane present around the foetus. It gives protection axj provides moist surface to the developing foetus. (@ These are present in the testes and produce spermatozoa. Q.22. Rewrite the following terms in a correct and logical sequence: Luteal phase, follicular phase, menstrual phase, ovulatory phase, Ans. Menstrual phase ~ follicular phase + ovulatory phase — luteal phase. Q. 28. Differentiate on the basis of what is indicated in brackets: Prostate glands and Cowper's gland (the nature of secretion). Ans. Prostate gland secretes an alkaline secretion for the maintenance of th while Cowper's glands secretion is meant for lubrication. nag Q. 24. State the function of amniotic fluid. Ans. It provides aquatic surrounding medium fo Q. 25. Where does the process of fertilisation occur? Ans, Fallopian tube. : Q. 26. Given alongside is a di liagram of the reproductive syste female. @ Name the parts labelled 1 to 6. ee ae (ii) Normally aft. tee lyaft er how many days does an ovary release i Where are the sperms released during coitus? ie What do the sperms do after being released? (o) How many days does it 5 w mar it normally take fertilisation fi from the of the egy upto the birth of the baby?Reproductive System (iv) They move to the fall {v) 270-280 days, (vi) To lodge the developing ‘embryo, 27. Give the main function apie " Of each of the following: po Gi) Testis, (iii) Placenta. (iv) Uterus. ns. (To produce ova for reproduction, (To produce sperms for reproduction, (iii) To meet the requiremer in nts of the developing footus like supply of O,, removal of CO, and supply of nutrients. . (iv) To house the developing foetus, Q. 28. Define the following: @ Gestation period (Gi) Implantation cnr (iv) Parturition. is. (i) The duration between fertilisation and childbirth, (G) The attachment of the foetus to the wall of the uterus, (ii) The developing stage of an animal which resembles the adult in its structure. (iv) The act of giving birth to the young one. Q. 29. Name the structure in which the testes are present in a man. lopian tube, Ans. Scrotal sacs. 30. Name the following: (i) The onset of menstruation in a young girl at about the age of 13. (ii) Two accessory glands of the male reproductive system. (ii) The organ of the female body in which the foetus develops. (iv) The act of ejection of the foetus from the uterus to outside, (v) The part of the female reproductive system where fertilisation takes place. ( Menarche. (ii) (@) Seminal vesicles, and (iii) Uterus. (iv) Parturition. (v) Fallopian tube (the initial part of oviduet).. @ The figure given alongside represents the human female reproductive system. Name the parts labelled. é (b) Prostate gland. (ii) Give appropriate terms for each of th following: (@) The onset of reproductive phase young female. (b) The rupture of follicle and rele ovum from the ovary.Biology Self-Titor_1o, maa ss in correct order: , sn . es ‘ovulation, childbirth, gestation, fertilisation. sr duct, ponis, testis, sperms, semen. a tect (e) The process of fusion of ovum and sperm. : male, | ° he fing of developing zygote (blastocyst) on the uterine wall, } ‘Ans. (0 A Uterus, B. Fallopian tube (oviduet), ©. Ovary, and D. Vagina, | (@ @ Menarehe. () Ovulation. (©) 1, Ovulation + fertilisation > implantation — gestation — childbirth, | ae 2, Testis > sperms — sperm duct —> semen — penis. 3, Man ig we (@ Menstrual flow. | ae able tt (©) Fertilisation. | over it. He @ Implantation, | of the worl Q. 32. Name the fluid surrounding the developing embryo. | for the pat Ans. Amniotic fluid. | 2, The huma 88, The epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle) stores sperm. (Select the correct om Nations I Ans. Epididymis. alone com Q. 34. The diagram alongside represents the lateral view of the human female reproductiye 3. Populati system: pertainin @ Label the parts 1 to 8. vital stat (i) How does the uterus prepare for of humar the reception of a zygote? 4, In biolog (ii) What happens to the uterus if species } fertilisation takes place? a 5. Populat (é0) What happens to the uterus if Back fertilisation has failed to take x Aiose 6. Age rat ‘Ans. () 1. Oviduct (Fallopian tube), 2, Fimbriated funnel, escx rat 3. Ureter, 4, Vagina, 5. Ovary, 6. Uterus, __ 7. Urinary bladder, and 8. Urethra. ‘ (@ The wall of the uterus cae are becomes thick and vascularised for th