M UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

MM

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

WIDENING OF 2 LANE BITUMINOUS ROAD IN GORAKHPUR

(Padri Bazar Police Chowki to Kauwa Bagh Police Chowki (Jail Bypass Road))

BCE-45 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

Session 2023-24

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

Submitted by-
ANKIT SHARMA
2020011034
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SECTION-A
CONTENTS

1.ABSTRACT
2.ABOUT PWD
3.INTRODUCTION TO BITUMINOUS
4.MATERIALS
5.TESTS
6.STEPS INVOLVED
 ABSTRACT
Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black
and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of
petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or
may be a refined product; it is a substance
classed as a pitch. Until the 20th century, the term
asphaltum was also used. The word is derived
from the Ancient Greek asphaltos , its source was
an Eastern word. The primary use (70%) of
asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where
it is used as the glue or binder mixed with
aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its
other main uses are for bituminous
waterproofing products, including production of
roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.
An ambitious road construction plan is underway
in India, which primarily involves bituminous
pavements. At the present time,Ministry of Road
Transport & Highways (MORTH) Specification for
Road and Bridge Works, 2001 Edition is used for
construction of all roads including national
highways. Advances in bituminous construction
technologies are made in the world almost every
year. Mechanically stale materials for road bases
are often not obtainable in developing countries
and the technique of soil stabilisation has
therefore been developed. In the Middle East,
aggregates are often scarce but oil products are
readily available.
Bituminous stabilisation can also enable local sand
to be used for base construction, and various
tests and design criteria have been proposed for
such applications. The report describes full-scale
experimental trials supported by laboratory
research, which have enabled acceptance criteria
for bitumen-stabilised sand bases for
light/medium traffic to be proposed. Construction
methods for bituminous stabilisation are also
described. Details are given of methods of surface
dressing, which is important both as an initial
running surface on new bases and as a
maintenance treatment. Premixed bituminous
materials, both as bases and surfacings, might
perhaps be considered as inadmissible for low-
cost roads. Such roads, however, usually require
progressive improvement because of the traffic
growth which accompanies development. There
is a growing use of strengthening overlays and
the report briefly discusses premixed
materials and their application..
 ABOUT PWD

In point of view of geographic and population of the

state is the nation's largest state. State Industrial,
economic and social development of the state and the
population of each village is absolutely necessary to
re-connect to the main roads. In addition to state
important national roads, state roads and district
roads and their proper broad be made to improve the
quality of traffic point of view is of particular
importance.
Public Works Department is responsible to build roads
and improve connectivity in rural zones, Other
District Road and State broad and improvement of
rural roads and main routes narrow construction of
zones and depleted bridges brides reconstruction of the
bases are transacted on a priority basis . Successful
operation of various schemes for the Public Works
Department engineers and supervisory boards in
different districts of the engineer’s office has been
settled. Activities by planning, execution, and quality
control etc. are focused. Various schemes operated
by the Department of the Office of the Regional Chief
Engineers and Chief Engineers office.
INTRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS (ASPHALT) ROAD:

A road i s a thoroughfare , route, or way on land

between two places , which has been paved or
otherwise improved to allow travel by some
conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor
vehicle . Roads consist of one, or sometimes two,
roadways (carriageways) each with one or more lanes
and also any associated sidewalks (British English:
pavement) and road verges . Roads that are available
for use by the public may be referred to as public roads
or highways . Everyone is aware about the benefits and
advantages of a good constructed road. Roads play very
crucial role in modern society providing services and
goods for modern people.
Today a vast majority of road are constructed using
Asphalt. Now question arises in your mind is “What is
Asphalt”? Asphalt is the sticky dark brown viscous liquid
present in some natural deposits like crude petroleum. It
is the name given to technically or natural mixture
used in road construction for road surfacing and
compaction.
We see many roads daily and when we talk about
the road construction, all are equally constructed
but there is a difference arising in the finishing of the
road or the surface material used for finishing.
Asphalt, also known as bitumen concrete in
engineering language is used to give flexible
surface to roads. Asphalt road offers many benefits
such as smooth and flexible surface including cost
efficiency, improved safety and comfort, durability,
recyclability and reduction in noise pollution.
Sometimes Asphalt or bitumen are confused with
tar. Although they are same in color, they have
distinct chemical properties. Tar was early used in road
Asphalt, but now has been replaced by refined bitumen
or Asphalt. Today Asphalt is more commonly produced
as a byproduct of the refining process in the petroleum
industry. Road construction is not as easy as it seems to
be, it includes various steps and it starts with its
designing and structure including the traffic volume
consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers
and levelers and after base surface coating has to be
done. For giving road a smooth surface with
flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used. Asphalt requires
an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base
layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road construction
is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and
climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and saving non
renewable natural resources.

