E3S Web of Conferences 73, 03021 (2018) [Link]
1051/e3sconf/20187303021
ICENIS 2018
Hydrocarbon Microseepage Potential Area Exploration
Using Sentinel 2 Imagery
Muhamad Iqbal Januadi Putra1,*, Supriatna1, and Wikanti Asriningum12
1Department of Geography, Universitas Indonesia, Depok - Indonesia
2 Remote Sensing Utilization Center, National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Kalisari Pasar Rebo, Jakarta -
Indonesia
Abstract. Hydrocarbon microseepage is a common phenomenon occurring in areas with the presence of
onshore oil and gas reservoirs, characterized by the abnormal natural surface spectral landscape
characteristics of mineral alteration features and geobotanic anomalies that can be detected by satellite
imagery. Therefore, this study aims to find spatial models of oil and gas reservoirs through detection
approaches of hydrocarbon microseepage and its relation with the physical condition of study area by
utilized the satellite imagery. The parameters used in are alteration symptoms of clay-carbonate, ferric iron,
and ferrous iron minerals, geobotanic anomaly symptoms, geology characteristic, and geomorphology
characteristic. A multispectral satellite imagery of Sentinel 2 was used as an input for the directed principal
component analysis (DPCA) method and vegetation index, to detect mineral alteration phenomenon and
geobotanic anomaly, respectively. Then each parameter was integrated using fuzzy logic method giving a
result of the distribution of hydrocarbon microseepage area. As a results, this study indicates the presence of
hydrocarbon microseepage phenomenon in the research area with the extent of 488,3 Ha or 1,46% of the
total of research area. The distribution of hydrocarbon microseepage is distributed in area around oil and gas
field, and also linear distributed around Merang River. The distribution of hydrocarbon microseepage in
study area also agglomerated in Kasai Formation, area near fault, and the area with lacustrine landform
characteristics.
Keywords : Hydrocarbon Microseepage; Remote Sensing; Sentinel 2.
1. Introduction seepage systems [3] [6] [7]. Detection by satellite
imagery is carried out through the process of recording
The phenomenon of hydrocarbon (HC) microseepage is the reflectance characteristics generated by HC
a common phenomenon occurring in areas with the microseepage symptom [5]. The use of remote sensing in
presence of onshore oil and gas reservoirs. The detecting hydrocarbon seepage phenomena as an
phenomenon of micro hydrocarbon seepage as a estimate of the existence of oil and gas reserves can
phenomenon of hydrocarbon mass movement from its promise big profits because the process takes place
original place (reservoir) to the surface of the earth [1]. quickly and effectively, and can be done at various
The presence of the hydrocarbon micro permeability scales [8].
phenomenon is an important proof for the identification Based on the exposure, oil and gas exploration activities
of onshore oil and gas reservoirs on the underlying can actually be done through detection of HC
layers that form the basis for oil and gas exploration microseepage detected by satellite imagery [7]. Through
activities [2]. According to prior research, 85% of the this approach, the presence of oil and gas reserves
world's onshore oil and gas resources are experiencing onshore as a source of oil and gas can be known
and show the existence of micro leakage and seepage accurately and precisely so as to increase the profitability
that causes hydrocarbon components and content to of oil and gas production [8]. Therefore, this research
move over oil and gas sources [3]. Meanwhile, Clarke was conducted with the aim to analyze the distribution of
and Cleverly [4] mentioned as much as 75% of the micro hydrocarbon seepage anomaly area and its relation
world's oil and gas basins show the existence of micro with the physical condition of Jambi Merang area.
seepage phenomenon. The existence of hydrocarbon Sentinel 2 satellite imagery in this research is used to
seepage phenomenon has an important value in oil and detect the hydrocarbon microseepage as an estimation of
gas exploration activities. This makes the presence of oil and gas reservoir in onshore area because its strength
micro hydrocarbon seepage can serve as a foundation for in spatial resolution (10 m, 20 m, 60 m), temporal
experts to conduct further exploration activities in the resolution, and the number of bandwidths than other
region [5]. multispectral imagery such as Landsat or ASTER.
Over the years, remote sensing techniques with satellite Moreover, the used of Sentinel 2 imagery also has been
imagery have been used to detect any indication of such never conducted by other researcher in same topic.
