Chapter 1 Introduction, Safety and Principles . Chapter 2. Theory of Fir Chapter 3 Fire Prevention Chapter 4 Fire Detection Chapter 5 Fixed Fire Fighting Systems... Chapter 6 Miscellaneous Fire-Fighting Equipments Chapter 8 Fire Fighting Methods...... FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Table of contents 2.1 Conditions for Fires... 2.2. Properties of Flammable Materials 2.3. Fire Hazards anc Spread of Fire 2.4 Classification of Fires and Appropriate Extinguishing Agents.. 3.1. Fire Prevention Principles. 3.2 Ship Construction Arrangemen 3.3 Sate Practices... 4.1 Heat Detectors. 4.2 Smoke Detectors 4.3. Flame Detectors $41 General Requirements of Fixed Fire Fighng System 5.2. Smothering Effect Systems....... - 5.3. Inhibitor Effect Systems... 5.4 Cooling Effect Systems.. 5.5 Main and Emergency Fire Pump (Cargo stir) 5.6 Bulk Dry Chemical Power System 6.1 Fire Hydrants, Hoses and Nozzles 6.2 Mobile Apparatus 6.3 Portable Fire Extinguis 6.4 Fireman's Outi. 6.5 Breathing Apparatus 6.6 Resuscitation 67 Fire Blankets. Chapter 7 Ship Fire Fighting Organization 7.1 General Emergency Alarm. 7.2. Fire Control Plan and Musier List 7.3. Communications . 7.4 Personnel Safety Procedures 7.5 Periodic Shipboard Drills... 8.1 Knowledge of Fire Fighting Arrangements. 82. Fire Alarms and First Actions... 8.3 Fire Fighting.FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING CHAPTER 1 Introduction, Safety and Principles Scope This course covers the training recommended in Regulation VIM and Section A VI/ 1-2 of the STCW Code of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and W. keeping for Seafarers, as amended (STCW 95), Objectives On completion of this course, you will be able to, A. React in a correct manner in the event of an outbreak of fire, to take appropriate measures for the satiety of personnel and of the ship. B. Use the fire fighting appliances correctly. €. Identity and take corrective measures to prevent a fire from occurring. Entry Standards This course is open to prospective scafarers and should be taken prior to being employed on a.sea going ship. All trainees must be certified by a doctor to be in good health,FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING FIRE FIND were ‘Learn of its Size, Location and Combustibles invelved. INFORM the Bridge Sound the Alarm ~ even if The Fire Appears Small RESTRICT jr. By Closing Doors, Isolating Fuel, Electrical Supplies and Closing Ventilation, Use Boundary Cooling. EXTINGU By using the Correct Type and Quantity of Fire Fighting Media, Use SCBA and Protective Clothing GOOD ORGANISATION AND SPEED ARE ESSENTIAL.FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING CHAPTER 2 Theory of Fire Fire is an extemal sign of chemical reaction, usually the combination of carbon and hydrogen with oxygen, resulting in the release of energy. Only gas can be ignited. 'To start the action it is necessary cither to apply a flame or a spark having a certain minimum energy vilue 10 substance which has been raised to a temperature sufficicnt to relcasc flammable vapours conducive to the continuation of the action or else, to raise the substance to its auto ignition temperature or temperature where spontaneous combustion of the liberated gases accurs. ‘Once started, the heat energy released is available to raise a greater amount of the substance to the temperature of combustion, so the amount of gases liberated and of burning material increase and fire spreads ever more rapidly. If the temperature is near that of sell-ignilion, litle energy is required to cause combustion, and fires will appear to break out at points some distance from the seat of the fire ata bewildering speed. Given a good start and plenty of combustible material, most fires are eventually limited only by the rate at which air can get to the burning material. There are limits to the air/fuel ratio at which Uilferent substances will burn, and limitation of air will cause long tongues of flame to reach out searching for the air required, Lacomplete combustion can result in the formation of pockets of which may explode if sufficient air becomes available, whilst heated hydrocarbons, if lacking air, will decompose and form sooty and tarry particles, which are characteristic of thick, black smoke From the above, it can be seen that there are three elements required for the initiation and propagation of fire. 2.1 Conditions for fires €° Presence of burning material, which acts as fuel/combustible substance. € A source of heat or ignition © ‘The presence of Oxygen in the form of air. 4 As the initial ignition starts as an oxidation process it continues to burn as a molecular chain reaction. The above conditions shall be represented by a “FIRE TRIANGLE” or as a “FIRE TETRAHEDRON”. Fuel Fuel Oxygen Energy Inhibitor Oxygen EnergyFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING. OUTWARD RADIATION RADIATION FEEDBACK Principles of Fire Fighting The principles of fire fighting lies in the removal of one of the side of the Fire Triangle or Fire Tetrahedron (Fire Square). Fire extinction, in principle, consists of limiting or excluding one ot more of these faclurs. The methods of extinguishing si fire may be classified under the following headings: - > Removal/imitation of fuel - Starvation. > Limitation of Oxygen ~ Smothering. > Limitation of Temperature — Cooling | > Inhibition or the retardation of the combustion reaction. | Starvation Cooling ‘SmotheringFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 2.2. Properties of flammable materials Flammability is the ability of a substance to burn, Vapours given off by a flammable material can bur when mixed with air in the right proportion, in the presence af an ignition source. 0% gas or vapour 100 % gas or vapour s 100 % air LEL| UEL 0% air Tgnition Point is the lowest temperature to which a flammable substance must be heated for it is ignite. Flash Point is the lowest temperature at which the vapours of a substance are available in sufficient quantity to produce a momentary flash when a [lame is applied Fire Point is the temperature at which the heat from the combustion of a burning vapour is capable of producing sufficient vapour to enable combustion to continue. Spontaneous/Auto/ Self Ignition Temperature is the lowest temperature at which the substance will ignite spontancously, i.¢. the substance will burn without the introduction of a flame or other ignition source. Auto Ignition is the ignition of a flammable material without the assistance of an external pilot source. Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) is that concentration of flammable vapour in air above which the mixture becomes too rich to initiate and propagate combustion. Flammable Range is the range of concentrations of a flammable vapour in air within which the vapour and air mixture is flammable. Static Electricity is the electricity produced in dissimilar materials through physical contact and separation ¢,g.: A sampling apparatus lowered into a tank containing charged petroleum liquid. Reactivity is the property of most materials to enter inla « chemicul reaction with each other, Combustion is a chemical reaction in which heat and light are evolved. Fire for combustion is said to be the result of a rapid oxidation reaction at temperature above 730° C accompanied by the evolution of highly heated gaseous products of combustion and the emission of visible and invisible radiation, The following reactions are examples of combustion (Reaction with atmospheric Oxygen) C +0; =CO, (Carbon Dioxide) 2CO (Carbon Monoxide) 27,0 (Water)FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 2.3 Fire hazards and spread of fire Sources of Heat Energy (Ignition) Chemical Heat Energy 2) Heat of Combustion b) Heat of Partial Oxidation ©) Spontaneous Heating 4) Heat of Decomposition (Onion, Potato ete in cargo hold) e) Heat uf Solution (Mixture of two chemicals) Electrical Heat Energy a) Resistance heating ) Dicleciric heating c) Induction heating Mechanical Heat Energy a) Frictional heating b) Frictional sparks ¢) Heat of compression Nuclear Heat Energy Risks of Fire onboard Ship a) Heated surfaces (Machinery ete.) b). Cloth, Newspaper on hot surfaces. ©) Faulty Machinery, Electrical fittings, ete. d) Sparks (Grinding, Welding, Cutting, Funnel etc.) e) Electrical over loading/heating £) Impact sparks (Tools falling down into Tank ete.) g) Static electricity (removal of nylon garments ete.) h) Spontaneous combustion (Oily rags, certain wet cargoes)FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 2.4 Classification of Fires and Appropriate Extinguishing Agents EXTINGUISHING Paints : Methane, Gases Propane, butane C = Various incl. Chemical | ammonia VCM cte DJ secant Boiler uptake fires, Alloys etc. {| Electrical Fire Circuits, Switch boards, Radio and Navigational ‘cquipment etc. CLASS TYPE DESCRIPTION MEDIA ‘Wood, fibrous A. [carbonaceous | material paper, | Water most fumishings Volatile Flash point below | Foam Petroleum 60°C CO> (enclosed spaces only) Dry Powder Non-Volatile | Flash point 60°C | Foam Petroleum —_ | and above Water spray fog CO2 (enelased spaces only) Dry powder Some Vary widely Alcobol resist foam Chnetnicals COs B Dry Powder Oils and Fats Dry powder CO; Foam Water Spray co, (enclosed spaces only’). Dry Powder Dry powder Dry Powder (Special) TEC Powder Dry powder co: BCF IMPORTANT FACTORS Extinguish by cooling, drench deep scated fire Smother to extinguish Dangers of re-igaition, until cooled Always obtain advance information regarding best fire fighting medium Possible danger of toxic gases Never use water, water spray or foam Danger of re-ignition until cooled, Shut off fuel source Before extinguishing Always Massive drenching, Tsolate electrical SupplyFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING CHAPTER 3 Fire Prevention 3,1 Fire Prevention Principles There can be no doubt that in the ease of fire, prevention is better than cure. ‘True fire prevention ties in recognizing a fire hazard and if possible, removing it or at least reducing, its potential. One of the ideas that we would like to encourage is that of a “forum” or “Safety Committee” and one of the tasks they could undertake is to identify the fire risks that exist on board and to eliminate the same. (a) Flame or smouldering source — careless disposal of lighted matches and cigarettes; prevention by the provision of ashtrays of an approved design, Avoid smoking in bed, care at galley fire and boiler fronts. (b) Heated surfaces — what may be (ermed “black heat’. It is aot generally cealised that the heat from an ordinary electric bulb can soon put the temperature above the S.LT of some materials if that heat is not allowed to dissipate by normal convection currents. Disheloth or newspapers left on electric hotplatcs or hot surfaces, paint or oil on hot surfaces pose a fire hireard. A fire may be prevented by considering where the oil would spray from any burst pipe and fitting deflector plates over steam pipes, diese] exhaust pipes and boiler casings. General care must be taken in the maintenance of machinery, pump-glands etc. which would overheat if faulty. (©) Sparks and incendive particles — funnel spark, friction and mechanical sparks from grinding, (ing, chipping or welding. Electrical sparks ftom switches, faulty brush gear or shoxt- circuiting. Pa:ticular care should be taken in gaseous conditions where even a torch may be unsafe, Gas-tight switches should have good gaskets and flame artestors kept in good condition. (@) Electrical — any wiring which is overloaded will hecome overheated; correct wiring is important wiring in places difficult to access must be inspected and unauthorized wiring is to be prohibited, (©) Spontaneous combustion - apart from the risk associated with the cargo, lockers and spuces used for storing ropes, oilskins, dirty linen, or lilejackets are likely risk areas. These spaces are to be kept well ventilated to prevent heat build-up. Contaminations with natural oils o rotting due to dampness are the main culprits. So good housekeeping is essential in steward’s stores. (f) Static electricity in gaseous conditions all tools and appliances, steam, COs or high pressure cleaning jets in flammable atmosphere pose a risk of static buildup and discharge. These equipments are to be bonded electrically to the bull. Once a fire has started, its spread will depend on the availability of loose combustible material. The importance of good housekeeping cannot be overswessed. A metal waste-paper baskel represents & measure of fire protection, but when {ull and overtlowing, il becomes it fire havard. In the same way oil should not be allowed to accumulate on boiler fronts, bearing housings, plates or hilpes. There should be steel bins for oily waste, which are frequently emptied ‘The probability of possible ignition of fiunmable materials during heavy weather should also be considered. A good idea is for a patrol to have a checklist. Although not compulsory, the use of fire patrols to check spaces for possible fire hazards or incipient conditions of fire should be considered.FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 3.2 Ship Construction arrangements ‘The design of a ship takes into consideration various fire provection regulations in force with regard to fire protection. The following basic principles are embodied in the regulations as appropriate, keeping in view types of ships and potential fire hazards involved, } Division of ships into main vertical zones by thermal and structural boundaries. » Separation of accommodation spaces trom the remainder of the ship by thermal and structural boundaries » Restricted use of combustible material. > Detection of any fire in the zone of origin. > > Protection by means of escape or access for lire fighting, Ready availability of fire fighting appliances. > Minimizing the possibility of ignition of flammable cargo vapour. Non-combustible material is 2 material which neither burns nor gives off flammable vapours in sufficient quantily for self ignition when heated to 750° C, this being determined in accordance with the Fire Test Procedure Code. Any other material is considered x combustible material. A Standard Fire test is one in which the specimens of the relevant bulkheads und decks are exposed in a test furnace to temperatures corresponding approximately to the standard time lemperaure curve. The specimen shall have an exposed surface not less than 4,65 M? and height 2.44 meter including atleast one joint. The stancard ‘Time Temperature Curve is a smooth curve drawn through the following temperature points measured above initial furnace temperature. At the end of first 5 min 556°C At the end of first 10 min 659°C At the end of first 15 min 718°C At the end of first 30 min 821°C At the end of first 60 min 925°C A CLASS DIVISIONS are those formed by bulkheads and decks, which comply with the following:~ > They shall be constructed of steel or other equivalent material. They shall be suitably stiffened They shall be so constructed as to be capable of preventing the passage of smoke and fl to the end of one hour. ‘They shall be insulated with approved non-combustible materials such that the average temperature of the unexposed side will not rise more than 140°C above the original temperature at any point, including any joint, rise more than 180°C above the original temperature within the time listed below Class “A-60” Class “A — 30" vy v ne y Class “A — 15” —- 15 min ny Class “A - 0" OminFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING B CLASS DIVISIONS sre those divisions formed by bulkheads, decks, ceiling or linings, which comply with the following:- > They shall be constructed as to be capable of preventing the passage of flame to the first half-hour of the standard fire lest; > They shall have an insulation value such that the average temperature of the unexposed sicie will not rise more that 140°C above the original temperature, nor will the temperature at any point, including any joint, rise more thin 225°C: above the original temperature, within the time listed below: Class“ B-15"-—-15 min Class “ B-0"----- 0 min They shall be constructed of approved non-consumable material and all the materials entering into the construction and erection of “B” class divisions shail be non-combustible, with the exception that combustible veneers may he permitted provided that the meet other requirements. ¥ C CLASS DIVISIONS: They shall be constructed of approved non-consumable material and all the materials entering into the construction & erection of ‘C” class division shall be non combustible with the exception that combustible veneers may be permitted provided that it meets other requirements. 3.3 Safe Practices Smoking : > Fires are often caused by the careless disposal of buming cigarette buds and matches Sel-estinguishing ashirays should be provided und used only ut authorised area Ensure matches are extinguished and cigarette ends properly stubbed out. > Warning notices should be displayed where smoking is forbidden and same to be obeyed. > It is dangerous to smoke in bed. Electrical and other fittings : » Authorised persons only to interfere with electrical fittings. Personal electrical appliances should be connected to the ship’s supply only with the approval of the Electrical Officer. Fanlty fittings, wiring to be reported immediately to Head of Department. All electrical fittings should be firmly secured. Flexible leads should be secured properly to avoid being chafed or cut. Makeshift plugs, sockets and fuses should not be used. Circuits should not be overloaded since these cause overheat, failure of insulation, thus resulting in short circuit, which could start a fire All portable electrical appliances, lights etc, should be isolated from the mains after use. Alll fixed electric heaters are to be fivted with suitable guards. Drying clothing on the heaters should nol be permitted » The use of portable heaters should be avoided. However, if they are used, care should be taken on positioning away from combustible materials. vvvvy vvFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Laundry and wet clothing : > Clothing should not be placed aver space heaters, radiators etc, or so close to heaters or light bulbs etc as to restrict the flow of air, and thus lead to overheating and fire. } Clothing should be lett to dry only in designated places. Spontaneous Combustion > Dirty waste, rags, sawdust and other rubbish if contaminated with oil are dangerous if leit lying about. Heat may he generated spontaneously within such rubbish that may be sufficient to igni flammable mixtures or may become hot enough to set the rubbish ilsel' on fire. It should be properly stored and disposed off as early as possible. ¥ ‘Materials in ship's store like linen, blankets and similar absorbent materials are also liable to ignite by spontancous combustion if damp or contaminated. Damp items should be dried and oil soaked items should be cleaned und dried or disposed. They should not be stored in close proximity to oil paints or close to steam pipes. Machinery Spaces : > The seriousness of fire in machinery spaces cannot he over stressed. All personnel should be fully aware of the precautions necessary for its prevention. This includes clean conditions, prevention of oil leakage, and removal of combustible materials, > Suitable metal con: should be provided for the storage of cotton waste, cleaning rags etc. It should be emptied at frequent intervals safely. > Wood, Paints, Sprits, Oil etc should not he kept in boiler rooms and machinery spaces > All electric wiring should be well maintained and kept clean and dry. The rated load capacity of the wires and fuses should never be exceeded Galleys : > Care should be taken in particular to avoid overheating, spilling fat or ofl and to ensure that burners or heating plates are shut off when cooking is finished, > Means to smother fat or cooking oil fires, such as fire blankets, should be readily available. > Filters in the galley exhaust to be cleaned regularly. Hot Work : > Permission to be taken from concemed senior official prior to undertaking any hot work. > Necessary precautions sliould be strictly followed to avoid fire duc to welding, gas cutting or other hot work. > Ensure that no combustible material is near the hot work area and on the other side of bulkheads/decks. > Ensure that the compartment and adjacent compartments sre totally gas free prior to undertaking any hot work.FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING CHAPTER 4 Fire Detection GENERAL REQUIREMENTS - Any required fixed fire detection and Fire alarm system with manually operated call points shall be capable of immediate operation atall times. - Power supplies and circuits necessary for the operation of the system shall be monitored for loss of power or fault. ~ Qcourrence of a fault condition shall initiate a visnal and a fanll signal at the control pancl which shall be distinct from fire signal, + There shall be not less than two sources af power supply for the electrical equipment, one of which shall be an emergency source. The supply shall he provided by separate feeders reserved solely for that purpose and such feeders shall run to an automatic change over switch + Detectors and manually operated call points shall be grouped into sections. The detector ot manually operated call point shall initiate a visual and audible fire signal at the control panel and indicating units. If the signals have not been acknowledged within two minutes an audible alarm shall be automatically sounded throughout the crew accommodation and servive spaces + Clear information shall be displayed on or adjacent (v each indicating unit about the spaces covered and the location of the section. In a Passenger ship a section af detectors shall not serve spaces on both sides of the ship nor on more than one deck; neither shall it be situated in inure than one main vertical zone except that the Administration, if itis satisfied that the protection of the ship against fire will not thereby he reduced, may permit such a scetion of detectors to serve both sides of the ship and more than one deck. + Detectors shall be operated by heat, smoke or other products of combustion, flame or any combination of these factors. Flame detectors shall only be used in addition to smoke ot heat detectors. + Suitable instructions and component spares for testing and maintenance shall be provided, - The function of the detection system shall be periodically tested to the satisfaction of the Aduinistration. - The fire detection system shall not be used for any other purpose, except that closing of fire doors and similar functions may be permitted at the control pane! ‘The most efficient patrol system imaginable could not hope to discover every fire on board ship the instant it breaks oul. ‘Therefore it is necessary to have a system, which automatically gives ‘warning of the outbreak or of a potential fire / explosion Fire detection systems fall into three main categories. 4.1 Heat Detection 4.2 Smoke Detection 4.3 Flame Detection 2FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 4,1 HEAT DETECTORS There are mainly two types of Heal detectors, namely 4.1.1 Heat detectors, which operate at a fixed (pre-determined) temperature. 4.1.2 Heat detectors which operate wien the rate of temperature rise of the surrounding air reaches a set limit. 4.1.1 Fixed Temperature Type : ‘The means of operation is extremely simple, usually being either a bi-meuallic strip or a soldered joint. In the first type, the bi-metallic strip is used Lo make or break an eleetrie circuit at a pre-set temperature. When it is arranged to make a circuit, the contacts are usually encapsulated in a glass cover to avoid the contacts becoming affected by the atmosphere, since any corrosion may prevent the passage of current when the contacts are required to make a circuit. ‘The second type may consist of two electric contacts joined through light springs, by low melting point solder. Thus, when the air temperature reaches the melting point of the solder, the joint pulls apart under the action of the spring and the alarm is sounded. Other types using the same principle i, he making or brewking of an electric current by the action of melting solder arc available. Detectors incorporating bi-metallic strips are especially useful in boiler 1o0ms where rapid variations of temperature arc likely to be encountered. Normal Conditions Rote-attise response Fixed ternperatura response Themrstor Themmistor Fire detec on fast Fire detected on slow pettially ‘exposed lo air increase of ambient increase of ambient sealed from ‘emoerature terperature surrounding at Note: Anelogue adcressable heat detectors use any @ sngletherristorFIRE PRE’ ITION AND FIRE FIGHTING 4.1.2 Rate of Temperature Rise Type : This type of detector works on the principle that providing the rate of increase in the temperature of the surrounding air is above a given minimum, the detector will operate between given time limits, the latter depending: on the rate of increase of temperature, There are two types of detectors, namely pneumatic and bi-metal sirip. In the pneumatic type, a scaled chamber when subjected to heat expands and pushes up a flexible diaphragm and makes an electrical conlact lo complete the circuit for the alarm. To avoid an alarm being raised in the normal rise in ambient temperature, a blecd-off orifice fitted on the sealed chamber will allow a certain amount of ait to escape. But when the temperature rise is rapid the chamber expands more rapidly than the orifice can release the air, thus allowing the eleviric contuet to be made for the The bi-metallic type consists of two strips, one insulated from rapid changes of temperature and the other exposed to such changes. Contacts on the ends of the strips form part of an electric circuit, On slow rise of temperature, due (o normal conditions, the leat input (o bolh strips is similar and hence the contieis reimain aparl, On rapid increase in temperature, the unprotected strip responds more quickly than the insulated strip with the result that the contacts meet and the alarm sounds. 