With the advancement of technology, Asphalt

technology gives assurance about the good drainage
system and with skid resistance it can be used where
safety is necessary such as outside the schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt
concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports
around the world due to the sturdiness and ability to be
repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated
to aircraft landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally
stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature.
 MATERIALS
Pavement Material Asphalt and concrete are the most
common paving materials found in the developed
landscape. However, there are other strong, durable
pavements that can add variety to the built landscape
and help reduce pavement's imperviousness. The
following is a review of selected paving
materials:
1. Asphault Bituminous concrete or asphalt is
composed of aggregates bound together with asphalt
cement. The aggregate is heated and mixed with hot
(275º f) asphalt then taken to the construction site
where it is placed, as a wearing surface, over a base
course. The asphalt is laid by hand and paving machine,
then rolled to force the mixture to firmly set. It is
then allowed to cool,typical asphalt pavement has a life
expectancy of 20 years before it needs resurfacing.
Asphalt pavement is composed of the following two
layers, the wearing course and the base course
The Wearing Course transfers and distributes traffic
loads to the base course. The wearing course is actually
composed of two layers, a 1-1/4" to 1-1/2" surface layer
and a 3" bonding layer. The bonding course penetrates
voids in the sub base and binds the wearing course to
the sub base aggregate.

2. Stone: Stone is a durable paving surface that is

available in either natural or synthetic form. Natural
paving stone is graded based on its' hardness, porosity
and abrasion resistance. It is available either in cut or
uncut form in various degrees of smoothness.
Examples of uncut or rubble stone, are broken quarry
rock and river stone available in varying degrees of
smoothness. Crushed stone of various sizes and
hardness is used as sub-base for other surface
materials, surface pavement or ground cover. When
mixed with asphalt or concrete, crushed stone or
aggregate is used in the wearing and base coarse of
roads, drives, parking lots and sidewalks. Larger
stones are mixed with asphalt or concrete when a
rougher or more porous surface is desired.

3. Earth Materials: Earth materials used for paving

include gravel, soil, granular products, and turf. The
volume of earth materials is determined by its state
in the earth moving process. For example a cubic yard
of gravel as it lies in its natural, undisturbed state
usually swells to 1.25 cubic yards after it has been
disturbed by excavation. The same quantity of
gravel decreases in volume to about .90 cubic yards after
it has been compacted by machinery on site.
 TESTS

1:Field Dry Density test by Sand Replacement

Method:
Procedure :
1. Measure the internal dimensions (diameter, d and
height, h)
of the calibrating can and compute its internal volume,
Vc = πd 2 h/4.
2. Find the weight of the SPC along with the sand
remaining after filling the cone (W2 )
3. Place the SPC concentrically on top of the calibrating
can. Open the slit to allow the sand to run down until the
sand flow stops by itself. This operation will fill the
calibrating can and the conical portion of the SPC. Now
close the slit and find the weight of the SPC with the
remaining sand (W3)
4. Clean and level the ground surface where the field
density is to be determined
5. Place the tray with a central hole over the portion of
the soil to be tested.
6. Excavate a pit into the ground, through the hole in
the plate, approximately 12 cm deep (same as the height
of the calibrating can). The hole in the tray will guide
the diameter of the pit to be made in the ground.
7. Collect the excavated soil into the tray and weigh the
soil (W)
8. Determine the moisture content of the excavated soil.
9. Place the SPC, with sand having the latest weight of
W3 , over the pit so that the base of the cylinder covers
the pit concentrically.
10. Open the slit of the SPC and allow the sand to run into
the pit freely, till there is no downward movement of
sand level in the SPC and then close the slit.
11. Find the weight of the SPC with the remaining sand
(W4)

2.Flakiness Index
1. Length Gauge.
Test Sample Preparation Surface dry samples is used for
the test.
A minimum number of 200 pieces of any specified
fraction is required to do the test.
Procedure:
1. The sample is sieved through IS sieve
. Dimension of Thickness and Length Gauge

2. A minimum of 200 pieces of each fraction is taken and

weighed.
3. In order to separate elongated materials, each fraction
is then gauged individually for length in the length gauge.
4. The pieces of aggregate from each fraction tested
which could not pass through the specified gauge length
with its long sides elongated are collected separately to
find the total weight of aggregate retained on the length
gauge from each fraction.
5. The total amount of elongated material retained by
the length gauge is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1%
of the weight of sample.