*
Corresponding author: muhamad.iqbal41@[Link]
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
([Link]
E3S Web of Conferences 73, 03021 (2018) [Link]
ICENIS 2018
conducted from geomorphology data and geological data
2. Method of region that obtained by digitized from existing map.
2.1 The Study Area Data processing in this research is performed
through three stages, namely pre-processing of Sentinel 2
Jambi Merang area was chosen as study area in this imagery, processing of seepage anomaly symptoms of
research since this area is one of actively exploitation hydrocarbons microseepage, and processing of physical
onshore in Indonesia. There are three oil and gas field data of region. Sentinel 2 image data processing is
operations within this area. Selection of research area is performed by ATCOR (Atmosphere Correction) method to
done by empirical approach that active area of oil and get the calibration of image value that can be used for
gas exploitation will show phenomenon of hydrocarbon further data processing. Meanwhile, the processing of
microseepage so that it can facilitate activity of research hydrocarbon (HC) microseepage anomaly is done by
validation. Therefore, the Jambi Merang area which is DPCA method and VI. DPCA method performed on
one of the most productive onshore oil and gas blocks in mineral alteration data obtained from the processing of
Indonesia is selected as the research area. The study area band ratio. Both processing anomalies are performed
can be seen in Figure 1. processing algorithm which can be seen in Table 1.
Regional geology of Jambi Merang area is a Processed results with algorithmic function in
tectonic back-ground line (back arc basin) that located Table 1 are further processed by fuzzy logic method.
on the South Sumatera Basin in the northern part of Determination of minerals alteration anomaly value is
Palembang. The folds in this region occur in the form of done with special equation [9] to know mineral anomaly
Keluang Anticlin in the south, Tamiang Anticlin in the threshold value. The equations used are:
north, and Dawas Sinclin in the middle region with the
main direction northwest-southeast. This folding causes
±σ (1)
the formation of oil and gas reserves in the South where, Ai = anomaly threshold value of mineral i,
Sumatra Basin which is characterized by the presence of
hydrocarbon seepage. the mean threshold value of mineral i,
.
Tabel 1. Formula of data processing
No Anomalies Algorithm
1 Ferric Iron SWIR 2/SWIR 1
2 Ferrous Iron SWIR 1/Vegetation Red Edge
3 Clay Carbonate SWIR 1/SWIR 2
4 NDVI (Normalized
Different Vegetation
Index)
5 GNDVI (Green
Normalized
Different Vegetation
Index)
6 SAVI (Soil Adjusted
Vegetation Index)
Figure 1. Jambi Merang area that located in South Sumatera 7 ARVI2 (Adjusted
Province. Resistant Vegetation
Index 2)
3.2 Data Acquistion & Processing 8 Chlorophyll Index
Green
This study uses four data variables to detect
hydrocarbon (HC) microseepage phenomena as well as the 9 NDSI (Normalized
relationship of regional characteristics with the appearance Different Senescence
Index)
of hydrocarbon microseepage phenomenon. Variables
used to detect the phenomena of hydrocarbon
microseepage include alteration data of indicating mineral
minerals and geobotanic anomalous data obtained from The analysis of the relationship between the
Sentinel 2 imagery processing which recorded on February phenomenon of hydrocarbon microseepage anomaly
15th 2015. Mineralogical alteration data were obtained with the physical characteristics of the region is done by
from Sentinel 2 image processing by directed principal Weighted of Evidence (WoFE) method. The WoFE
component analysis (DPCA) method. Geobotanic anomaly method is a linear logarithmic model of the Bayesian
data obtained from transformation of vegetation index (VI) probability model used in estimating the relative
on Sentinel 2 image bands. Meanwhile, the variables used importance of any evidence / phenomenon by statistical
to know the relationship between hydrocarbon (HC) approach [10]. This method can measure the relationship
microseepage phenomenon with region characteristic were and association between one phenomenon with other
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phenomena. The degree of relationship or association Meanwhile, the pattern of geobotanic anomaly
between phenomena is represented by the value of w+ or distribution was obtained from the processing of
w-, where the value of w+ indicates the magnitude of the vegetation indexes of NDVI, GNDVI, SAVI, ARVI2,
positive relationship of one phenomenon with other Chlorophyll Index Green, and NDSI. The observed
phenomena. Meanwhile, the value of w- denotes a vegetation conditions through the normalization of the
negative relationship between one phenomenon with the NDVI index had a range of -0.99 to 0.93. The GNDVI
other phenomena being tested. The C contrast states a index mapped the vegetation conditions in the study area
magnitude of spatial correlation between biner map of in the range of -0.99 to 0.93; SAVI indices in the range
phenomena and the known evidence. The formula to of -2.98 to 2.80; lastly, the ARVI2 index mapped the
calculate C, w+ , and w- written as follows. vegetation conditions from the range of values from -
0.99 to 0.93. Meanwhile, the chlorophyll condition of the
(2)
plants obtained from Chlorophyll Index Green
processing shows the range values of -1 to 22.26 and
(3) senescene phenomena are identified in the range of
values -1 to 0.6. Geobotanic anomalies symptoms are
(4) indicated by the low greenness vegetation value, low
vegetation dense, low chlorophyll pigment [2] [6] [11]
[12], and high of senescence phenomenon [13].
4. Result and Dicsusiion
4.2 Hydrocarbon Microseepage Potential Area
4.1. HC Microseepage Anomaly Symptoms The distribution of hydrocarbon microseepage areas
is resulted from fuzzy logic processed and mainly
Hydrocarbon (HC) microseepage symptoms can be agglomerated in the northeastern region of the southern
characterized by the appearance of mineral alteration Jambi Merang area with a linear seep morphology form
anomaly symptoms and geobotanic anomaly symptoms. of the Merang River. This region is characterized by a
Symptoms of mineral alteration anomalies are preferred large threshold value of fuzzy compared to the
from DPCA method preparations. The principle of image surrounding areas (> 0.66). The area that has high
selection within DPCA processed products is having an potential of hydrocarbon microseepage is 488.3 Ha.
eigenvector value that has a contract greater or less than Although agglomerated and concentrated in the
the value of vegetation eigenvector (NDVI). Table 2 northeastern region close to the Merang River, several
shows the result of DPCA processing for gaining mineral high potential points of hydrocarbon microseepage are
alteration information. also present in the oil and gas field area. Areas with
medium potential occurrence of micro hydrocarbon
Table 2. The result of DPCA in Sentinel 2 seepage are characterized by a fuzzy value of 0.33-0.66
Eigenvector and detected has extent area of 30,411.2 Ha. Meanwhile,
DPCA Clay Ferric Ferrous areas with low potency of hydrocarbon microseepage
NDVI
Carbonate Iron iron have a fuzzy value of 0-0.33. This area almost covers the
DPCA1 0,2804 0,9516 0,0817 0,0950 entire research area and is spread mainly in the central
DPCA2 0,2472 0,0467 -0,3378 -0,9069 and northern parts of the southern Jambi Merang area.
DPCA3 0,8470 -0,292 0,4407 0,0516 The area for the low potential occurrence of micro
DPCA4 0,377 -0,0809 -0,8275 0,4071
hydrocarbon seepage is 2,454.5 Ha. Figure 3 shows the
visualization of HC microseepage potential area in Jambi
The processing of clay carbonate, ferric iron, and Merang area.
ferrous iron mineral alteration anomalies were done by
calculating the threshold of each band using Equation 1.
The calculation results for the threshold value of the
mineral anomaly alteration of each mineral on Sentinel 2
image can be seen in Table 3. In the table we can see the
maximum/minimum limit value to measure the threshold
of mineral alteration anomalies for processing with
Sentinel image 2. This value will be the basis for the
fuzzy logic (fuzzy small and fuzzy large) process which
will result in the distribution of mineral alteration
anomaly values.
Table 3. The threshold value of mineral alteration anomaly
Threshold
Alteration Mean SD
Value
Clay
carbonate 64,65 53,9 118,55 Figure 3. HC microseepage potential area.
Ferric iron 67,45 57,45 0-10
Ferrous iron 164,58 70,98 0-93,6
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presence of fault structures. This condition is in
accordance with the explanations of Hong [6], Avcioglu
[9], and Asadzadeh & Carlos [7] explaining the role of
geological structures in the phenomenon of micro
hydrocarbon seepage. The presence of these faults can
pave the way for the process of hydrocarbon migration
from the cargo to the surface.
The farther away from the fault region, the
probability of occurrence of HC microseepage is also
smaller. The data in Table 5 shows that the values of w+
Figure 4. The extent area of HC microseepage potency and C will be lower and negative in the farther buffer
(Ha). region. The farthest region buffer (> 500 m) shows the
lowest w+ and C values from all categories of buffer
regions. This suggests that the probability of occurrence
4.3 Relationship of Regional Characteristics with of a HC microseepage in areas far from the fault is low.
Hydrocarbon Microseepage The absence of fault causes the difficulty of migrating
hydrocarbons due to the absence of road space or
The relationship between the existence of HC
microseepage phenomenon with the condition of motion.
lithology (rock) with WoFE method can be seen in
Table 5. Association between distance from fault and HC
Table 4. Based on the table it can be seen that Kasai microseepage potency
Formation is the formation that most supports the
probability of HC microseepage phenomenon. This can Distance Extent Evident
be seen from the value of w+ of 2.097, w- by 0, and a from Area Points
positive C value of 2.097. Thus, Kasai Formation has a Geological (km2) w+ w- C
positive relationship of 2.097 with the appearance of HC Structure
microseepage. The magnitude of the C in Kasai (m)
Formation occurs because this formation is composed by <100 21,26 20 0,61 - 0,614
a tuffan rock type that has a good porosity in passing 0,004
hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon source itself can be 100-200 22,71 23 0,698 0,000 0,698
derived from the improper Muara Enim Formation under 200-300 21,79 15 0,221 - 0,222
0,001
Kasai Formation [14]. Meanwhile, other types of
300-400 20,37 15 0,337 - 0,339
lithology, alluvium, lacustrine sediment, and Muara 0,002
Enim Formation have w+ and negative C values which 400-500 19,1 10 -0,028 0,000 -
indicate a negative / reverse relationship or probability 0,028
value between the phenomenon of HC microseepage >500 229,3 97 -0,623 0,003 -
with very low types of lithology. 0,626
Nevertheless, partially, the lithologic area of the
swamp / lacustrine sediment is a lithology that has a high
probability of occurrence of micro hydrocarbon seepage. Meanwhile, based on its geomorphologic
Swamp sediments have a point of seepage appearance of characteristics, the probability of occurrence of HC
125 points, while Kasai Formation only raises the point microseepage will generally occur in areas with a swamp
of incidence of 54, alluvium by 1 point, and Muara Enim landform. The result of WoFE processing shows the high
Formation by 1 point. This may be due to the bias of the probability of occurrence of HC microseepage in region
WoFE method in measuring the probability of an event with geomorphology characteristic of swamp land. The
based on the size of the area being measured. magnitude of the potential point of occurrence of HC
microseepage in this region is closely related to the
Table 4. Association between lithology and HC microseepage lacustrine lithology conditions that became the
potency
hydrocarbon resource [15]. Complete information of
Extent Evident
Lithology/ WoFE analysis results on geomorphological
Area Points w+ w- C
Formation
(km2) characteristics can be seen in Table 6.
Kasai 16,7 54 2,097 0 2,097
Aluvium 6,12 1 -1,20 0,00 -1,203 Table 6. Association between geomorphologyt and HC
3 microseepage potency
Lacustrine 296,03 125 -1,228 0,01 -1,238
(Swamp) Extent
Landform
Muara 15,3 1 -2,15 0,00 -2,154 Area Evident w+ w- C
Type
Enim 4 (km2) Points
Swamp 254,8 158 0,433 0,00 0,433
Land
Based on geological structure characteristics, the
Low 79,64 32 -0,433 0,00 -0,433
distribution of HC microseepage in Jambi Merang area is Wavy Hill
generally relatively agglomerated in areas close to the
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ICENIS 2018
5. Conclusion ASTER and WorldView-2 Data. Remote Sensing,
6: 3188-3209
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as low vegetation density, low vegetation pigment (2017). Spectral Remote Sensing for Onshore
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to the Merang River flow and to the south around the oil Souza Filho., Wilson Jose de Oliveira. (2017).
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from Directorate of Research and Community Service Satellite Remote Sensing Data: Bau Goldfield,
Universitas Indonesia with contract number Sarawak, Malaysia, Ore Geology Reviews No, 54:
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