4.2 SMOKE DETECTORS ‘There are mainly three types of smoke detectors, namely: 4.2.1 Light obscuration type (photo electric) 4.2.2 Light scalter lype (photo electri 4.2.3 Ionization type 4.2.1 Light Obscuration ‘Type : A beam of light is arranged to fall on a photoelectric cell and if the atmosphere between the light source and the cell is clear, the balance of the electric circuit is not disturbed. On smoke passing by convection across the detector, the intensity of light falling on the photo electric cell is reduced, the change in the electrical output being used to operate an alarm al a pre-determined level. Optical Chamber Cover Casing Moulding Photo diode (Getector) Juiiared LED 4FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 4.2.2. Light Seatter Type : A beam of light traversing through a transps absorption, due to scattering agents like smoke or dust, enl medium loses its intensity by partial Photo-diodo In clean air With smoke Light beam Diffused light beam, ‘smoke particte na The beam of light is prevented from illuminating the photoelectric cell by a light barrier. ‘Ihe surrounding atmosphere circulates through the detector head by virtue of the normal air curreits and providing no dust or smoke parlicles or present in it, the electrical balance of the detector circuitry remains undisturbed. On smoke entering the detector, the light rays are reflected or scattered around the light barrier and reach the photoelectric cell, the change in current being used to signal the alarm condition. 4.2.3 Ionization Type Smoke Detectors : Most of the detectors of this type use two ionized chambers in series. One of the Chambers is open to the surrounding atmosphere while the other is enclosed. The atmosphere in both the chambers is ionized by a radioactive source ionizing the air between two electronically charged plates in the sensing chamber and causes a current to flow, causing a voltage shift and triggering an alarm, lonization ChamberFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING ‘The main reaction that takes place within a Smoke detector is a chomical reaction between Ameticium and alpha particles. This is shown in equation fori below: On + He (42) ———® On(+1) + e(-1) + He(+2)° sve volts Radioactive fol Reference chamber = sensing — electrodes Sensing chamber Svone With smoke In clean air Negatively charged ton Positively charged ion 5 +0 O| Smoke particle 4.3 FLAME DETECTORS Detectors of this type can be infra-red or ultra-violet type, but only infra-red type is used in ships. These detectors are intended to respond to radiated heat and light, and to avoid false alarms being given by natural or artificial light, they have een designed to respond vnly (o that particular part of the spectrum which is characteristic of flame One draw back of such detectors is that if smoke screens the detector from the fire before ] the detector has an opportunity of sensing it, its operalion is unlikely. ‘The radiation types of Getectors are normally used in conjunction with other detectors. 1) / / + Loam \ _ ‘hermstor exposed tai raced tOPROTECTED SOAS scoowmuananon These, a) —*e moneda @ wensemcrenneccoouure | mecracmsmn [S| wmmcanes ® [SS] sro Beg]FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING. CHAPTER 5 FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS A fire can be extinguished effectively if the most appropriate medium available is correctly and effectively applied at that point where the combustion is occurring, Practically, all fires start as small ones at first and can be extinguished if detected in time using the proper type and amount of extinguishing media promptly. On board ships, portable and fixed extinguishing appliances are placed in regions where their requirement is commonly anticipated. Fixed appliances are provided to fight large fires. 5.1 General Requirements of Fixed Fire Fighting System The use of any fire fighting medium, which, either by itself or under expected conditions of use gives off gascs in such quantities that endangers persons, shall not be permitted. ‘The quantity of extinguishing media available should be such that the same is sufficient for the largest compartment protected by it. Pipelines conveying the fire extinguishing media into protected spaces shall be provided with control valves cleatly marked to indicate the spaces to which they are led. ‘The piping shail be arranged and the discharge nozzles so positioncd that a uniform distribution of medium is abtained, All openings in the protected spaces, which may admit air or allow gas to escape, shall be provided with closing arrangements. > Means shalll be provided for automatic audible warning of release of fire extinguishing media to allow personnel to vacate the space, The alarm shall operate for a suitable time before medium is released > ‘The operating control for release of fire extinguishing media shall be readily accessible and simple to operate. > Aulornatic release of fire extinguishing media shall not be permitted, > The order to release the fire fighting media shall be given by the Master of the Vessel or by a senior officer authorized by him. vvyvyv v Typical Fire Fighting Systems and Equipment Carbon dioxide systems, Halogenated hydrocarbons (Thongh it is banned due to ODP) Sprinklers (wet and dry risers) Foam (low expansion) Foam (high-expansion) Fire Mains, Hydrants Tnterational Shore Connection Fimergeney Generators, Emergency Fire Pump Pressure water spray in special category spaccs Bulk Dry Chemical Powder (DCP) applicants ee eeFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 5.2. Smothering Effect Systems 5.2.1 CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM Carbon dioxide is a colourless, colourless gas and is one and a half times heavier than air. Carhon dioxide gas is not toxic, but if inhaled in heavy concentration, it will suffocate. ‘he critical temperature of CO» is 31.35°C. If the liquid is heated above this temperature, it will pass into gaseous stage without any change in volume. It is therefore important that CO» is maintained in Tiguid form prior to use as an extinguishing agent. At normal temperature and pressure the expansion ratio of CO; from liquid to gas is 450 litres and one kilogram of liquefied CO. will produce 0.56 cubie meter of gas. A typical fixed COs system eiploys a bulery of solid-dravn steel cylinders to contain liquefied gas in 30 or 45 kg sizes, al pressures ranging between 50 and 60 kel/em? at 15°C Pipes of at least 20 mm solid drawn galvanized steel lead the gas from the cylinders to the Engine Room or Cargo holds, where they terminate in gas discharge nozzles. CO; extinguishes fire by reducing the oxygen content in the atmosphere to a point where it will not support combustion, Reducing oxygen content form normal 21% in air to 15% will extinguish most of the fires, for some materials, it must be reduced further. Fires. which can be extinguished or controlled by CO total flooding method, may be divided intw Ove categories, namely; > Surface fires involving flammable liquids, gases and solids > Deep seuted fires involving solids subjects which smoulder WHEN CO; ALARM SOUNDS: Evacuate the Engine Room and call the roll to account for all personnel. Close all doors, ventilators, skylights, funnel flaps ete, ‘Shut down oil fuel supplies at the emergency control peints Operate the CO» system. Sturt the emergency Fire Pump and if necessary spray water on to heated areas of the casing to achieve boundary cooling, Keep the space tightly closed and leave for a mininmim of one hour, preferably two or three hours before carrying out inspections. Entry should be made at the lowest possible level by engineers wearing Breathing Apparatus. They should take with them a charged hose fitted with spray novzle, Any smouldering fire should be extinguished. The door through which entry was made should be left open only to admit the hose line. > When it is certain that the fire is completely extinguished, open all the ventilation in order to remove the smoke and CO, gas. Ensure that there is no gas left in the space before men enter without wearing breathing apparatus. vv vv v vFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING (C02 FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM Schematic diagram of a CO, “total flooding* systemFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 5.2.2 FOAM SMOTHERING SYSTEMS, Foam installations rely on the interaction of two chemicals usually aluminium sulphate and a solution of sodium bicarbonate to which is added a stabiliser. Chemical has now been almost entirely superseded hy mechanical foam. Mechanical foam, also known as Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF), consists of a single solution, which can be introduced into the water stream, aerated at the branch pipe, and thrown as siuble foam on the area of the fire. The foam-making compound is liquid and is easily stored in cans or drums. a) LOW EXPANSION FOAM SYSTEM In the machinery space where a low expansion system is fitted, the system shall be capable of discharging through fixed discharge outlets in not more than 5 minutes, a quantity of foam sufficient to cover a depth of 150 mm, in the largest single area over which oil fuel is liable to spread. In the case of Deck foam system for Tankers, the system shall be capable of supplying not less than 1250 liters per minute. ‘The expansion ratio of the foam shall not exceed 1:12 Mechanical foam is formed by mixing foam making liquid with water in the ratio of about 3 ( 5 percent und by violent agitation in the presence of air to create air bubbles in a tough skin of foam. There are two methods far providing the necessary pressures required for the production at the pump delivery. ~The ship’s pumps giving about 5 bar pressure ul the pump delivery, - A pressurised water tank with a separate compound tank system, with CO2 cylinders supplying the motive power. The water supply for foam making must be connected to the emergency fire pump, There are different types of mechanical systems; common ones are pressurised systems, cither self-contained or pressurized from ship's pumps or pre-mix foam system. In the self contained pressurised type, two tanks are used containing fresh waler and foam making liquid respectively. The fresh water is ejected by release of carbon dioxide or Nitrogen from. storage bottles and in its passage across an induction fitting, draws the required proportion of foam- raking compound from the second tank, The mixture then flows along pipes to machinery and boiler spaces, passes hrough nozzles in special foarn making fittings where it is agitated and entrains the air necessary for the formation of Fearn In the fire pump pressurised system, the foam making liquid stored in the tank has a connection with a lage bore water min. When the water supply, which must have a connection to emergency fire pump, is pressurised, the foain making Liquid is induved into the system by the reduction in pressure resulting from the water flowing through the venturi, ‘This mixture is carried along to a foam-making fitting and foam generated is distributed from open-ended pipes. Wilh this system, it is possible to use a hand foam distributor by attaching a hose and a special foam-making nozzle into the main distribution line. In the pre-mix foam pressure type, the foam companné and water are mixed in solution and stored in a tank, The tank is pressurised by carbon dioxide cylinders and the solutian passes to foam making spreaders in the machinery and boiler spaces,FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Fonrwoeron ee Self Aspirating Foam Nozzle (Applicator) Foam Concentrate & Foam Applicator jFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING ‘A major problem associated with the use of low expansion foam as a fire fighting system in machinery spaces is that it is most effective only in the horizontal plane and is least effective on most dangerous fires invalving burst fuel lines higher up in the space. Another problem is that the system is difficult to test so that there is little guarantee that the installation will function when required. b) HIGH EXPANSION FOAM SYSTEM High expansion foam in machinery spaces shall be capable of rapidly discharging through fixed discharge outlets a quantity of foam suificient to fill the largest space to he protected ut the rate of at least one meter in depth per minute. The quantity of foam making compound available shall be sullicient to produce a volume of foam equal to five times the volume of the largest space protected. High expansion foam hats an expansion ratio of 1:1000, A special foam generator is required for producing high expansion foam. It consists generally of a power driven fan, a net or gauze, an external shutter, a supply of high expansion foam compound and a means to spray the water ot foam solution evenly over the net. The operation of the generator is Foum solution is uniformly sprayed over the net and air is blown through it, On opening the external shutter, foun of uniform size and having an expansion ratio of 1:1000 is produced and ducted away to protected space. soaasrarow mcr Saver comer Sane Fra ca era Ll roca Rewase High Expansion Foam System The foam is tough and persistent and is an excellent insulator and absorber of heat. On such foam reaching the fire, unit volume of water in the foam is (urned into approximately 1700 volumes of steam, the resulting atmosphere now contains only about seven and a hall per cent of oxygen by volume, far less than the pereentage required to sustain burning. At the same high expansion foam is quite effective in some cizcumstances, but suifers from serious disadvantages: 23FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING © For large engine rooms, generators with mussive output are required and thus involves construction af large ducts. © Owing to build up of back pressure, in practice, it is impossible to completely fill a given space so that fire can be burning above foam level © Itis difficult and more obscuring to escape from a compariment which is filled with foam, © Once the space has been filled with foam, it will be difficult and time consuming to clean up the space. 5.3 Inhibitor Effect Systems 3.1 HALON SYSTEM Halogenated extinguishing agents are hydrocarbons in which one or more hyérogen atoms have been replaced by atoms from the halogen series: comprising of fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. This substitution confers non-flammability and flame extinguishing property to many of the resulting compounds. ‘Ihe use of halogenated hydrocarbons as fire extinguishing media is enly permitted in machinery spaces, pump toms and in cargo spaces solely for the carriage of vehicles, which are not carrying any other cargo. Under the 1992 Amendments to SOLAS 1974, Halon, due to its adverse effect upon the stratosphere — causes depletion of the ezone layer and is said to be partially responsible for the noticeable warming of the carth’s atmosphere — is no longer an acceptable system and from that date its use is prohibited on all new ships. Fluorine, Chlorine and bromine are the three elements cornmonly found in fire extinguishing media. Substitution of « hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon with these halogens influences the relative properties in the following manner. Fluorine; Imparts stability to the compound, reduces toxicity, reduces boiling point and increases thermal stability. Chlorine: Imparts fite-extinguishing effectiveness, increases boiling point increases toxicity and reduces thermal stability. Bromine: Same as Chlorine: but (o a greater degree compounds containing combinations of fluorine, chlorine and bromine can possess varying degree of extinguishing effectivenes chemical and thermal stability, toxicity and volatility. ‘These agents are most suitable for electrival fires since they do not become electrically conductive in presence of water, Further, being either gases or liquids vapourising rapidly in fire, they do not leave any corrosive or abrasive residue after use. ‘The extinguishing mechanism of the halogenated agents is a chain rection, which interferes with the combustion process. They act by removing the active chemical species involved in the flame chain reactions. In total flooding systems, rapid and complete extinguishment is obtainable with low concentration of agent. On a weight of agent basis, haluns are approximately two and halt times more effective than carbon dioxide, ‘The main disadvantage of Halons is its relative tox' is the maximum that can safely be inhaled for one minute. . Tahalation of 4% 10 5% of this gtsFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 5.4 Cooling Effect Systems 5.4.1. SPRINKLER SYSTEM A Sprinkler system consists of a series of water pipes, cither under pressure or connected to a quick-acting pump, allached to which, at pre-determined intervals, are heads which open automatically when subjected to the heat to fire. Sprinklers are fixed devices for distributing water upon a fire in sufficient quantity either to extinguish it completely or to prevent its spread in the event that the original fire is out of range of or is of a type that cannot be completely extinguished by waler discharged from sprinklers. Automatic sprinkler give warning of the existence of fire and at the same time applies water (o the burning area. The system incorporates two types of sprinkler heads, each one serving ifferent application; © Sprinkler head with quartzoid bulb which contains a special fluid * Sprinkler head without bulb and incorporate a fusible link called quick response heads. Sprinkler Head Bulbs Sprinkler heads with bulb are used in passenger vessels to protect accommodation and services spaces, where it serves the purpose of detection, alarm and extinetion. This system has a number of sprinkler heads. The heads are supplied wilh water under constant pressure and are arranged in such a way that each space requiring protection is adequately covered, Each head has a glass or quartzoid bulb, which retains a diaphragm seal in the outlet of the water pipe. The bulb is partly filled with a special liquid, which expands and fills the bulb, eventually bursting when there is a rise in temperature of 69°C in the compartment, The constant water pressure being maintained in the pipe forces the diaphragm out and water flows from the sprinkler. ‘The constant pressure is maintained in the pipeline by maintaining a pressure of 3.5 to 8.3 bars in the reservoir tank. When the pressure drops in the line in the event of « fire, the pump starts automatically supplying seawater in the line. In order to prevent corrosion and wear and tear of moving parts, the system is charged with fresh water. Hence after seawater is pumped through the system, the system has to be thoroughly flushed and recharged.FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING: Sonmestions oO rns entn NN vegan é mnozection cop Teatynives Sw pump Deni valve Sprinkler heads without bulbs are used in the machinery spaces of certain cargo ships and Passenger ships and are fitted with fixed pressure spraying system. This system provides water at stipulated rates throug numerous sprinkler or nozzle outlets, but the fire hus to be detected by other mens. The water from the system is cupable ef being sprayed on tink (ops and other ureas over which oil may have spread. Fach of these areas, controlled by a valve, is filled with fresh water and maintained at constant pressnre. When the control valve in any section is opened and the Tine pressure drops, the pump cuts in antomatically. An air vessel in the system prevents the pump cutting in due to minor drop in pressure. The water application rates are sicnilar as for sprinkler systems — coverage being entire and at 5.0 litres per sq. mtr per minute reduced to 3.5 lines per sq. mtr per minute, Action in ease of Fire (On hearing the sprinkler alarm) Sound the general alarm to summon the crew. Check the location of fire, which will be shown on the Bridge or fire control station. (One man to stand by at the main valve of the installation. Ascertuin the extent of fire. Ii the fire is big and fear of the electrical cables being burnt, a step for opening of control valve isolate power supply. Lay outa line of hose and bring portable extinguishers to the scene. ‘When it is certain that the fire is extinguished, shut off the main stop valve and the alarm connection plug cock. Open the drain and test valves fully. > Examine the fire area and ensure there is no fire burning behind paneling, under bunks ete vv vvFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Action after Fire Immediate action must be taken (© put the system back into working order after the fire. > Any sprinkler head, which have been actuated by the tire, must be replaced, > Close tie drain and test valves and open the main stop valve slightly, allowing watcr to fill the pipes slowly. When the two pressure pauges show the same reading, valve can be fully opened and locked in that position, > All salt water must be completely drained from the system, by flushing with fresh water. > The pressure tank must now be filled and the whole installation charged with fresh water. ‘The tank should be brought to correct level and air pressure. riven De ~ ye wr Lod 3 ie vessel Drenchors “Sovayes gegraven || operon cr SPA orain PA Fresh woter Qe Au talaase Remo stot L) Alrelease Crass connection mene 7 ocked ohn Chore cowrecto™ 1 teototng vate aye ' Pressure setey awn | Pumo test vaive . 2 PRESSURE WATER SPRAY 5.5. Main and Emergency Fire Pump (Cargo Ships) Passenger ships of 4000 tons gross and above shall be fivled with al least 3 fire puinps and cargo ships of 1000 tons gross and above shall have at least 2 fire pumps. Sanitary, ballast, bilge or general service pumps may be accepted as fire pumps provided that they are not normally used for pumping oi], The arrangement of the sea conections, fire pumps er their sources shalll be such that; > In passenger ships of 1000 tons gross and above, in the event of fire in any one compartment, all fire pumps will not be put out of action. > Tn cargo ships of 2000 tons gross and above, if the fire any one compartment could put all pumps out of action, there shall be an altemate means consisting of a fixed independently driven Emergency Fire Pump which shall be capable of supplying 2 jets and the capacity shall be 40% of the total capacity required and in any case not Jess than 25 cubic meters per hour. The pump should be luca(ed outside the engine room. If tae pump is diesel driven, the power source shall be capable of being readily started in its cold condition down temperature of O°C by hand cranking. If necessary, heating arrangements shall be providedFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING > Alternate siarting arrangements may be provided such that the diesel driven power source tar be started af least six times within a period of 30 minutes and at least twice in the first tea minutes. > For diesel «lriven pumps, the service tank would normally be in the same compartment and contain sufficient diesel to run the pump for 3hrs on full load. A reserve tank holding sufficient diesel for a further 15 hrs at full load is also to be provided. If electrically driven, the sources of power should be the emergency generator. » Direct access between the machinery space and the emergency fire pump compariment should not generally be permitted but, where necessary, may be by means of an air lock with two self closing doors, or through an approved type or walerlight door capuble of remote operation from a space not likely to be cut off in the event of fire in the engine room or emergency fire pump space. > In tankers, fire pumps are not io be situated in the pumps rooms, cofferdam and other spaces liable to contain explosive vapours or in spaces immediately adjacent to cargo oil or slop tanks. Tt should be ensured that door and ventilator openings to the compartment and «ny air inlets for the punap are situated, in relation to cargo tank openings such us vent pipes and PV valves, to preclude the possibility of drawing dangerous vapours into the compartment. Fre main, no perm teary other 207 Galvanized steel. ciamster based 6m length of hsp 121m no2ries in ocommedation croore nme | Aycrants for deck hoses som") Font for 12h Dex Peg pore Eapally > 25m SD walang voles Dats engine roam i ‘A east 2 jets to each pan olthe skp, one from sings iongr” of hace May renuite boaste nue Fue pumps ateast wo te pune _ Two hysennts may be diel purpose pumes a - asjacent capacity basnd on bige pune fuse door OTP. poesenger ships) emergency generator Jets and soa in engine room Ship’s Fire Main System with Emergency Generator and Fire Pump 28FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING sem International Shore Coupling covsine tom nis squioment 5.6, Bulk Dry Chemical Power System Fixed fire-fighting installations on tankers are not suitable for ships canying Liquid Hydrocarbon Gases such as LPG and LNG in bulk. Although LPG (e.g. Propane and Butane) may be carried in liquid state in tanks under pressure at ambient temperature. they are more usually carried refrigerated whilst LNG, is carried at a state of constant boiling, ity builing point at aanbient pressure being - 162" C. Any leakage of such liquids from joints, valves etc. on deck vapourizes quickly. The speed of vapourization is affected by factors such as the area over which the liquid has spread, the depth of spill, ambient temperatures, etc. with the liquid temperature being so low, application of comparatively warm sea water or foam will hasten its change of state from liquid gas with the risk of an explosion. On such ships, therefore, it is beter (o provide a fixed Dry Powder system for use on deck to combat incipient gas Lires, Bulk Dry Chemical Power SystemFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING "The system consists essentially of dry powder or dry chemical in one or more vessels capable of being pressurized from a bank of nitmgen cylinders. The dry powder vessels are connected to various control statious ua deck, Bach control station will have a hose and nozzle, a cylinder of nitrogen and appropriate controls. On opening the nitrogen cylinder in the control box, the gas flows dirough the reducing valve back to the compartment containing the dry powder instaliation and pneumatically opens the appropriate distribution valve, Simultancously. it opens the Nitrogen cylinders by the action of pneumatic piston, release lover and release mechanism, the gas flowing into the dry powder container through the pressure regulator. The pressure in the container builds up and at about 16 bars the msin powder valve opens automatically and the powder flows to the appropriate control box via the distribution manifold, previously opened distribution valve, piping and control cock. The pressure in the powder container cemains constant until the remaining mass of powder has left the container. When the powder in ihe first container has been used, the second container may he brought into action by manually opening its bank of nitrogen cylinders. After use, dry powder lime should be blown clear with compressed ait. The nitrogen cylinders are to be replaced and dry powder containers re-charged without del Gross spillage of deeply refrigerated liquids is extremely dangerous. They can cause embrittlement of the deck and contact with the human body results in vicious cold bums. In case of spillage to the deck following positive actions may be taken: > Attempt to isolate the source of leakage > Wash the leaked liquid overboard as quickly as possible with copious amount of sea water from the fire mains. guish or secure all possible sources of ignition until the resulting gas cloud hes dissipated. A plan is required to be made for each individual ship, taking into consideration all the relevant circumstances. DCP Station Hose Box 30FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING CHAPTER 6 MISCELLANEOUS FIRE - FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS 6.1 Fire Hydrants, Hoses and Nozzles The number and position of hydrants shall be such that at least two jets of water not emanating form the same hydrant, one of which shall be from a single length of hose, may reach any part of the ship normally accessible to the passengers or crev. Hydrants shall be positioned near the access to the protected spaces. The pipes and hydrants shall be so placed that the fire hose may be easily coupled to them, The arrangement of pipes and hydrants shall be such as to avoid the possibility of freezing. Each hydrant will be fitted with a valve, Isolating valves co separate the section of the fire main within (he machinery space be filled in an easily accessible and (enable position outside the machinery space. ‘The fire main shall be so arranged that when the isolating valves are shut all hydrants on the ship, except those in the machinery space can be supplied with water by a fire pump not located in the machinery space through pipes which do not enter this space Fire hoses are made from synthetic woven textiles, fined with rubber amd coated with PVC. These hoses are strong and are not affected by oils, chemicals, extreme climates and mildew. Hoses are normally 18 meters in length and are to be provided with necessary couplings and nozzle, Hoses with fittings are to be kept ready for usc in conspicuous designated positions near the hydrant, In passenger ships, fire boses shal] be connected to hydrants at all times and these hoses shall be used only for the purpose of extinguishing fires or for testing during fire drills. 4. Hermophertste Couping vith lg size & female conection 2. Hermophoridte Coupling with cover 3. Two lugged snap on enupiing satetemeiey 4 One iug snap on coupling (tera) 5, Coupling Spanners Nozze (0rd 7. Fog Applicator 8 Heart ae 9, Fite Hoses (Canvas) Lena: 15,20 25 mice 410. Resuckator pack wit first aid kt In cargo ships, the number of fire hoses provided shall be one for cach 30 m length of the ship and one spare but in no case less than Bve in all. This number does not include any hoses required for engine or boiler rooms. The hoses are stowed in rolled or flaked condition with the nozzleFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING stowed suitably. There are different types of couplings, instantancous type, hermaphrodite or screwed type. Hoses of diameter 65mm and couplings to svit are most widely used. Nozzle size shall be 12mm, 16mm, 19mm or as near thereof as possible. For accommodation and service spaces nozile greater than 12mm need not to be used. For machinery spaces und exierior locations, nozzles shalt be such as to obiain the maximum discharge possible from two jets from smallest pump, provided that nozsles greater than 19 mm need mot to be used. All nozzles shall be of an approved dual purpose type, spray and jet, incorporating a shut off. 6.2 Mobile Apparatus Pressure Transfer & Regulated Wheeled Fire Extinguishers: Balsaced wheel unit. 7Olirs and 1SUltes Duration 3 Minutes Built for ease of use. Simple and capid operation. “More than one person may be requires for operation, Some apparatus are fitted with controllable nozzles. Located in ER Boiler and purifier platforms. Semi-Portable DCP: Wheeled units. Capacity-50, 70, 150 kgs Duration 4 minutes. Expulsion by CO2 Cartridge fitted outside the unit, Requires minimum 2 persons to operate 6.3 Portable Fire Extinguishers Portable fire extinguisher is an appliance containing an extinguishing medium, which can be expelled by action of intemal pressure and be direcied into a fire. The pressure may be stored pressure or be oblained by a chemical reaction, of by release of gas from a cartiidge. Portable extinguisher is designed to be carried and operated by hand and which in working order bas a total weight of not more than 23 kgs. The capacity of portable fluid extinguisher should not be more than 13.5 litres and not less than 9 litres. Other extinguishers should at least have the portability of a 13.5 fluid extinguisher and the fire fighting effectiveness equivalent to that of a 9 litre fluid extinguisher Accommodation spaces, servive spaces, and contro! stations shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers of appropriate types and in sufficient number to the satisfiction of the Administration, Ships of 1000 tons gross tonnage and upwards shall carry at least five portable fire extinguishers. 100% spare charges must be available on hoard for all fire extinguishers that are capable of being recharged.FIRE PRE! ‘NTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 6.3.1 Different type of portable extinguishers: + Water type (gas cartridge) + Mechanical Foam type + Dry Powder type % Carbon-di-oxide type fater type extinguisher This type of extinguisher is similar lo the Seda Acid type except that instead of an acid bulb, there is a CO2 cartridge inside. The water is released through the nozzle in the form of a jet by the pressure created in the upper part to the container by the release of carbon dioxide from a pressurised cartridge. The plunger punctures the C cartridge. The method of operation, maintenance, and discharge rate of Soda Acid and gas cartridge type are similar. ‘Method of operation Keep the extinguisher on the ground away from you; hold the extinguisher firmly with nozzle pointing towards the fire, Remove safety clip. Strike the plunger hard. I is good practice to operate one or more of the extinguishers during fire drills and observe the performance, The length of jet must he 6 metres for a minimum duration of 60 seconds. Mechanical foam extinguisher (AFFF) The mechanical foam extinguisher is similar in construction to that of the water (gas cartridge) type. The extinguisher contains an outer cylindrical shell and a CO cattridge inside. The foam solution (a mixture of 97 % water and 3% Aqueous Film Forming Foam Solution usually known as premixed solution) is stored in the outer shell and discharged with pressure created by the piercing of CO; cartridge. The solution is curried upwards through the dip tube and is aerated at the discharge nozzle to foam. Method of operation Remove the safety clip of the plunger and strike the plunger to pierce the CO: cartridge. » Direct the foam on a vertical support so that it can flow on the burning fuel smoothly. » The jet should project to a distance of six meters for 60 secondsFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Dry chemical powder extinguisher Dry powder extinguisher is used for electrical fires, low Mash liquid fires, high pressure gas fires and for controlling surface fires on tostile. They have little or no cooling effect. There are two types of dry powder extinguishers, viz, CO. caztridge type and stored pressure type, the most common one being the first one, These extinguishers arc available in capacities of 1, 2, 5, and 10 kg. The dry powder extinguisher consists of a cylindrical shell, an inner tube, and a CO2 cartridge under bigh pressure held with piercing mechanism, cap and a rubber hose with nozzle. Potassium/Sodium bicarbonate based powder is used for Class A fires involving liquids. The bicarbonate decomposes into water and carbon dioxide. This decomposition forms a catalytically active surface, which destroys the free radicals propagating the fire. Mono Asunonitun Phosphate powder is used for Class A fires, Here the fire is extinguished by two distinct actions, the powder extinguishing the flame and the phosphate content acting as a fice retardant inhibiting by smouldering action. Special powders containing mixture of Sodiuin, Potassium, and Barium chlorides can be etfectively used on Class D fires involving metals. In this case, the powder forms a crust over the metal therchy excluding oxygen and thus smothering the fire. When the CO, cartridge is picreed, the released CO gas pushes the powder out through the nozzle in the form of a tog. The squeeze grip provides controlled use of the extinguisher gi little flexibility in tackling numerous small fires or time gap to tackle a re-flash fire. ‘Method of operation Remove the safety clip and strike the knob. Direct the stream of powder to the base of fire. Advance forward moving the nozzle rapidly with a side to side sweeping motion, For etfective results stand about 1.5 to 2.5 meters away. On outdoor locations, always operate the extinguisher ftom upwind side of the fire to extend effective range of spray. Know your extinguisher & how to use itFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Carbon dioxide extinguisher Carbon dioxide extinguishers are used for extinguishing fires on sophisticated electrical and electronic equipment, oils, petroleum products and gascous substances under pressure in enclosed spaces. The extinguisher consists of a pressure cylinder, a valve for releasing the gas and a discharge in the cylinder under $1 bar pressure in liquid state, When released, the CO; forms a gas layer, which is about one and half times heavier than air, The vapour blanket puts out the fire by displacing the air around it, thus displacing the oxygen around the fire. Textile fires can be extinguished by CO, that has little or no cooling effect. Care and maintenance Weigh the extinguisher once in two years and re-charge if the weight has reduced by more than 5%. The extinguisher should be pressure tested to 210 kgfem? prior to re-charging. ‘Storage of extinguishers inside und under cover Fire extinguishers, whether hung on brackets or kept on shelves, should be about 750 mm above the floor level. In no case a fire extinguisher should be placed in a position where it is likely to gain heal from the surrounding eyuipment or the process. Maintenance, inspection and testing Routine mainiznance, inspection and testing of all fire extinguishers in respect of mechanical parts, extinguishing media and expellant means could be cartied out by properly trained personnel at frequent intervals at least once in a month to make sure that these are in their proper working condition and have not been accidentally dischurged, have lost pressure or have been damaged. Following procedures should be followed for monthly maintenance, inspection and testing: + Clean the exterior of the extinguisher, polish the painted position with wax polish, brass parts metal polish, and chromium plated parts with silver polish, * Check the nozzle outlet and vent holes and the threaded portion of the cap for clogging and ensure thar the plunger is in fully extended position and is clean. + Check the cap washer, grease the threads of cap, plunger rod and wipe clean. * Make sure that the extinguisher is in proper condition and is wot accidentally discharged. Tn ease of stored pressure extinguisher, pressure gauge is to be checked for correct pressure. Check all mechanical parts thoroughly. Annual Inspection (other performance tests) At longer intervals, at least once in a year, a moze thorough inspection and maintenance of extinguisher, including chemical charge inside and expellant should be carried out by trained personnel, according to the procedure given below for eacit (ype of extinguisher separately. Any extinguisher showing corrosion or damage to the body internally or externally should be replaced. Faulty, damaged and coraded parts shall be replaced. Mlegible labels should be replaced. The period of discharge recommended in the table for Performunce ‘Test should be checked. This will provide an additional opportunity for the practical training of personnel in the use and handling of extinguishers. Pressure and leakage tests of each extinguisher should be carried out as per Pressure Test table. 35FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 6.4 Fireman’s outfit To enable fire fighting, tewns t approach the seut of a fire and to carry out rescue duties, adequate protection against the effect of smoke and heat is required. All ships irrespective of age should carry a minimum of two Fireman's Outfits. Passenger ships and Tankers lave additional requiremenis, Breathing apparatus Water-resistant protective clothing made of material to protect the skin from heat radiating from the fire and scalding burns. Boots and Gloves of ruber or other electrically non-conducting material, Rigid helmet with visor und neck curtain, An electric intrinsically safe hand lamp with a minimum of 3hrs continuous uperation. Anaxe with a short insulated handle. A strong fire proof life line (36ints ench inin 2.nos.) A bell for carrying the ancillary equipment. vVvVYVVY VY The breathing apparatus should consist of either a self contained apparatus of approved type or a smoke helmet or smoke mask, supplied with air puinp a length of flexible hose exceeding 36 meters sufficient to each from the open deck to amy put of the holds or machinery spaces, The self contained apparatus should consist of a fice mask attached by a flexible hese to one or !wo cylinders containing air and supported on a frame smd humess. The capacity of the apparatus should not be less than 1200 liters to give a wontinal functioning time of 30 minutes, 6.5 Breathing Apparatus Among the many essential requirements for good firefigliing, one of the more important. in ‘order to successfully extinguish a fire with the minimum of damage, is, whenever humanly possible, to approach and locate the seat of the outbreak of fire. Fires may be of such nature that the products of combustion displace the oxygen content, or poisonous or irritant vapours are evolved Such conditions are often u feature of ship fires, which make the wearing of some form of Breathing. Apparatus essential. Two Main Categories: 1, Atmospheric ive, depends on atmosphere for air supply. 2. Self-contained —_i.¢. carries independent air supply. Atmospherie Types: Antipoys a. Antipoys 1. Respirator type face pieve. b. Smoke Helmets or Masks c. Masks or Respirator for industrial gases. 2, Tnbaling and exhaling valves, — 3. Bquuliser tube -acts as reservoir, Smoke Helmets and Masks 4. Strainer on air supply tubing 1. 60° Lengths of hoses, reinforced must be in fresh ais. with the supply in fresh air 5. Air supply depends on 2. Bellows or compressor to supply fresh air. wearers lung movements. 3. 130 feet wire hearted life line, 36FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Advantages of Antipoys and Smoke Helmets and Masks . No time lint Cooler in use. ae Little knowledge required to train personnel Care and maintenance easy. } ¢ Testing simple. >. Mask is at positive pressure provided pumping rate material Face Mask Disadvantages of Antipoys and Smoke Helmets and Masks All intakes must be carefully watched (smoke/fumes). ‘[wo men or more required. Tubing heavy, Difficulty in laying hose lines Air Supply line may be damaged or trapped. Reduced pressure by partial vacuum in antipoys. Limited by distanec. AUewDe Industrial Masks and Service Respirators Smoke Helmet Pump All these. types are dependent on there being sufficient oxygen present. Should only be used in specific toxic atmospheres. Useless in smoke filled atmospheres. Hints for care and Maintenance 1, Washers — check for posi 2. Storage ~ clean, dry and ventilated. 3. If wet after use ~ dry out naturally. 4, Protection of coupling threads. ind for signs of perishing. Self Contained Types Compressed Air eylinders. Grey — black and white shoulders, For marine work, the Deparunent of ‘Trade and Industry demands that all compressed air set: have a low cylinder audible warning device fille Full notice should be taken of the recommendations in the Mikers hundbook. Siebe Gorman “‘Airmaster” > Compressed air Industrial type set. > Open circuit exhaling to atmosphere. > Single cylinder. > Contains 42 cu. Ft. air (1240 liters), > Charged to 132 atmospheres (full) 1980 Ibs. Sq. in. Valves Hund Operated > Main valve > By-pass valve.FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Valves Automatic Reducing valve - controls flow uf high pressure air to 80 p.s,i Demand valve — allows air flow to facemask on inhalation phase only. Inhalation valve Exhalation valve Method of Operation A face piece, fitted with Demand Valve, Partial vacuum on inbaling causes movement of diaphragm to, depress lever, air al 80 psi. lifts the vaive which allows air to pass 1o wearer. A small spring ensures return of lever, ‘Time Factor According to munufacturer: 1. Moderate work ~ 60 minutes, 2, ant work — 26 minutes. 3. However the consumption of air varies from person to person depending upon his intake Note : The drop in time factor; remember that all fire fighting is hard work. BERS ‘Testing Ensure by-pass valve closed Open muin yalve fully Take gange reading Hold face piece to face, inhale and deeply to ensure tung demand valve, exhaling and inhaling yalves are functioning correctl Tam off main valve, Gauge reading should remain constant. Release pressure and check for low flow/pressure alarm operation, Treat visor with sati-mist, Instructions for Use Proceed as laid down above, and then on the apparatus, adjust the shoulder straps so that the set is comfortable to wear. Place the looped strap of the face piece over the head, Open the main valve fully. Put the face piece on chin first then tighten from botiotn straps upwatds and test for air tightness by turning off main valve momeniatily inhuting, the face piece should now collapse (0 face, If all is comcet, work may be carried out until the pressure reading or whistle sounding indicates it is time to return to fresh air. Read the gauge ut regular intervals, Careful note must be taken of the time used to reach the objective and ample time allowed to return to a safe atmosphere. BReRe saw If any difficulty in breathing is experienced, or smoke or gas enters the musk, or fault in the set dovelops, return to fresh air immediately. The by-pass is for emergency use only, it should normally be kept closed, but should difficulty in breathing be experienced then open the by-pass so gently so that it pives sufficient air for comfortable breathing, Remember that when the by-pass is open a continuous flow of air provided resulting in wastage of air; therefore the valve should be opened no wider than is necessary, N.B. Breathing Apparatus is designed 10 protect Respiratory Organs in spaces depleted of oxygen in the ait. The wezer feels hot or humid wearing a Breathing Appuratus than without itFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING The techniques of firefighting must always apply; lake advantage of the cooler air at lower levels, where dangers and obstacles, the location of a fire, and persons to be rescued are more quickly detected. Frequent dritts should be carried out to familiarize personnel with their particular type of Breathing Apparatus, thus instilling confidence in a person 1o perform efficiently under emergency conditions, Important Note: Cylinders may be found on later types with larger capacity ey. 3000 psi, This will be printed on cylinder in Black. Figures un Yellow background and indelibly stamped on cylinder neck. ‘The Siebe-Gorman (Marine) International set (C.A.B.A) Mk2 The International is a versatile twin cylinder, two stage Breathing Apparalus with each cylinders charged (0 a pressure of 2,840 PSI. (200 kg/em square). Both cylinders are attached with ‘hand wheel connections to a centrally placed! reducing valve, which is set at a prossure of 80 psi. and incomporating a by-pass valve, auxiliary air line adaptor, pressure gauge take off point and 2 low evel cylinder warning device (whistle). The second stage demand valve is located on the front of Vistarama full face mask and is linked to the reducing valve by a low pressure air hose. Paa {Cynder bard lock SP rove ta ve 5 Watt bot 6. Walt bot ocuring buckle ‘7. Shoulcer atop 8 Sroulcer tap ‘securing bao ‘9. Seeuring Band “0. kinle securing 11. Prosswre guage 12 Wearing Wise 18: Spooch/ Exhale pot 74 Mam eyinase 38 Back pack plate 16.LP alarm timar 17. hoe 19 face maok JL RP oat to warning mito 48. Face mask wih vier 20. Reducing assor BN 21. By pac val An aluminium alloy back plate holds both cylinders with one centrally secured retaining strap, and is supported om the hack of the wearer by a Terylene harness. A short hemp covered wire lanyard is attached to the back plate in a D ting to facilitate the atlactument of a safety or lifting Hine. ‘The Intemational Marine is supplied on board ships with four spare cylinders, a test gauge, and 120 feet (37m) of hemp covered wire life line complete in a steel chest mounted on the bulk head, Note on Cylinders Capacity: 800 Litres each 1,600 Total (Nominal) Working Pressure: 200 A..M (approx.) 2,840 psi. or 200 kg/cm sq. Duration: Hard Work 40 minutes. Medium Work — 60 minutes.Normal air A 100 Marine C.A.B.A. The set consists of a cylinder mounted on a formed plastic back plate secured by two quick release cylinder siraps and supported on the wearer's back by a harness and belt. A molded rubber face mask is secured over the fhce by a rubber head harness sad incorporates a speech transmitier, expiratory valve and an acrylic visor. ‘The high pressure air in the cylinder is supplied t0 the demand regulator and to a pressure gauge by (wo reinforced flexible rubber hoses. A cylinder valve within casy reach of the wearer is the only valve that has to be manuslly operated before using the set. This valve must be opened to supply air to the demand regulator aud gauge. A whistle warning device is fitted to the back plate and teed into the high pressure manifold. Note on Cylinders r | Capacity | 1200 Lite | 1800 Live or Lo | Working Pressure | 20 ATM | Duration | Hard Work | | 20 minutes One of the usual objections to open circuit B.A is that the large cylinder, necessary to give reasonable endurnce, obsiruets the passage of the wearer though narrow openings. However, if the 1200 Litre 3000 psi. cylinder is fitted as it is only 5 inches diameter, reasonably small openings can be negotiated. ‘The manufacturers state that the Normaliar C.A.B.A set can be used under water at no greater depth than {5 feet by inexperienced undor water operators, A strong life line must be used ‘Wacn surfacing breath normaliy, de not hold your breath. There have been fatal accidents through inexperienced users attempting to use C.ABA ns an aqualung. Emergency escape breathing devices (EEBD) All existing ships must have these fitied not later than the date of the first survey after 1 July 2002 as follows:- ~ All ships shall carry at least two emergency escape breuthing devices within accommodation spaces + In passenger ships, at least [wo emergency escape breathing devices shail be carried in cach rasin vertical zone; in passenger ships canyiag more than 36 passengers, two emergency escape breathing devices, in addition to those requited above, shall be camied in each main vertical zane (Regulations 13.34.2 to 1334.5 - certain exemptions apply - see regulation 13.3.4.5). 40FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING - On all ships, within the machinery spaces, cmergeney escape breathing devices shall be situated ready for use at easily visible places, which can be reached quickly and easily at any time in the event of fire. The location of emergency escape breathing devices must take inio account the layout of the machinery space and the number of persons normally working in the spaces. - The number and location of EEBD's must be indicated in the fire control plan and they must comply with the Fire Safety Systems Code (regulation 13.4.3, which refers to the Guidelines for the performance, location, use and care of emergency escape breathing devices (MSC/Circ,849),) eed) ee Ga) Mouth Piece Sey OT) ee Re H er Face SUI Pull Rus Commend CER Diagram Showing Parts of an EEBD Respiration: These units shall consist of three major assemblies 4. Gflinder and Valve Assembly 2. Gfinder Valve and Reducer Assembly 3. Hood Assembly 4. Bag and Harness Assembly The pressure reducer shall be a single singe, constant flow {ype and shall supply the following norrinal flow: 1, ELSA 5-Minute EBD 40 lpm (+/-2 lpm) 2. ELSA 5-Minute High Flow EEBD 72 Ipm (+/- 3 lpm) 3. ELSA 10-Minute EEBD 40 Ipm (-+/-2 lor) Procedure for Donning / Wearing 1. Remove the EEBD from its stowage. 2. Pass your head through the neck strap. 3, Hold the bag, not the cylinder valve 4, Pull the firing strap upwards. 5. Listen for airflow. 6. Check that the firing pin is fully withdraw, 7. Insert hands into the neck seal opening 8, Pullthe hood over the head. 9. Adjust inner mask and neck seal to seal. 10. Ensure the neck seal is not obstructed, 11. Check that the set is correctly working. 12, Breathe normally 13. ESCAPE FROM THE HAZARD AREA IMMEDIATELY!!! 14, Do not remove hood until well clear of danger. Donning procedure of an EEBD In noumal respiration inhalation takes place about 15-24 times a minute, this may however be increased fo as much as 30-40 Gmes « minute if a person is working hard, is excited of aftaid, or in ill-health. In the lungs oxygen is absorbed by the red blood corpuscles, The heart then circulates the blood to the muscles and the brain, where the oxygen is used to oxidise the food also carried there by the blood stream, The energy thus released is used to werk smd think, and the products of the oxidation, H2O and CO: are carried away by the bloodstream. The concentration of CO2 in the Jungs stimulates the next inhalation,FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Carbon Monoxide (CO) has no smell, is colourless, it is heavier than air and is flammable, There is a gronter affinity for carbon monoxide to be cartied by the Haemoglobin in blood over oxygen, thus resulting in its exclusion. Oxygen can no longer be carcied to the brain, four minutes without oxygen and brain cells begin to die. Symptoms and Signs 1. There are no characteristic symptoms of signs: in particular breathlessness does not occur but leads to toss of consciousness. It is the circumstances in which the patient is foun that usually Jeadls 10 the suspiciea of CO poisoniag. 2, The exposure limits are ditficult to define because they vary with the concentration of CO in the air and the duration of exposure. Thus, 0.01 % can be breathed for 8 hours safely. 1% CO Produces 50% saturation of Haemoglobin in {5 minutes and about 80% saturation in 20-25 minutes. 1.5 % causes death within minutes. The effects depend upon the degree of saturation of HB with CO: 40% saturation — confusion and in co-ordination 60% saturation ~ unconsciousness 60-80% = —death ‘To give some guide to the sort of concentration, which might occur, exhaust from petrol engines wsuially contains about 7% CO. First Aid Measures i. Immediate removal to fresh air ii, [Pnot unconscious 1), keep at rest for 4 hours, >). Oxygen is not necessary, but if available would speed recovery iii, If unconscious and breathing adequately give preferably 95% QO» + 5% CO» or 100% QO} for 2-3 hours. If breathing is inadequate. artificial ventilation must be given without delay preferably using 100% Q and a ventilator. If mouth-to-mouth breathing has to be employed, and O- is available, the resuscitator should try and fill his ewn lungs with oxygen while carrying ont the msnoeuvtes, iv, Removal to # pressure chamber for oxygen therapy at up (0 2 atmospheres pressute may benefit the severely asphyxiated patient. 6.6 Resuscitation Resuscitation is the process by which a person who is suifering from oxygen starvation is aided, either manually or with the aid of specific apparatus, However, one thet is most effective ind easy to administer with very little taining is the Mouth to Mouth (or mouth to nose) Method. 42FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING ‘The vital needs are Air: An open airway to allow the air to reach the lungs Prompt ventilation of the lungs. ‘An adequate circulation so that oxygen from the air can get to the tissues, in which case it may be nevessaty to give external cardiac compression. Success depends upon immediate and swift action, Every second counts, Method 1. Lay paticat on his back and support the nape of the patient’s neck and press the top of his henel backwards. 2. Press the angle of the jaw forward from behind, (These manocuvres extend the head on the neck and lift the tongue clear of the airway). Open your mouth wide and take a good breath. Pinch the patients’ noswils together with your fingers. Seal your lips azound his mouth, Blow into his lungs until they are filled. Remove your mouth. ‘Watch the chest movement. Repeat, Sedan ew Tfaiter 10/12. breaths there are no change in condition of patient, ic. lips and fingernails remain blue and pupils dilated, feel for carotid pulse (situated in the neck above and behind the Larynx). If no pulse is felt, start external cardiac compression while continuing to venlilite the lungs, in ratio of one inflation of the lungs to six to eight compressions of the sternum. External Cardiac Compression Method Take up position at the side of the patient, Taocate the lower bulf of the breast bone. Place the heel of your hand on this part of the bone, keeping the palm and fingers off the chest. Cover this hand with the other hand With straight arms rock forward and press down on the lower half of the sternum 6. Maintain until normal pulse beat is obtained or muscles becomes stiff (Rigor Mortis) occurs. The pressure in all cases should be firm and controlled, Erratic or violent action is dangerous. In children use lighter pressure. If two First Aiders are available, one should undertake the inflation of the lungs, while the other carries out external cardiac compression, yrepe 6.7 Fire Blankets > Another method by which fire may be extinguished is by blanketing, for dealing with fire in small utensils, such as those containing cooking fats. > ‘The best method is to smother the fire with an asbestos blanket, or similar material, such as a door mat which has been wetted first. > Fire blankets are generally located near galley. 43FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING CHAPTER 7 SHIP FIRE FIGTHING ORGANIZATION 7.1 General Emergency Alarm Inrespective of whether the vessel is at sea, at anchor or in port, on hearing an emergency alarm, all the ship's staff should muster at the designated muster stations. This ensures sufficient manpower is available and identification of missing persons. An individual should be trained in the following mamner on discovering an emergency. > Raise the alarm. > Detailed information to command team. } Attempt to control the emergency by whatever means available, until relieved by the emergency team. > If the situation becomes hazardous to the individual, he must retret to the muster station and report fo the command team. ‘The initial Response of an Individual on hearing the emergency alarm > Collect life jucket. > Dress in long sleeved boiler suit, safety helmet. »& Proceed to muster station. 7.2 Fire Control Plan and Muster List Muster stations ‘The muster stations of the various teams should be selected after due consideration of the layout of a particular vessel. The team leader or his deputy must take charge of the muster and report to the command team. FIRE PLAN FIRE CONTROL & SAFETY PLANFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Duties Shown in A Muster List for Crew Members are: - Manning of tire parties vuvvy Closing of watertight doors, valves, fire doors, side scuttles, skylights, portholes ete. Use of communication equipment, Special duties assigned for use of fire-fighting equipment Preparation and launching of survival craft. “Muster list should be prepared before (he vessel proceeds (o sea and revised whenever any changes in crew occurs, Teams and their duties Example 1: A ship’s complement of can be formed as below ‘Master In-charge Officer Assistant. Command Team Radio officer ‘(Communication records Hehnsman Steering ER Rating(ERR) Messenger Chief Officer Tender Bosun Deputy Emergency Team I Seaman dn Seaman -dlo- se ERR =do- 2™ Engineer Leader 3° Engineer Deputy Emergency Team II Seamen =do- Seamen =do- ERR =dom f Engineer Leader 4° Engineer Deputy Electrical officer As directed ‘Technical Team TRE ae ERR =do- Seamen =do= 2"? Officer Leader Support Team Seaman As directed Saloon Crew do- Saloon CrewFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING The advantage of the team concept is that small teats are more easily accounted for, managed and rapidly deployed, with equipment, from a muster station. No team should ever exceed. eight people. Bach team leader must maintain discipline of his team throughout the emergeacy. The command team is responsible for command and control of the eruergency situation, for ensuring that an efficient muster of personnel takes lace and responsible for persons eecounted for. They should maintain sufe navigation und establish internal and external communication. E ample 2: CONTINUOUS RINGING OF Fire Station Muster List Captain Qveral-in-charge —————— 1 ______ A Beat oF Fie ‘On Bngao Ghiof Ofteer ‘rd Officor ‘Second Enaincor SIM Mari Gop Raleasn/Guiak Clacing ‘Valvos Chief Enaineor Main Switch BoaraiRemote Switches Electrical Omer Temorgeney Fire Purp ‘Manouvering Pletiorn ‘rd Engineer ath Enginger TERR, DiGreaser le aie Emergeny Lite Boat 2ne Officer Life Best Radio, SART, EPIRE, S/H! Man. Filter Radio Oflicer ‘OVS! Man | Fire Hose Party 1 Fire Hose Pantyt Bown ois un emmatina Z aesinn OS Fire Exainguighers Poriy Fimo! FapuVenta/DunparaDeore te Fitter Gistowara Fier Gavel = SGHAPany ‘Si Man Sade Super Numeraries Strotsnerieianket Party (© report CICooK foBrage 2nd CookFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING The command team should muster at the bridge on hearing the alarm, The Master will direct the Emergency team to provide information relating to the emergency. The information received and directions given by the Muster should be timed and recorded om the bridge. As the Emergency situation progresses, the Master seeks answers to the following questions:- > What is the emergency situation? » Are all persons accounted for and safe? 5 How severe is the damage? > What are the possible outcomes? > Can the situation be contained? > What are the resources to use to mount an attack’? > Is there any progress in limiting the emergency? » Is external assistance available / necessary? > Is best use being made of ship's resources? The Emergency ‘Teams must first report to the Command ‘Team. ‘Phis team is the spearliead of the ultack. ‘The Support Team must muster at a predetermined location and advise their readiness to the Command Team, They should provide to the Emergency Team the following: > Logistic Support > Prepare survival crafts, >» B.A.support > Provide additional fire fighting equipment > Maintain security >» Boundary cooling > Shut off ventilation The Technical Team must advise the In-charge of the state of readiness of the Engine room. In case of fire. in the Engine room, the Technical Team must ensure remote shut-off and fuel-vil trips are operated. 7.3 Communications ‘The central control station will be on the Bridge with the Master in charge. Th an emergency, each team leader will report to the Bridge for instructions, ‘The central control station requires the following information: > The time at which the fire alarm was given > Nature of fire and its location » Confirmation that fire parties are assembled at their points and the availability of fireman's outfit. > Availabilit > Report on of pressurized fire main tial attempts to extinguish fire using portable extinguishers > Effects of fire on services such as lighting etc. > Report on persons present or unaccounted forFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING ‘The following Information should be available on the bridge: > Drawings of ship, engine oom, accommodation } Details of escape and accesses > Details of fire extinguishers (fixed, portable and its storage position of refills). } Stability information } Details of survival equipment > Information on dangerous goods ‘The following communication modes also should be available: > Telephones. > Loudhailers } Direet speech (bridge to machine control room) } Radio telephones, hand — held radios. > Availubility of messengers For effective Damage control snd containment of fires following has to be organised: > All bridge operated closing of watertight doors and release of fire doors to shut position, } Stopping of ventilation fans. > Closing of windows/portholes. > Boundary cooling. > Maintaining fire-watch, Stability of the ship is monitored and controlled: S> Change in GM caused by the weight of the extinguishing water and itee surface effect. > Amanging pumping or draining water. 5S Assessing the effect of any damage e.g. by sea water, 5 Considering possibilities of moving, vessel to shallow water. 7.4 Personnel Safety Procedures Organization of fire parties In an emergency situation on a vessel, a well organized Emerzency Response Plan (ERP) must {go inlo immediate action, to minimize the effiect of that emergency. Featurcs of an effective ERP is as follows: > Ensure safety of life. > Response to an alarm. > Facilitate efficient communication, ‘To develop an effective ERP: > Establish a simple alarm system. > Select teams. > Make the ERP chart. > Select primary and secondary muster Incations. 