Calculation
In order to calculate the elongation index of the entire
sample of aggregates, first the weight of each fraction
of aggregate passing and retained on the specified set
of sieves is noted (Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4…..etc). Each piece of
these are tried to be passed through specified length
of the gauge length with its longest side and those
elongated pieces which do not pass the gauge are
separated and weighed (y1, y2, y3, y4…etc). Then the
elongated index is the total weight of the material
retained on the various length gauges, expressed as a
percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
3.Bituminous Extraction Test:
Procedure:
1. We took a fresh sample from a loaded truck of 40Kg.
2. Took 3 samples.
3. Weigh tissue paper and put sample-1 into pan and
add sufficient amount of benzene.
4. Weigh the sample+pan.
5. Benzene is mixed with sample using spatula and tissue
paper were putted over pan.
6. Now pan were putted into Bitumen extractor machine.
7. Run the machine until benzene stop running out of
pan.
8. Step 5-7 were repeated two more times.
9. Weight the pan & tissue paper.
BITUMINOUS ROAD WIDENING AND MAINTAINANCE
STEPS

1. Preparation of base
W.B.M. base
As base material of W.B.M. Road; stone ballast, concrete
10- 15cm layer are used. For bonding between concrete
slab & W.B.M. used 1:2 cement wash on W.B.M.
Granular medium material layer 10-15cm composite
layer of sand , moorum, bajriare usedfor better drainage
facilities

2. Application of Tack Coat

It is desirable to lay AC layer over a bituminous base or
binder course. A tack coat of bitumen is applied at 6.0 to
7.5 kg per 10 sq.marea, this quantity may be increased
to 7.5 to 10 kg for non-bituminous base.

3. Preparation and placing of Premix

The premix is prepared in a hot mix plant of a required
capacity with the desired quality control. The bitumen
may be heated upto 150 – 177 deg C and the aggregate
temperature should not differ by over 14 deg C from
the binder temperature. The hot mixed material is
collected from the mixture by the transporters,
carried to the location is spread by a mechanical paver
at a temperature of 121 to 163 deg C. the camber and the
thickness of the layer are accurately verified. The
control of the temperatures during the mixing and the
compaction are of great significance in the strength
of the resulting pavement
structure.
4. Rolling
A mix after it is placed on the base course is
thoroughly compacted by rolling at a speed not more
than 5km per hour. The initial or break down rolling is
done by 8 to 12 tonnes roller and the intermediate
rolling is done with a fixed wheel pneumatic roller of 15
to 30 tonnes having a tyre pressure of 7kg per sq.cm.
the wheels of the roller are kept damp with water.
The number of passes required depends on the
thickness of the layer. In warm weather rolling on
the next day, helps to increase the density if the initial
rolling was not adequate. The final rolling or finishing
is done by 8 to 10 tonne tandem roller.

5. Quality control of bituminous concrete construction

The routine checks are carried out at site to ensure the
quality
of the resulting pavement mixture and the pavement
surface.
Periodical checks are made for
a) Aggregate grading
b) Grade of bitumen
c) Temperature of aggregate
d) Temperature of paving mix during mixing and
compaction.
At least one sample for every 100 tonnes of the mix
discharged by the hot mix plant is collected and
tested for above requirements.Marshall tests are also
conducted. For every 100 sq.m of the compactedsurface,
one test of the field density is conducted to check
whether it is atleast 95% of the density obtained in
the laboratory. The variation in the thickness allowed
is 6mm per 4.5m length of construction.

6. Finished surface:
The AC surface should be checked by a 3.0 m straight
edge. The longitudinal undulations should not exceed 8.0
mm and the number of undulations higher than 6.0 mm
should not exceed 10 in a length of 300 m. The cross-
traffic profile should not have undulations exceeding
4.0mm.

7.Open to traffic
Road is open to traffic as soon as bitumen gets cooled
to its surrounding temperature
THANK YOU!!