§T MARY'S SR. SEC. CONVENT SCHOOL TULSI NAGAR BHOPAL(462003) (keys, \\ SS MRS. G S NAGA SUBMITTED BY : aes Vea ANUJ PRAKASH THAKRE [Link]. : CLASS : XI] SCIENCEeoccce ' CERTIFICATE This is to certify that ANUJ PRAKASH THAKRE , student of class XII of St. Mary's Convent Sr. Sec. School, Bhopal, has successfully conducted and completed his project in PHYSICS PROJECT. He has completed his project under my supervision. He has carefully planned the project and worked out ina systematic manner. TOPIC :- PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT MRS. G S NAGA LEKSHMI PRATAP ( PHYSICS TEACHER ) ST MARIA JAGTAP: (Principal of St. Mary's convent school)eoccce ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to Principal Sister MARIA JAGTAP for providing suitable and good environment and facilities in the Institute for conducting this project work. I sincerely extend my hearty thanks to my Physics teacher Mrs. G. S. Naga Lekshmi for her valuable advice, smooth and timely guidance throughout the process of study. Her clarity of thoughts and concepts, sharp understanding, sympathetic nature, encouragement and devotion to the work, were great help to me. I can't forget to offer my sincere thanks to the lab assistant Mrs. Suja Anil and Raj Sir and also to my family members and especially almighty God for helping me throughout to carry out this project successfully. | ANUJ PRAKASH THAKRE : Xil SCIENCE eccce<> PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT <> EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP <> LAWS OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT <> EINSTEIN'S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION <> VERIFICATION OF LAWS <> PROPERTIES OF PHOTON <> AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM <> MOTION POSITION SENSOR <> BIBLIOGRAPHYPHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT The phenomenon of emission of electrons from mainly metal surfaces exposed to light energy (X-rays, y rays, UV rays, visible light and even Infra Red rays) of suitable frequency is known as photoelectric effect. The electrons emitted by this effect are called photoelectrons The current constituted by photoelectrons is known as photoelectric current. Non metals also show photoelectric effect. Liquids and gases also show this effect but to limited extent. rh Electromagnetic radiation Photoelectron Metal plate Electron Each metal has a minimum energy needed for an electron to be emitted. This is known as the work function, W. So, for an electron to be emitted, the energy of the photon, hf, « must be greater than the work function, W. The excess energy : is the kinetic energy. E of the emitted electron. ° °ecccee——— ———cccee EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP TO STUDY PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT Light Electron C-Emitter Plate A-Collector Plate Commutgtor Ammeter Variable Supply Glass transmits only visible and infra-red lights but not UV light. Quartz transmits UV light. When light of suitable frequency falls on the metallic cathode, photoelectrons are emitted. These photoelectrons are attracted towards the +ve anode and hence photoelectric current is constituted.{EFFECT OF INTENSITY OF INCIDENT LIGHT For a fixed frequency, the photoelectric current increases linearly with increase in intensity of incident light. EFFECT OF POTENTIAL ON PHOTOELECTRIC CURRENT For a fixed frequency and intensity of incident light, the photoelectric current increases with increase in +ve potential applied to the anode. =v 0 +— Retarding potential Collector plate —» pol When all the photoelectrons reach the plate A,current becomes maximum and is known as saturation current. > Photoelectrons manage to reach the plate on their own due or cut-off of incident light does not affect the stopping potential When the potential is decreased, the current decreases but does not become zero at zero potential eeccee ecccee ° ° * When-ve potential is applied to the plate A w.r.t. C. photoelectric s current becomes zero at a particular value of-ve potential called stopping potential.. EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF INCIDENT LIGHT For a fixed intensity of incident light, the photoelectric current does not depend on the frequency of the incident light. Because the photoelectric current simply depends on the number of photoelectrons emitted and in turn on the number of photons incident and not on the energy of photons. EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF INCIDENT LIGHT ON STOPPING POTENTIAL For a fixed intensity of incident light, the photoelectric current increases and is saturated with increase in +ve potential applied to the anode I Photoelectric current Saturation current -Ms -Mo2 -% 9 ‘Collector plate potential —> +— Retarding potential eoceeHowever, the saturation current is same for different frequencies of the incident lights. When potential is decreased and taken below zero,photoelectric current decreases to zero but at different stopping potentials for different frequencies. Higher the frequency, higher the stopping potential ie. VS av. THRESHOLD FREQUENCY The graph between stopping potential and frequency does not pass through the origin. It shows that there is a minimum value of frequency called threshold frequency below which photoelectric emission is not possible however high the intensity of incident light may be. It depends on the nature of the metal emitting photoelectronsLAWS OF PHOTCELECTRIC EMISSION For a given substance, there is a minimum value of frequency of incident light called threshold frequency below which no photoelectric emission is possible, howsoever, the intensity of incident light may be. The number of photoelectrons emitted per second (i.e. photoelectric current) is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light provided the frequency is above the threshold frequency. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is directly proportional to the frequency provided the frequency is above the threshold frequency. The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is independent of the intensity of the incident light. The process of photoelectric emission is instantaneous. i.e. as soon as the photon of suitable frequency falls on the substance, it emits photoelectrons. The photoelectric emission is one-to-one. i.e. for every photon of suitable frequency one electron is emitted.EINSTEIN'S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION When a photon of energy hv falls on a metal surface, the energy of the photon is absorbed by the electron and is used in two ways: 1. A part of energy is used to overcome the surface barrier and come out of the metal surface. This part of the energ is called "work function'(= hv0). 