5 Fubricate emergency equipment storage lockers close to muster lucations. } Start training and drill sectionsFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Location of ERP > Bridge > Engine room > Crew accommodation > Recreation rooms > Near all muster stations RESPONSIBILITY Chief Engineer To relieve Engine watch keeper and contact Command team to obtain maximum information about the emergency. Chief Officer To secure cargo and ballast operations before proceeding to the muster station, > Watch keopers at the Navigating Bridge or Engine room ( remain on watch until relieved. Bridge Messenger >. To distribute portable radio sets to all team leaders, 7.5 Periodic Shipboard Drills ‘Training and Drills On joining ship, all personnel must know their muster station Be familiar with the alarm system and the general layout of the ship i determine their role in ERP. Regulation requirements regarding fire drills, musters and on board training » Reporting to muster stations and preparation for duties described in the muster list. » Starting a fire pump using two required jets and prove the systems. > Checking the fireman’s outfit and other personal rescue equipment, > Checking the relevant communication equipment, > Checking the necessary arrangements for subsequent abandonment of ship. Drills as ar as practicable should be conducted. The equipments used for drills should be brought back to their fully uperational condition. On board training in the use of ship's fire fighting appliances should be given as soon as possible but not later than two weeks after a crew member joins the ship. Details of the fire drills and On-bourd training should be recorded in the log book. Clear instructions to be placed at Navigating bridge, Engine room, Crew's accommodation etc Drills shall, as far us practicable, be conducted as if there were an actual emergency. Every crew member shall participate in at least ene abandon ship drill and one fire drill every month. The drills of the crew shall take place when modification of a major character is carried out or when a new crew is engaged. These drills shall be held hefore sailing. The Administration may accept other ‘arrangements that are at least equivalent for those classes of ships for which this is impracticable.FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Fire drills Fie drills should be planned in such a way that due consideration is given to regular practice in the varios emergencies that may occuc depending on the type of ships and the cargo. Fach fire drill shall include: 1. Reporting to stations and preparing for the duties described in the muster fist required by regulation 8: 2. Starting of a fire pump, using at least the two required jets of water to show that the system is in proper working order; 3. Checking of fireman's outfit and other personal rescue equipment; 4. Checking of relevant communication equipment; 5. Checking the operation of watertight doors, fire doors, fire dampers and main inlets and outlets of ventilation systems in the drill area; and. 6. Checking ihe necessary arrangements for subsequent abandoning of the ship. Records: The date when musters are held, cetuils of abandon ship drills and fire drills, drills of other life saving appliances and on board training shati be recorded in such log-book as may be prescribed by the Administration. If a full muster, if a drill or tcaining session is not held at the appointed time, an entry shall be made in the Jog-book stating the circumstances and the extent of the muster, drill or raining session held.FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING CHAPTER 8 FIRE FIGHTING METHODS Find this means, be fire conscious, do not assume when you smell burning that the cook has burat the sausages again, Inform Raise the alarm, if possible send someone else to raise the alarm and tackle the fire yourself. Have one go with a fire extinguisher und if you are not being successful close door on it ‘before the flames drive you back and you are not able to. Restrict by this time the ship’s main fire purties should be organized and their first aim should to restrict the fire and contain it within one purticular zone. Remember that a ship fire, especially an accommodation fire, has potentially got six sides and must be contained from above ond below as ‘well as all four sides Extinguish only when the fire is contained do you attempt to extinguish otherwise the fire may simply migrate from one part of the ship to another. Before an entry is made, BOUNDARY COOLING will effectively reduce the temperature inside and skillful venting may allow the firefighters to enter on a strearn of cool sir, Never let the fire come between you and your avenue of eseape. 8.1 Knowledge of Fire Fighting Arrangements All personnel are required (0 familiarize themselves and have good knowledge of fire fighting and life saving appliances, during the drills held onboard. The training given below should take place in spaces which provide truly realistic training conditions, (¢.g. simulated shipboard drills), and whenever possible and practical should also be cuzried out in darkness as well as by daylight and should allow the trainees to acquire the ability to: Use various types of portable fire extinguishers; Use self-contained breathing apparatus; Extinguish smaller fires, e.g. elecirical fires, oil fires and propane fires; Extinguish extensive fires with water (jet and spray nozzles); Eatinguish fires with either foam, powder or any other suitable chemical agent: Enter and pass through, with life-line bat without breathing apparatns, a compartment into which high expansion foam has been injected; Fight fire in smoke-filled enclosed spaces wearing self-contained breathing apparatus; Extinguish fire with water fog, or any other suitable fire-fighting agent in an accommodation room or simulated engine-room with fire and heavy smokes 9. Extinguish an oil fire with fog applicator and spray nozzles; dry chemical powder or fou. applicators; 10, Effect a rescue in a smoke-filled space wearing breathing apparatus. 8.2 Fire Alarms and First Actions The following are a few general principles and check points to be thought of during the fighting of a major ship fire, most of these are points which have been forgotten at some time or other in previous incidents Sea ep paI OL. Ww vi. FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Reduce speed and mancouver the vessel to let the wind assist the firefighters, slowing down reduces the air pressure within the ship and it may be beneficial to steam slowly down wind, Putting the wind abeam gives fitefighters a clear deck to work when fighting a fire in an open hatch. Stability must be thought about and corrective measures taken early in @ fire, before the stability condition becomes critical. Remember that filling a double — bottom may reduce stability owing to free sucface effect, Stability information will be needed and in some companies this is kept up to date in a file wallet containing other information which would be useful in planning the fire fighting. Water low down in the vessel will reduce reserve buoyancy, water on one side will produce list, water high up (and a relatively small amount) will reduce stability and combined with free surface may produce an angle of loll. Tais problem may be encountered on a tween-deck vessel as well as passeayer ship, if the ship can be taken closer ashore so that the keel is within a distance from the sea-bed equal to one ninth of the breath of the ship then she may be considered safe from capsize. A correct position must be plotted for transmission in urgency or distress. Recordiag control and co-ordination of all activities and the communication of this information. to the officer in change at the fire-zone, Constantly trying to think of anything that has been forgotten by those fully involved at the centre of the incident. ‘Muster: All crew and passengers to be accounted tor, if nut then obiain intelligence us to where missing persons were last seen. CONTROL, Prepare Boats Engine zoom Fire vas Hold Five Accommodation Fire oe SeFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING 8.3 Fire Fighting At the first zone, there should be one officer in charge who should not himself become involved in the fire-fighting but should move all around the fire zone co-coordinating all activities ‘on all sides of the fire and miintaining communication with the control centre. i. Search and Rescue: C.A.B.A is best used for this as the wearer has more mobility than a smoke bellows wearer. The results of the muster and imerrog: n will guide us lo where to direct searchers. Good drills will pay olf if you can send in a crew member who lives or works in the area where missing persons aie presumed (o be, and is a tained B.A. wearer. ii, Boundary Cooling: Men sent into an enclosed space to fight a fire are being asked virtually to enter a steel oven ancl cooling of the outside will greatly improve conditions inside, as well as preventing the spread of fire by conduction, Water on the ourside of a compartment on fire, will not adversely affect the stability, iii, Location: If the Incation of the fire is not precisely known, as may happen in the accommodation where the smoke from x single burning mattress may cause complete smoke logging. the following may be the method's to use fo locute the fire Interrogation of the crew. Looking for hot-spots outside. ‘Thorough scarch wearing breathing apparatus. fu Venting; Initially all venting should be closed down, if the engine room is not directly involved in the fire then take care to see thal smoke is not drawn into the engine room causing an early abandonment, Later selected ventilation can be carried out to clear certain arcas of smoke anu! (o allow back-up workers without B.A a closer approach to the fir. ‘Never ventilate a space in which unloaded fires are burning. Al the moment of close approach fo a fire the situation may be made more comfortable for the firefighters by making an opening high in the space, to vent out heat and smoke, shortly before making the opening the firefighters will use. v Stability : At the fire zone, stability may be protected by guiding water imo spaces from which it may be pumped, by the use of shut-off nozzles and controlling the amount of water usec! generally. This will be necessary also to conserve water pressure especially when relaying on emergency water supplies. Not many merchant vessels carry portable pumps which may be used io gel rid of surplus water but one resourceful chief officer may have saved a passenger ship by using three fathom lengths of wash-down hose to siphon water out of cabin portholesFIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING Tips to the Firefighter 1. A breething apparatus will allow you to breathe in an atmosphere deficient of oxygen; it does not make you fireproof and you must still stay low in heat and smoke, where you may also find the host visibility, 2. Watch out for flush-over when opening oa enclosed space, preferably use the kick out panel at the bottom of the door and direct the hose upwards in sweeping movement to cool down the whole space. 3, Remember that a spray will have a greater cooling effect than a jet and will be less likely distort a hot metal surface. Do nol spend too much time spraying water into smoke but advance slowly and deliberately and watch out for scalding effects of steam. 4, The moment of hitting a fire may be the worst as steam will drive towards the entrance; keep Jow and press home the advantage, as conditions will then improve, 5, When searching in smoke remember, shuffle, and do aot walk. Missing persons are most probably collapsed behind the door or at the bottom of « ladder, go around the perimeter of the space tight or left handed then make a couple of traverses. Feel with the back of your hand, otherwise if you touch eleciric cable with the insulation burned off, and then you may grip it involuntarily. As you move forward move one hand up and down in front of your face. Fires on Ships in port When a fire occurs on board ships in port, the fire brigade must be called immediately no matier how small the outbreak. They will wish to be at the gangway, with liaison by a responsible officer who can act as a guide and provide as much as possible of the following information. 2) Whereabouis of fire b) Means of access ¢) Details of cargo together with stowage plan. @) Ventilation arrangements. @). Stability data. £) Any persons missing. 2) What fire fighting steps have been taken? 1b} Condition of ship's services, i) Details of fixed installation, fire and general arrangements. On a large ship, the fire brigade may need several members of the crew to act as guicies, contrary to popular belief, most fire brigades prefer to fight a fire alongside the ships crew, rather than velieve them completely. One thing that is certain is that advice on matters relating to fire and fire prevention is always freely available to ship's officers on application to the Chief Fire Officer or Firemaster of any Local Authority Fire Brigade,