STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE: OFAA
O RDER NO …….: INSTRUMENT FLYING
1. Introduction. These procedures are for guidance of students and instructors during Instrument
Flying (IF) training sorties on C 172 aircraft. Only instructors holding current instrument rating on C 172
and AFIs with valid IR, cleared by CFI/Dy CFI after undergoing stipulated IF training as per CAR for IF training
will be authorized to do instructional IF. Details of flying techniques are to be covered by the instructors.
2. Aim . The aim of teaching IF is to make the student proficient in basic IF technique to be able to
carry out successful execution of flight, holding patterns and Instrument approaches in IFR weather
conditions. Apart from handling the aircraft, this also includes situational awareness, knowledge of
Instrument Flight Rules and good CRM.
3. Pre-flight Preparation . In addition to the usual preparation, the student pilot must carry either IF
hood or Foggles. The required local, enroute and destination approach charts must be studied in detail &
carried on board. All approach procedures must be rehearsed before the exercise briefing.
4. Briefing. All IF sorties will be flown with two pilots. The sortie profile must fit the syllabus and the
capability of the student. The lessons learnt from previous exercises must be brought out along with
corrective action. The height at which the student should transition to IF after take-off will be covered in the
briefing (normally after carrying out after T/O checks and establishing in steady climb parameters). The
proper drill for changeover to IF from visual flight and vice-versa should be briefed. Actions in case of
disorientation of anyone or both pilots will also be covered.
5. Pre-flight Checks. All Navigation and Communication equipment must be checked for correct frequency
selection and serviceability. The Nav aid ident for on-base VOR, DME, ILS and NDB must be checked. GPS
must be checked for accuracy and RIAM availability for duration of the sortie. NAV 1, NAV 2, COM1, COM/2
main and standby selections must be re-checked from the approach plates, especially while proceeding on IF
cross-country. The frequencies must be noted in the Nav flight plan also.
6. Taxiing. While taxiing, the student must carry out full functional checks of flight and Nav
instruments, i.e. Main and standby compasses, Attitude Indicators and Turn and slip indicator. EX: Aircraft
turning left/right, compasses showing decrease/increase in heading, Artificial Horizon No Pitch – No Bank and
skidding turn to the left/right. Altimeter correction setting should be noted on the flight log. VOR checks
should be done at the designated positions on the taxi track. The final check must be done while lining up
on the runway heading.
7. Take-off & Climb . All take-offs will be done using normal visual references till 500 ft AGL and not on
instruments. Before transition to IF, the student will announce the intention to changeover. The
student will hand over the controls to the instructor and wear the IF hood/foggles. He will then get on
to the instruments and start the scan pattern. Once settled on the instruments, the student will
announce “ready Sir” The instructor will then handover the controls to the student. The instructor will
be responsible for look-around and ensuring safe flight conditions thereafter. The standard circuit
leaving procedure will be followed, with some modifications permitted to practice VOR radial interception
or use of ADF/ GPS.
8. The following limitations will be observed: -
a) Thelowest height permitted for IF is 4800 ft on QNH at Mysore or current Minimum Sector Altitude
published for the local flying area.
b) Practiceof unusual attitudes and recovery will be done only above 5000 ft by day and in VMC conditions
only, with ground in contact.
c) Restricted panel practice will only be carried out by blanking the required display/ instrument, and
not by switching off the G-1000 display or pulling out CBs.
d) The instructor on board will be responsible for avoiding bad weather and prompt recovery of the
aircraft in case of unintended upsets. He/she will also ensure that the aircraft is brought back to base
safely in case of weather deterioration beyond the student's limits.
e) In case of one or both pilots feeling disoriented in actual IF conditions, the instructor is to take over the
controls and establish VMC flight as soon as possible or abort the mission and return to base via an
instrument approach, if required.
f) The duration of continuously flying under the hood or in actual IF conditions at the beginning of the
syllabus will not exceed 15 min and it can be gradually extended to a maximum of one hour, After
every such period, the student must be given a break of 2 to 3 min in VFR
g) In the absence of radar cover and on board weather radar, actual IF (flying in clouds) will not be
practiced at night.
9. Checks before Turns. Carry out HAT (Heading, Altitude and Timer} checks 200 ft before the turning
altitude, if in climb/descend/1 NM or 30 sec before commencing the turn during the hold or
procedure/tear drop turn. Carry out T TT TT (Twist, Turn, Timer, Throttle, Talk) at commencement of every
turn.
10. Approaches. Instrument approaches shall be carried out as per the laid down approach charts. For
flying in IMC, MDA/ Decision altitude shall be the higher of minima laid down in the Training and
Procedures manual or approach procedure. The speed on the instrument approach will be 85-90 KIAS
till final approach and 80-85 Kts thereafter till DA/MDA, reducing to 70-65 k ts for landing. The following
checks will be carried out in various phases of the approach: -
a) Before Commencement . Set throttle and RPM for cruise at 90 Kts, carry out" Ops
Normal" drill, set correct approach chart on knee pad, ensure VOR, DME, NDB and ILS set to correct
frequencies. Check Ident Code. Obtain weather at base/ destination and set the latest QNH on
both the altimeters. Obtain ATC clearance to commence the approach.
b) Initial Approach Phase . Climb/ descend to the cleared height. Carry out checks
before descent. Decide on the entry procedure suitable for the inbound track. Cross check flight
instrument indications (main vs standby) and Nav aid indications (comparing VOR, ADF, GPS with
each other). Carry out approach plate briefing including entry and holding pattern. Estimate
winds, required corrections and Expected Approach Time based on number of holds to be done.
Set MDA/DA on the Ref window. Give RT call “Mysore tower VRC, Request permission to come
overhead MSR for VOR-DME App”, Holding pattern will be flown as given in the approach plate and
the call will be, “Mysore Tower VRC overhead MSR, entering hold for R/W 27”.
c) Intermediate & Final Approach . The Pilot Not Flying (PNF) will be responsible to monitor and
correct large deviations from the laid down tracks and altitudes. RT calls should be handled by the
Pilot Flying (PF) as part of training. The trainee/PF should also carry out the approach briefing before
leaving the holding pattern. Trainee/PF must practice giving height calls during descent at 500 ft, 200
ft and 100 ft to level out. In IMC or night flying conditions, PNF should give height calls in case the
trainee forgets, Approach/ downwind checks must be completed before commencing the base turn
or procedure turn. Flaps are to be selected to "Take-off" at 1.0 NM before final approach fix on
VOR-DME or 1.0 NM before descent point on ILS- DME approaches. On approaches without
DME/circling approaches, Flaps will be selected to "Take-off" at 30 sec before final descent.
d) AtMDA/DA . The Pilot Flying will ask the PNF to confirm "runway in sight" and if confirmed, PF shall
changeover to visual reference for landing. In case the PNF says "runway not in sight", the PF shall
execute missed approach procedure from the MDA Point. In case VFR traffic is flying on circuit
pattern, PNF shall keep a look out for aircraft on base leg and finals and initiate avoiding action, if
necessary. Landing clearance will be re confirmed by 2 NM before touchdown.
e) Circling
Approach . Circling Approach will commence after visual contact with the runway at altitude
not less than Minimum Circling altitude. Pilots carrying out a circling approach will ensure that they
maintain adequate separation from aircraft in the traffic pattern. If in doubt, the approach will be
aborted and pilots will proceed as for a normal re-join for the runway in use.
f) Missed Approach . In case of Missed Approach because of weather deterioration below minima,
the PIC/Instructor will take the final decision on attempting another approach or diverting to
alternate
11. Cross-country: IFR Cross country will be conducted with the aim of developing Radio Navigation
skill, following ATS routes and practicing instrument approaches at other airfields under IFR. Detailed logging
of fixes will be carried out by the trainee. The pilots should carry all necessary items for halt at outstation, in
case of weather deterioration.
12. Logging of IF: Simulated IF time will be logged only by the trainee pilot or pilot "under the hood".
Actual IF time will be only that portion of the flight when carried out without any visual reference (in clouds), and
not when flying "over the top" when horizon is visible. Actual IF time will be logged by
instructor/examiner/safety pilot also.
13. Flight Preparation
a. Standard preparation as of GF sorties
b. G e t I F h o o d / f o g g l e s i s s u e d
c. Acquire and carry approach plates of VOMY, VOML, VOKN, VOBG and VOCB.
14. Start up. Follow Standard start up procedure. In addition to the standard checks for
flight instruments, carry out NAV1 + NAV2 + ADF + DME) Ident checks + GPS RAIM Check.
15. Ident Checks . In the audio panel, there are buttons for NAV1, NAV2, ADF and DME. You can listen to
any audio output given by the respective equipment. To listen to the audio output of NAV1 and NAV2 —
Example: for NAV1 - select NAV1 on audio panel select NAV1 on the PFD, check volume 100%, then bump the
NAV volume button (Note: Bumping the NAV button will activate Squech). Verify the Morse codes of the
station set on NAV1 from the approach plates. When verified, bump NAV volume button, un-select NAV1 on
audio panel. Repeat steps for NAV2.
For ADF : (At Airfield where NDB is installed). Open ADF/DME window and set the desired frequency
(the NDB frequency). Set volume to 15%. Select ADF on the audio panel. Verify Morse code from the approach
plate. When verified, unselect ADF in the audio panel.
For DME : Open ADF/DME window and select between NAV1, NAV2 and HOLD. Set volume 100%.
Select DME on the audio panel. The DME Morse for the set frequency will be heard. Verify DME
Morse code from the approach plate. When verified, unselect DME on audio panel.
NOTE: if you select HOLD, the DME will keep the last active frequency tuned in, even if you change
the NAV1/NAV2 frequencies.
GPS RAIM Check. Select Auxiliary Page 3, select GPS1 from the soft keys. Bump FMS knob to enter the page.
Check location set is appropriate. Check time is appropriate. Scroll down to COMPUTE RAIM? And press ENT. Check
for RAIM availability at Station. For the other waypoint and at the estimated time of reaching that waypoint.
Repeat same procedure for GPS2.
16. Take-off
a. Standard take-off
b. Fly visually until 500 ft
c. 500ft - flaps UP, LDG lights off, switching to instruments
d. Give controls to instructor. After wearing foggles, settle down on instrument scan pattern and then
take back controls and call out changing over to IFR.
17. Sector Flying Maneuvers : Practice climb, climbing turns, level out, Straight & Level flying, Medium &
steep turns, stall & recovery from audio warning stage, slow flight, descend & descending turns, radial
interceptions, course reversals, Limited panel IF, unusual attitude recovery. Before making any turns, confirm
‘Area Clear’ from the instructor.
18. Course Reversal Procedures
a. Procedure Turn Method [45 deg/180]. Example - flying outbound Radial 360', make course reversal right.
Descend 4000 ft. HAT checks: set HDG - 045 deg and Altitude -4000ft, Timer window standby.
b. Confirm area clear
c.T Checks: Twist [180°-confirm and call out], Turn - Turn right 045, Timer -Start
timer after wings level. Fly for 45 seconds ± wind corrections], Throttle 1600
RPM, set ROD 500', Talk - Inform ATC If required.
d. 15 seconds remaining, HAT: HDG -225, Altitude - already set to 4000ft],
Timer not required. Confirm area clear. T checks: Twist -not required, turn -
Left 225, Timer not required, Throttle - as required, talk- not required.
e.Apply wind corrections and intercept 180 deg course and level out 4000 ft,
when reached.
19. Teardrop Turn
a. HAT checks: set HDG - 030, Altitude -3000ft, Timer window standby.
b. C o n f i r m a r e a c l e a r
c. T
checks: Twist -180 deg], Turn - Turn right 030, Timer -Start timer after wings level. Fly for 60 seconds
± wind corrections, Throttle- 1600 RPM, set ROD 500 ft, Talk - Inform ATC if required.
15 seconds remaining, HAT: HDG - 180, Altitude -already at 4000ft, Timer - not required. Confirm area
clear. T checks: Twist not required, turn - Left 210, Timer - not required, Throttle - as required, talk - not
required.
d. Intercept 180 deg course and level out 4000 ft when reached.
20. 80/260 Procedure
a. HAT checks: set HDG - 080, Altitude - 4000ft, Timer - NA.
b. Confirm area clear
c. T checks: Twist left to - 180, Turn - right 080, Timer - not required, Throttle - 1600 RPM , set ROD 500 ft,
Talk - Inform ATC if required.
d. 10° remaining to 080, HAT: HDG left to 180, Altitude -already at 4000ft, Timer - not required.
Confirm area clear. T checks: Twist - not required, turn - Left 180, Timer - not required, Throttle- as
required, talk not required.
e. Roll out on 180' and level out at 4000 ft when reached.
19. HOLDING PATTERNS
Example - holding Radial 278 deg, standard hold. Cleared to join hold at 4800 ft
a. Types of Entries
Teardrop: Example - Inbound radial 100 deg.
i. 2 NM to go, HAT checks: HDG bug - 248, ALT 4800ft, Timer on standby.
ii. Confirm area clear
iii. Tchecks: Twist CDI to 098, Turn to 248 when out of cone of confusion, Timer
start when wings level and fly for 1 minute ± wind correction, Throttle not
required, talk if required.
iv. 15 seconds to go, HDG bug - 098
v. Turn right - 098 when timer up and intercept inbound course. Enter the hold
once overhead again.
b. Parallel: Example - Inbound radial 135 deg
i. 2 NM to go, HAT checks: HDG – 278 deg, ALT - 4800 ft, Timer on standby. Once overhead the
VOR, Confirm area clear, turn left to 278 and start the timer when wings level. Fly for 1 min
+_ wind correction. 15 sec to go HAT checks- hdg bug 098, Alt-no change, timer – NA.
After 1 min, T Checks –Turn left to 098, Twist-CDI to 098, Timer- N/A, Throttle- no change ,
talk if required. Intercept the inbound radial or follow the RMI needle to come overhead
VOR to enter hold.
c. Direct: Example - Inbound radial 250
i. 2 NM to go, HAT checks: HDG 278, ALT - 4800ft, Timer on standby. Once over head the VOR and
out of cone of confusion, turn right to 278 to enter the hold.
ii.C o n f i r m a r e a c l e a r
iii.T checks: Twist [CDI to 098, Turn - out of cone of confusion - 278, Timer start when-- wings
level or abeam station ie when To & From Indicator flips. [RMI may not be reliable if already
giving wind corrections on outbound leg) - whichever is later and fly for 1 minute ± wind
correction, Throttle – no change, Talk if required.
iv.15 seconds to go, HDG right 098, Alt-no change, Timer- N/A.
v.Turn right 098 when timer up and intercept inbound course.
20. Maintaining a HOLD
i. On inbound leg, 1 DME before reaching overhead the station, HDG [278 and Timer –Reset.
ii. Commence turn to outbound leg when out of cone of confusion.
iii. Start timer when To & From Indicator flips to 'FROM' on outbound course or you are wings level,
whichever is later.
iv. Fly for 1 minute ± wind corrections [Note: For every knot of headwind- add 1 second. For every knot of
tailwind-subtract a second. Turn into the wind by 1.5 times the crosswind component.
v. 15 seconds before timer is up, HDG - 098. Turn when timer up.
vi. Intercept the inbound course .
vii. The ideal Hold will be for 4 minutes.
21. How to improve your hold
i. Ideally overhead the station, the timer should read 3 minutes. Suppose it reads 3 minutes and 10
seconds. It means that you reached 10 seconds later than you should have - decrease the last
outbound calculated time by half of the extra time by half the time early or late i.e. 55 seconds in
the next out bound timing.
ii. While turning inbound, when you have 60 deg of turn left, if the RMI and the CDI are 10 deg apart,
you are right on track. If it's less than 10 deg, increase bank up to 30 deg. If it's more, reduce bank up to
15'
21. APPROACHES
a. VOR/DME Approach: 12 NM to 10 NM to the station, commence approach plate briefing.
22. VOR Approach Plate Briefing
i. This is approach plate for Mysore, India, VOR Rwy 27, Issued by Jeppesen effective from 31 March
2016.
ii. Index number 13 -2.
iii. ICAO code VOMY
iv. We are under category Alpha this chart is applicable for us .
v. Mysore tower frequency is 118.25 - Tuned in to COM 1 and we are in positive contact with
Mysore tower, VOR MSR is 113.7 - Tuned into NAV1 and NAV2 -ident check was done when starting
up but when we go to a new station, before using the facility, carry out ident checks again. Final
Approach course is 265° - Set CDI1 to 265° and switch back to CD1 2].
vi. Minimum altitude at 4.7 DME is 3700 ft. MDA is 2800 ft. We will set 2900 ft since we are a non-
scheduled operator - Open TIMR/REF window and scroll down using FMS knob to MINIMUMS,
select BARO and set 2900 ft. Scroll back to the timer part of the window. Runway elevation is
2394 ft. Minimum safe altitude from MSR VOR in all directions within 25 nm is 4800ft
vii. Missed approach procedure: Climb straight ahead to 4800 ft, then climbing turn left to join
holding at 4800 ft or as directed.
viii. This is a standard hold over MSR VOR. Holding radial is 278 and minimum holding altitude is 4800
ft. We are coming from radial 225, this will be a direct entry, we will come overhead MSR VOR
113.7 and then turn right to 278 deg to enter the hold.
ix. We will leave the hold at 4800 ft or above and fly a course of 098°. We will descend to 3700 ft
before 7 DME then turn left to intercept the final approach course. Final Approach Fix (FAF) is at 4.7
DME.
x. Missed approach point at 1.0 DME.
xi. Expect PAPI on finals .
xii. We are above the weather minima .
xiii. Fuel is sufficient for the approach and missed approach .
a. At 2 nm to the station - HAT Checks - HDG 278, Altitude – set to 4800, Timer - Standby, Area Check -
Confirm Area Clear. T Checks - Twist -098, Turn - once out of cone of confusion to 278, Timer -Start
timer when wings level or abeam the beacon and fly for 1 minute ± wind correction, Throttle – No
change, Talk- Tower VRC overhead MSR.
b. When ready to commence approach and at beginning of the inbound leg, give a call to the ATC -
Tower VRC ready to leave MSR for VOR DME App R/W 27.
c. When inside the cone of confusion, HAT Checks - HDG -098, Altitude -3700 ft, Timer-Not
required], Area Checks - Confirm Area Clear. T Checks – Twist-098, Turn -098, Timer -Not
required, Throttle- 1600 RPM, set ROD 500 ft, Talk - Tower VRC Leaving MSR.
d. Perform pre-landing checks e xc e p t l ow e ri n g fl ap s an d sw i t c h i n g on t h e l an d i n g l i gh t .
e. Level off at 3700 ft before 7 DME
f. 6 DME –changeover to CDI 1, HAT Checks - HDG -265, Altitude – No Change, Timer -Not required,
Area Checks - Confirm Area Clear. T Checks – Twist- done to 265 , Turn left at 7 DME to intercept
Final App Track 265, Timer - Not Applicable, Throttle – No change, Talk -Tower VRC commencing
level base turn.
g. 1 DME to FAF i.e. at 5.7 DME, speed below 108 Kts flaps T/O, Ldg Lt- On, RPM- 2000,, maintain
altitude, Maintain 80-85 Kts until FAF
h. At FAF i.e. 4.9 DME, Reduce throttle to 1600 RPM, lower the attitude to set ROD 400-500 ft and
trim the aircraft. Set ALT to missed approach altitude. RT call- Tower VRC - final approach fix.
j. Callout the DME and their respective altitude. Make correction to increase/decrease ROD along
with power changes to make good DME- Alt as per the chart.
k. At minimums, i.e. 2900 ft, confirm runway in sight and go visual. Check Speed below 85 kts, Flaps
LDG, give finals call and give approach stabilized call out.
23. ILS Approach . 12 NM to 10 NM to the station, commence approach plate briefing.
SOP NET! (REVISION 10 - 01 Mar 2017)
Page 43
Approach plate Briefing
a. This is approach plate for Mangalore, India, ILS Z RWY 24
b. Issued by Jeppesen effective from 19 July 2019
c. Index number 11 -1
d. We are under category Alpha this chart is applicable for ILS .
e. Mangalore App & tower frequency is 122.1 - Tuned in to COM1 and we are in positive contact.
LOC - IMNG 110.1 - Tuned into NAV1 and NAV2 S/by. Usually ident checks are done when
starting up but when we go to a new station, before using the facility, carry out ident checks
again.
f. Final Approach course is 240°- Set CDI1 to 240 and switch back to CD12..
g. We should be established on glide slope at 6.5 DME at 2400 ft. Decision altitude 520 ft. We will
set 620 ft since we are a non-scheduled operator-Open TMR/REF window and scroll down
using FMS knob to MINIMUMS, select BARO and set 620 ft. Scroll back to the timer part of
the window. Runway elevation is 313 ft.
h. Minimum safe altitude within 25 NM from MML VOR in Sector 180 -359 is 2400 ft and in
sector 360 – 179 is 2900 ft.
i. Missed approach procedure- Climb straight ahead to 2000 ft, then turn right climbing to join VOR
holding at 2400 ft, or as directed.
j. This is a standard hold over MML VOR. Holding course is 050 and minimum holding altitude is
2400 ft. We are coming from radial [Example 115, this will be a parallel entry, we will come
overhead MML VOR 114.2, then turn left to 050 for one minute then turn left to come over
MML to enter the holding pattern.
k. We will leave the hold at 2400 ft or above and intercept radial 060 on IMNG after 1 DME. At 6
DME IMNG , we will carry out a procedure turn 016 -196 to intercept Final Approach Track
240.
l. We will intercept the Glide Slope at 6 .5 DME IMNG at 2400 ft.
m. Missed approach point is at 1 .0 DME IMNG.
n. Expect PAPI on finals .
o. We are above the weather minima.
p. 2nm to the station — HAT Checks - HDG - 050, Altitude 2400 ft, Timer - Standby, Area Check
-Confirm Area Clear, T Checks - Twist 050, Turn-When out of cone of confusion to 050, Timer-
Start when wings level and fly for 1 minute ± Wind corrections, Throttle- No change, Talk -
Tower VRC overhead MML.
q. When ready to commence approach and at beginning of the inbound leg, give a call to the ATC-
“Tower VRC ready to leave hold for ILS Z R/W 24”.
r. When inside the cone of confusion, change Nav 2 to 110.1 IMNG, HAT Checks - HDG - 060, Altitude
-2400 ft, Timer – N/A, Area Check -Confirm Area Clear, T Checks Twist 060, Turn 060, Timer - NA,
Throttle – No change, Talk -Tower VRC leaving MML.
s. Perform pre-landing checks except lowering flaps and ldg lt.
t. At 5 .5 DME - switch to CDI1 - HAT Checks – HDG Bug - 016, Altitude- No change, Timer- Standby,
Area Check- Confirm Area Clear, T Checks - Twist – Check CDI1- 240, Turn -At 6 DME to 016,
Timer -Start timer after wings level. Fly for 45 seconds ± wind corrections, Throttle - No Change,
Talk -Tower VRC commencing procedure turn.
u. 15 sec to go, HAT Checks - HDG 196, Altitude- No change , Timer – N/A , Area Checks -Confirm
Area Clear, T Checks - Twist - Check CDI1 240, Turn - When timer up - 196, Timer – N/A,
Throttle – No change, Talk – not required.
v. When CDI bar alive, HAT Checks - HDG - 240, Altitude 2400 ft, Timer –N/A.
w. Intercept the localizer and give RT call “tower VRC on Localiser”
x. 1 NM before descent point ie at 7.5 NM – check sp below 108 Kts, select flaps T/0, maintain
80-85 Kts until glide slop centres. Switch on Ldg Lt. At one Dot below the Glide Slope - flaps LDG,
reduce throttle to 1600- 1700 RPM, Lower the attitude to set ROD 400-500 ft and trim the aircraft.
Set ALT to minimums. Give RT call, “Tower VRC on ILS”. Make corrections to maintain on
localizer and G/S. At MDA ask PNF if the R/W is in sight. Land or initiate missed approach
as required.
24. NDB Approach . 12 NM to 10 NM to the station, commence approach plate briefing.
Approach plate briefing:
I. This is approach plate for circling approach for Mysore, India, NDB .
II. Issued by Jeppesen effective from 12 Oct 2019.
III. Index number 16-1.
IV. I C A O c o d e V O M Y .
v. We are under category Alpha this chart is applicable for us. Mysore tower
frequency is 118.25 – Tuned in to COM1 and we are in positive contact. NDB MR is 230 –
Tuned into ADF - Check & set ADF on in audio panel, recheck volume to 5-7% to listen to
morse code throughout approach. Set DME to hold mode for reference (change with
ADF/DME soft key and FMS knob).
VI. Change NAV1 & NAV2 frequency 114.15 so that you can’t use NAV1 & NAV2 without
using VOR for reference purpose.
VII. Final Approach course is 315°, Set CDI1 to 315° and switch back to CDI2. MDA is 2900 ft, we
will set 3000 ft since we are non-scheduled operators. Open TMR/REF window and scroll
down using FMS knob to MINIMUMS, select BARO and set 3000 ft. Scroll back to the timer
part of the window. R u n w a y e l e v a t i o n i s 2 3 9 4 f t .
X.Missed approach procedure Climb straight ahead to 4800 ft, then climbing turn
LEFT to join holding at 4800 ft, or as directed. Minimum safe altitude from MR NDB in all
directions within 25nm is 4800ft.
Xi. This is a standard hold over MR NDB . Holding radial is 315° and minimum holding
altitude is 4800 ft. We are coming from radial 135°, this will be a parallel entry, we will
come overhead MR NDB 230 and join hold.
XII. We will leave the hold at 4800 ft or above, start timer and fly a course of 120°. We will
descend to 3700 ft then turn right after 2:30 minutes to intercept the final approach course
315 deg
XIII. We shall descend to 3000 ft, level out and look for the field.
XIV. M i s s e d a p p r o a c h p o i n t i s o v e r N D B .
1. 2nm to the station – HAT Checks – HDG [315], Altitude [Not required], Timer [Standby], Area Checks
[Confirm Area Clear], T Checks – Twist [135], Turn [315, Timer [Start timer when wings level and fly
for 1 minute ± wind corrections], Throttle [Not required], Talk [Tower VRC overhead KR]
2. When ready to commence approach and at beginning of the inbound leg, give a call to the ATC [Tower
VRC ready to leave MR]
3. When inside the cone of confusion, HAT Checks – HDG 120, Altitude [3700 ft], Timer [Not required],
Area Checks [Confirm Area Clear], T Checks – Twist [120, Turn [120], Timer [Start timer and fly for
2:30 minutes ± wind corrections], Throttle [Reduce to 1600 RPM] Set ROD 500 ft. Talk [Tower VRC
leaving MR for NDB Circling Approach R/W 27]
4. After rolling out on out bound heading and having settled in steady descent, carry out prelanding
checks and level off at 3700 ft.
5. 10 seconds to go, HAT Checks – HDG [315, Altitude [3000 ft], Timer [Not required], Area Checks
[Confirm Area Clear], T Checks – Twist [315, Turn [315], Timer [Not required], Throttle [Not
required], Talk [Tower VRC commencing level base turn]
6. Established 315 t MR, reduce Throttle to 1600 RPM, descent to 3000 ft ROD 500' (circuit height)
7. Runway in sight – break off and make standard circuit pattern for downwind .
8. Initiate missed approach when over GN NDB and R/W not in sight .
25. DME Arc
How to fly a Left-Hand Arc or to make an arc from anticlockwise:- Carry out standard approach plate
briefing and obtain permission from the Tower to carry out 10 DME Arc anti clockwise for R/W 27. Set final
approach course 265 on CDI1 and change back to CDI2. Set minima to 2900 ft.
1. Consider a 10 DME arc for RWY 27, when inbound on a radial of 225(HDG-045), with the Lead radial at
100.
2. Theturn for the arc will always commence at a DME distance equal to 1 % of the TAS i.e. TAS/100, before
the arc in nil wind conditions, e.g. here it will be at 11 DME for a TAS of 100 Kts.
3. When intercepting the arc from the outside the turn will be for 80 ° and when intercepting from the
inside it will be for 100°.
4. 1 DME to go for the turn HAT Checks – HDG [035, Altitude 4800 ft, Timer [Standby], Area Checks
[Confirm Area Clear], At 11 DME T Checks – Twist [035, Turn [115, Timer [not required], Throttle [As
required], Talk [Tower VRC commencing arc for R/W 27].
5. As CD] bar touches the aircraft on your HSI, Twist CRS and HDG by 10 deg towards the station i.e. to
025 and ° and 115° respectively.
6. Fly with half the wind correction to maintain the track at all times.
7. In case you are inside of the arc at any time, maintain the heading till you come back at
to 10 DME and then resume normal by turning to maintain the 90 interception angle and when outside
the arc fly a HDG 10° more into the arc or fly the next hdg.
Approach Configuration
1. Prelanding checks – Before the lead radial - do the prelanding checks .
2. On crossing lead radial, give the RT call and set heading and course to final approach course & descend if
required,
3. FAF: 1 DME before FAF speed below 108 Kts, flaps 10 deg, LL On.
4. 0.2 DME before FAF, reduce throttle to 1600 RPM, check sp below 85 Kts – select 20 deg flaps and
give RT call – tower JRC Final Approach Fix. descend at 80-85kts, ROD 500 ft.
5. Alt set to Missed Approach Altitude after crossing FAF .
6. AT MDA, visual with R/W, Flaps to Ldg speed 70-75 Kts.
Scan Patterns