2. The remaining part of the energy is used in giving a velocity 'v' to the emitted photoelectron. This is equal to the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons (% mv2max) where 'm' is mass of the photoelectron. According to law of conservation of energy, hv = + % mv2max = hvO + % mv % mv2max h (v-v0)eoccce : VERIFICATION OF LAWS OF PHOTOELECTRIC: : EMISSION BASED ON EINSTEIN'S : PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION: Ya mv2max = h (v-v0) I) If v vO, then % mv2max is negative, which is not possible. Therefore, for Photoelectric emission to take place v > vO. ii) Since one photon emits one electron, so the number photoelectrons emitted per second is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light iii) It is clear that % mv2max a v as h and vO are constant. This shows that K.E. of the photoelectrons is directly proportional to the frequency of the incident light. iv) Photoelectric emission is due to collision between a photon and an electron. As such there cannot be any significant time lag between the incidence of photon and emission of photoelectron. i.e. the process is instantaneous. It is found that delay is only 10-8 seconds.eoccce PROPERTIES OF PHOTON For a photon, all the quantum numbers are zero. A photon does not have any mass or charge, and they are not reflected in a magnetic and electric field. The photon moves at the speed of light in empty space. During the interaction of matter with radiation, radiation behaves as it is made up of small particles called photons. Photons are virtual particles. The photon energy is directly proportional to its frequency and inversely proportional to its wavelength. The momentum and energy of the photons are related, as given below E = p.c where p = Magnitude of the momentum c = Speed of light . . ° . . . . . . . . wccce. . . . APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 1. Automatic fire alarm 2. Automatic burglar alarm 3. Scanners in Television transmission 4. Reproduction of sound in cinema film 5. In paper industry to measure the thickness of paper 6. To locate flaws or holes in the finished goods 7. In astronomy 8. To determine opacity of solids and liquids 9. Automatic switching of street lights 10. To control the temperature of furnace Tl. Light meters used in cinema industry to check the lightAUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM An automatic fire alarm system that utilizes the photoelectric effect typically works by using a light source and a photosensitive sensor. How To Works:- + Acconstant beam of light is emitted from an LED or laser. + A photosensitive sensor, is placed at an angle to the light source and designed in such a way to detect the presence of smoke or particulate matter in the air. + When smoke particles enter the chamber or path between the light source and sensor, they scatter and reflect the light. Some of this scattered light enters the sensor. + The presence of smoke causes a change in the amount of light received by the sensor. This change is detected by the sensor, triggering an alarm. 100 METERS MAX. RECEIVER TRANSMITTER FRE FIRE The use of the photoelectric effect in fire alarm systems is effective because it can detect smoldering fires with large smoke particles. However, for comprehensive fire detection, ionization-based smoke detectors are also commonly used as they are more sensitive to fast- burning, flaming fires. Photoelectric and ionization detectors are often combined in dual-sensor smoke alarms to provide broader coverage and faster detection of various fire types.MOTION AND POSITION SENSOR Motion and Position Sensors: In this case, a photoelectric material is placed in front of a UV or IR LED. When an object is placed in between the Light-emitting diode (LED) and sensor, light is cut off, and the electronic circuit registers a change in potential difference Lighting sensors, such as the ones used in smartphones, enable automatic adjustment of screen brightness according to the lighting. This is because the amount of current generated via the photoelectric effect is dependent on the intensity of light hitting the sensor. Digital cameras can detect and record light because they have photoelectric sensors that respond to different colours of light. PINS 1-2 ON AHORIZONTAL PLANE Pir FRESNEL LENS DETECTING AREA HEAT SOURCE MOVEMENT oe OUTPUT SIGNAL \Emitter Lens X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): This technique uses X- rays to irradiate a surface and measure the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons. Important aspects of the chemistry of a surface can be obtained, such as elemental composition, chemical composition, the empirical formula of compounds and chemical state. + Photoelectric cells are used in burglar alarms. + Used in photomultipliers to detect low levels of light. + Used in video camera tubes in the early days of television. + Night vision devices are based on this effect. + The photoelectric effect also contributes to the study of certain nuclear processes. It takes part in the chemical analysis of materials since emitted electrons tend to carry specific energy that is characteristic of the atomic source.POINTS TO REMEMBER If we consider the light with any given frequency, the photoelectric current is generally directly proportional to the intensity of light. However, the frequency should be above the threshold frequency in such a case. Below threshold frequency, the emission of photoelectrons completely stops despite the high intensity of incident light. A photoelectron’s maximum kinetic energy increases with an increase in the frequency of incident light. In this case, the frequency should exceed the threshold limit. Maximum kinetic energy is not affected by the intensity of light. Stopping potential is the negative potential of the opposite electrode when the photo-electric current falls to zero. The threshold frequency is described as the frequency when the photoelectric current stops below a particular frequency of incident light. The photoelectric effect establishes the quantum nature of radiation. This has been taken into account to be proof in favour of the particle nature of light. eccce| BBUOGRAPEY | ¢ [Link] ¢ WIKIPEDIA e PAGE LAYER ¢ CANVA e PIXEL LAB e PINTEREST ¢ [Link]eoccece CERTIFICATE This is to certify that ATHARV THAKRE, student of class XII of St. Mary's Convent Sr. Sec. School, Bhopal, has successfully conducted and completed his project in PHYSICS PROJECT. He has completed his project under my supervision. He has carefully planned the project and worked out in a systematic manner. TOPIC :- PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT MRS. G S NAGA LEKSHMI PRATAP C PHYSICS TEACHER ) ST MARIA JAGTAP: (Principal of St. Mary's convent school) : SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL :