SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS/

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS

PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)

2023

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 16 pages and 4 data sheets.

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Physical Sciences/P2 2 DBE/2023
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INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Write your centre number and examination number in the appropriate spaces
on the ANSWER BOOK.

2. This question paper consists of NINE questions. Answer ALL the questions in
the ANSWER BOOK.

3. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

5. Leave ONE line between two subquestions, e.g. between QUESTION 2.1 and
QUESTION 2.2.

6. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

7. You may use appropriate mathematical instruments.

8. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

9. Round off your FINAL numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal

places.

10. Give brief motivations, discussions, etc. where required.

11. You are advised to use the attached DATA SHEETS.

12. Write neatly and legibly.

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Physical Sciences/P2 3 DBE/2023
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QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each
question has only ONE correct answer. Choose the answer and write only the letter
(A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1 to 1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.11 E.

1.1 For which ONE of the following molecular formulae are CHAIN isomers
possible?

A C4H10

B C3H8

C C2H6O

D C3H8O (2)

1.2 Which ONE of the following compounds has the LOWEST vapour pressure
under the same conditions?

H H H H H H O

A H C C C C H B H C C C

H H H H H H H

H H H H O H
C H C C C O H D H C C
H H H H O
(2)

1.3 The type of organic compound formed when a haloalkane is heated in the
presence of a concentrated strong base is an …

A alkane.

B alkene.

C alkyne.

D alcohol. (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2 4 DBE/2023
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1.4 EXCESS HCℓ(aq) of concentration 0,1 mol∙dm-3 reacts with 2 g of Mg under

different conditions.

Which ONE of the following combinations of conditions will produce the

largest volume of H2(g) in the FIRST MINUTE of the reaction?

STATE OF TEMPERATURE OF HCℓ(aq)

DIVISION OF Mg (°C)
A Powder 20
B Granules 20
C Powder 50
D Granules 50 (2)

1.5 The potential energy diagram for a chemical reaction is shown below.

Z
Potential energy (kJ)

X
0
Course of reaction

Which ONE of the following combinations is CORRECT for the FORWARD

reaction?

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF
ACTIVATION
∆H THE ACTIVATED
ENERGY
COMPLEX
A YX Z+Y Z
B YX ZY Z+Y
C XY ZY Z
D XY Z ZY (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2 5 DBE/2023
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1.6 Consider the following reaction that reaches equilibrium in a beaker:

2- 2-
2Cr (aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇌ r2 (aq) + H2 (ℓ)

A few drops of concentrated NaOH(aq) are now added to the beaker.

Which ONE of the following combinations correctly identifies the

DISTURBANCE ON THE SYSTEM and the SYSTEM'S RESPONSE to the
disturbance?

DISTURBANCE ON THE
SYSTEM'S RESPONSE
SYSTEM
A [H+] decreases Forward reaction favoured
B [H+] decreases Reverse reaction favoured
2-
C [Cr ] decreases Reverse reaction favoured
2-
D [Cr ] increases Forward reaction favoured (2)

1.7 According to the Lowry-Brønsted theory, a conjugate base is formed when

a/an …

A proton is added to the acid.

B electron is added to the acid.

C proton is removed from the acid.

D electron is removed from the acid. (2)

1.8 Consider the statements below regarding an alkaline substance.

An alkaline substance:

(i) Reacts with an acid to form a neutral solution

(ii) Turns red litmus blue

(iii) Forms a salt when it reacts with an acid

Which of the statements above are ALWAYS TRUE?

A (i), (ii) and (iii)

B (i) and (ii) only

C (i) and (iii) only

D (ii) and (iii) only (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2 6 DBE/2023
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1.9 Consider the cell notation for a galvanic cell.

Pt | H2(g) | OH─(aq) | H2 (ℓ) || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s)

Which ONE of the following equations represents the half-reaction taking

place at the positive electrode?

A Ag+(aq) + e → Ag(s)

B Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) + e

C 2H2 (ℓ) + 2e─ → H2(g) + 2OH─(aq)

D H2(g) + 2OH─ (aq) → 2H2O(ℓ) + 2e─ (2)

1.10 A concentrated solution of sodium chloride, NaCℓ(aq), undergoes electrolysis.

Which ONE of the combinations correctly shows the products formed at each
electrode?

CATHODE ANODE
A Na Cℓ2
B H2 OH─
C Cℓ2 H2 and OH─
D H2 and OH─ Cℓ2 (2)
[20]

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Physical Sciences/P2 7 DBE/2023
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QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page.)

Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

H H
H C C H

H H H H
H H H H
A B H C C C O H
H C C C C C H
H H H
H H H H

H C H
H
C C4H8O D CH3(CH2)4CHCH2
E CXHYOZ

2.1 Define the term unsaturated hydrocarbon. (2)

2.2 Write down the:

2.2.1 Letter that represents an UNSATURATED hydrocarbon (1)

2.2.2 IUPAC name of compound A (3)

2.2.3 IUPAC name of the POSITIONAL isomer of compound B (2)

2.2.4 IUPAC name of compound D (2)

2.2.5 Balanced equation, using MOLECULAR FORMULAE, for the

complete combustion of compound A (3)

2.3 The formula C4H8O represents two compounds that are functional isomers of
each other.

2.3.1 Define the term functional isomer. (2)

2.3.2 Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULAE of each of these

two FUNCTIONAL isomers. (4)

2.4 A 2 g sample of compound E contains 1,09 g carbon and

0,18 g hydrogen. The molecular mass of compound E is 88 g∙mol-1.

Determine the molecular formula of compound E by means of a calculation. (6)

[25]

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Physical Sciences/P2 8 DBE/2023
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QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

Learners investigate the boiling points of the four organic compounds given below.

ORGANIC COMPOUND MOLECULAR MASS (g∙mol-1)

Butanone 72
Butan-1-ol 74
Propanoic acid 74
2-methylpropan-1-ol 74

3.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

3.2 Which compound, butan-1-ol or 2-methylpropan-1-ol, will have the higher

boiling point? Fully explain the answer. (4)

The curves P, Q, R and S below were obtained from the results of the investigation.
X represents a specific temperature.

X P

Q
Temperature (°C)

Time (minute)

3.3 Which physical property is represented by temperature X? (1)

3.4 Which curve (P, Q, R or S) represents:

3.4.1 Butanone (1)

3.4.2 Propanoic acid (1)

3.4.3 2-methylpropan-1-ol (1)

3.5 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.4.2. (1)

[11]

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Physical Sciences/P2 9 DBE/2023
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QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page.)

4.1 The flow diagram below shows different organic reactions.

P, Q and R are organic compounds.

Reaction 4
Alcohol P Compound Q

Reaction 3

Reaction 2 Br2 Reaction 1

Compound R
(major product) H ℓ

1,2-dibromo-2-methylpropane

Reaction 1 is an addition reaction.

Write down:

4.1.1 The TYPE of addition reaction (1)

4.1.2 ONE observable change which occurs in the container during the
reaction (1)

4.1.3 The STRUCTURAL FORMULA of compound Q (2)

Consider reaction 2.

4.1.4 Write down the IUPAC name of compound R. (2)

For reaction 3, write down:

4.1.5 A balanced equation using STRUCTURAL FORMULAE for the

organic compounds (6)

4.1.6 The IUPAC name of alcohol P (2)

Reaction 4 is an elimination reaction.

4.1.7 Write down the TYPE of elimination reaction. (1)

4.2 Butan-1-ol reacts with propanoic acid in the presence of a catalyst.

Write down the:

4.2.1 TYPE of reaction that takes place (1)

4.2.2 IUPAC name of the organic product formed (2)

[18]

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Physical Sciences/P2 10 DBE/2023
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QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page.)

Consider the following decomposition reaction that takes place in a sealed

2 dm3 container:

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

The graph below shows how the concentrations of N2O5(g) and NO2(g) change with
time.

Concentration-time graph
300
• A

250 •
•
Concentration (x 10-4 mol·dm-3)

200 • •
• •
150
•
• •
100 •
•
• • •B
50

0
0 200 400 600 800
Time (s)

5.1 Refer to the graph above and give a reason why curve A represents the
change in the concentration of NO2(g). (1)

5.2 Consider the statement below:

The rate of decomposition of N2O5(g) is half the rate of formation of NO2(g).

Is this statement TRUE or FALSE? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2 11 DBE/2023
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5.3 Calculate the:

5.3.1 Mass of NO2(g) present in the container at 400 s (4)

5.3.2 Average rate of production of O2(g) in mol∙dm-3∙s-1 in 700 s (4)

5.4 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve for the N2O5(g) initially present in
the container is shown below.

Number of particles

Kinetic energy

The initial concentration of the N2O5(g) is now INCREASED.

5.4.1 Redraw the distribution curve above in the ANSWER BOOK and
label this curve as P.

On the same set of axes, sketch the curve that will be obtained for
the higher concentration of N2O5(g). Label this curve as Q. (2)

5.4.2 Will the rate of decomposition of N2O5(g) at the higher

concentration be HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO
the original rate of decomposition? Explain the answer using the
collision theory. (3)
[16]

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Physical Sciences/P2 12 DBE/2023
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QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page.)

One mole of pure hydrogen iodide gas, HI(g), is sealed in a 1 dm3 container at 721 K.
Equilibrium is reached according to the following balanced equation:

2HI(g) ⇌ H2(g) + I2(g)

It is found that 0,11 moles of I2(g) are present at equilibrium.

6.1 State Le Chatelier's principle. (2)

6.2 Determine the number of moles of EACH of the following at equilibrium:

6.2.1 H2(g) (1)

6.2.2 HI(g) (1)

6.3 The equilibrium constant, Kc, at 721 K is 0,02.

The temperature of the container is now increased to 850 K.

The equilibrium constant, Kc, at 850 K is 0,09.

6.3.1 Is the forward reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? (1)

6.3.2 Fully explain the answer to QUESTION 6.3.1. (3)

6.3.3 Calculate the mass of HI(g) present at the new equilibrium at

850 K. (8)
[16]

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Physical Sciences/P2 13 DBE/2023
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QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

7.1 The conductivity of three acid solutions, A, B and C, as shown below is

investigated at the same temperature.

A 0,1 mol·dm-3 H2SO4(aq)

B 0,1 mol·dm-3 HNO3(aq)
C 0,1 mol·dm-3 CH3COOH(aq)

The brightness of the bulb in the apparatus shown below is used as a

measure of the conductivity of the solutions.

Carbon electrode

Acid

The acid solutions are electrolytes.

7.1.1 Define the term electrolyte. (2)

The brightness of the bulb for each of the solutions is compared.

7.1.2 In which solution, A or B, will the bulb be brighter? Give a reason

for the answer by referring to the types of acids. (2)

7.1.3 In which solution, B or C, will the bulb be brighter? Give a reason

for the answer by referring to the types of acids. (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2 14 DBE/2023
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7.2 A hydrochloric acid solution, H ℓ(aq), is standardised by titrating it against

25 cm3 of a 0,04 mol·dm-3 sodium carbonate solution Na2CO3(aq). At the
endpoint, it is found that 19,5 cm3 of H ℓ(aq) has reacted.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

Na2CO3(aq) + 2H ℓ(aq) → 2Na ℓ(aq) + 2(g) + H2 (ℓ)

7.2.1 alculate the concentration of the H ℓ(aq). (3)

7.2.2 Suppose a few drops of water were present in the burette before it
was filled with the hydrochloric acid solution.

How will the volume of the H ℓ solution needed to reach the

endpoint be affected?

Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or REMAINS

THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. (2)

A concentrated household product, ChemClean, contains ammonia as the

main cleaning agent. To determine the amount of ammonia present in 1 dm 3
of ChemClean, the following procedure is followed:

20 cm3 of ChemClean is added to a 250 cm3 flask. The flask is then filled to
the 250 cm3 mark with distilled water.

ChemClean 1 dm3 Distilled water

20 cm3
Concentrated 250 cm3 diluted
ChemClean ChemClean
The diluted solution is titrated against the hydrochloric acid solution of the
concentration as calculated in QUESTION 7.2.1.

During the titration, 22 cm3 of the diluted ChemClean solution is neutralised

by 18,7 cm3 of the HCℓ solution. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

NH3(aq) + H ℓ(aq) → NH+ (aq) + ℓ ─(aq)

7.2.3 Calculate the mass of ammonia in 1 dm3 of ChemClean. (7)

7.2.4 Will the pH of the solution at the end of the titration be GREATER
THAN 7, EQUAL TO 7 or LESS THAN 7?
Write down the relevant equation as motivation for the answer. (3)
[21]

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Physical Sciences/P2 15 DBE/2023
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QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page.)

Learners want to identify an unknown metal X using a standard half-cell, X│X2+.

They set up an electrochemical cell under standard conditions using two half-cells, as
shown in the diagram below.

V
H2(g)
Y

Platinum

X2+(aq) H+(aq)

The initial emf of this cell is 1,20 V.

8.1 State the standard conditions under which this cell functions. (3)

8.2 State ONE function of component Y. (1)

After the cell has operated for some time, it is found that the mass of electrode X has
increased.

8.3 Identify X by means of a suitable calculation. (5)

8.4 Write down the oxidation half-reaction that takes place in this cell. (2)

Half-cell X│X2+ is now replaced by an Au│Au3+ half-cell.

The initial emf of the cell is now 1,50 V. As the cell operates, the Au electrode
increases in mass.

8.5 Arrange the oxidising agents, X2+, Au3+ and H+, in order of increasing
strength.

Fully explain the answer. (3)

[14]

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Physical Sciences/P2 16 DBE/2023
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QUESTION 9 (Start on a new page.)

The simplified electrolytic cell below is used to electroplate a metal spring. Zinc nitrate,
Zn(NO3)2(aq), is used as an electrolyte and R is an electrode.

Power
supply

Metal spring

Zn(NO3)2(aq)

9.1 Define the term electrolytic cell. (2)

9.2 Which electrode (R or METAL SPRING) is the ANODE? Give a reason for the
answer. (2)

9.3 Write down the:

9.3.1 Equation for the half-reaction occurring at the metal spring (2)

9.3.2 NAME or FORMULA of a suitable metal that can be used as

electrode R (1)

9.4 Explain the answer to QUESTION 9.3.2. (2)

[9]

TOTAL: 150

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Physical Sciences/P2 1 DBE/2023
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DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12

PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12

VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE

Standard pressure
p 1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
Standaardtemperatuur T 273 K
Charge on electron
e -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro's constant
NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

m N
n n
M NA
n m V
c or/of c n
V MV Vm
ca a na
pH = -log[H3O+]
cb b nb

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K

Eθcell  Eθcathode  Eθanode / Eθsel  Ekatode

θ
 Eθanode

or/of
Eθcell  Ereduction
θ
 Eθoxidation / Eθsel  Ereduksie
θ
 Eθoksidasie

or/of
Eθcell  Eθoxidisingagent  Ereducing
θ
agent / E sel  Eoksideermiddel  Ereduseermiddel
θ θ θ

I= n= where n = number of electrons

t qe

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 Physical Sciences/P2 2 DBE/2023
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TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII)
Atomic number
1 KEY/SLEUTEL Atoomgetal 2
2,1

H He
1 29 4
3 4 Electronegativity Symbol 5 6 7 8 9 10
Cu

1,9
1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0
Li Be Elektronegatiwiteit
63,5
Simbool B C N O F Ne
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Aℓ Cℓ
0,9

1,2

1,5

1,8

2,1

2,5

3,0
Na Mg Approximate relative atomic mass Si P S Ar
23 24 Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 27 28 31 32 35,5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
0,8

1,0

1,3

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,5

1,8

1,8

1,8

1,9

1,6

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,4

2,8
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,8

1,9

2,2

2,2

2,2

1,9

1,7

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,1

2,5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Tℓ
0,7

0,9

1,6

1,8

1,8

1,9

2,0

2,5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Pb Bi Po At Rn
133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
87 88 89
0,7

0,9

Fr Ra Ac 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
226
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232 238

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TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
TABEL 4A: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E θ (V)
F2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2F + 2,87
3+  2+
Co +e ⇌ Co + 1,81
+ 
H2O2 + 2H +2e ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
  2+
⇌
+
MnO 4 + 8H + 5e Mn + 4H2O + 1,51
 
ℓ2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2 ℓ + 1,36
2  3+
⇌
+
Cr2O 7 + 14H + 6e 2Cr + 7H2O + 1,33
+ 
O2(g) + 4H + 4e ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23

Increasing strength of reducing agents /Toenemende sterkte van reduseermiddels

MnO2 + 4H + 2e
+ 2+
Increasing strength of oxidising agents /Toenemende sterkte van oksideermiddels

⇌ Mn + 2H2O + 1,23
2+ 
Pt + 2e ⇌ Pt + 1,20
Br2(ℓ) + 2e ⇌ 2Br + 1,07
 + 
NO 3 + 4H + 3e ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96
2+ 
Hg + 2e ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
+ 
Ag + e ⇌ Ag + 0,80
 + 
NO 3 + 2H + e ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
3+  2+
Fe +e ⇌ Fe + 0,77
O2(g) + 2H + 2e
+
⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
 
I2 + 2e ⇌ 2I + 0,54
Cu + e
+
⇌ Cu + 0,52
+ 
SO2 + 4H + 4e ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
2H2O + O2 + 4e ⇌ 4OH + 0,40
2+ 
Cu + 2e ⇌ Cu + 0,34
2 
⇌
+
SO 4 + 4H + 2e SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17
2+  +
Cu +e ⇌ Cu + 0,16
+ 2e
4+ 2+
Sn ⇌ Sn + 0,15
+ 
S + 2H + 2e ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
2H + 2e
+
⇌ H2(g) 0,00

 0,06
3+
Fe + 3e ⇌ Fe
+ 2e  0,13
2+
Pb ⇌ Pb

 0,14
2+
Sn + 2e ⇌ Sn
+ 2e  0,27
2+
Ni ⇌ Ni

 0,28
2+
Co + 2e ⇌ Co
+ 2e  0,40
2+
Cd ⇌ Cd
 2+
 0,41
3+
Cr +e ⇌ Cr
+ 2e  0,44
2+
Fe ⇌ Fe
+ 3e  0,74
3+
Cr ⇌ Cr

 0,76
2+
Zn + 2e ⇌ Zn
2H2O + 2e ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH  0,83

 0,91
2+
Cr + 2e ⇌ Cr
+ 2e  1,18
2+
Mn ⇌ Mn

 1,66
3+
Aℓ + 3e ⇌ Aℓ
+ 2e  2,36
2+
Mg ⇌ Mg

 2,71
+
Na + e ⇌ Na
+ 2e  2,87
2+
Ca ⇌ Ca

 2,89
2+
Sr + 2e ⇌ Sr
+ 2e  2,90
2+
Ba ⇌ Ba
+ -
Cs + e ⇌ Cs - 2,92

 2,93
+
K +e ⇌ K
Li + e  3,05
+
⇌ Li
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TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
TABEL 4B: STANDAARD-REDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E θ (V)
Li + e  3,05
+
⇌ Li
K + e  2,93
+
⇌ K

 2,92
+
Cs + e ⇌ Cs
+ 2e  2,90
2+
Ba ⇌ Ba

 2,89
2+
Sr + 2e ⇌ Sr
+ 2e  2,87
2+
Ca ⇌ Ca

 2,71
+
Na + e ⇌ Na

Increasing strength of reducing agents /Toenemende sterkte van reduseermiddels

+ 2e  2,36
2+
Mg ⇌ Mg
Increasing strength of oxidising agents /Toenemende sterkte van oksideermiddels


 1,66
3+
Aℓ + 3e ⇌ Aℓ
+ 2e  1,18
2+
Mn ⇌ Mn

 0,91
2+
Cr + 2e ⇌ Cr
2H2O + 2e ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH  0,83
+ 2e  0,76
2+
Zn ⇌ Zn

 0,74
3+
Cr + 3e ⇌ Cr
+ 2e  0,44
2+
Fe ⇌ Fe
 2+
 0,41
3+
Cr +e ⇌ Cr
+ 2e  0,40
2+
Cd ⇌ Cd

 0,28
2+
Co + 2e ⇌ Co
+ 2e  0,27
2+
Ni ⇌ Ni

 0,14
2+
Sn + 2e ⇌ Sn
+ 2e  0,13
2+
Pb ⇌ Pb

 0,06
3+
Fe + 3e ⇌ Fe
2H + 2e
+
⇌ H2(g) 0,00
S + 2H + 2e
+
⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
4+  2+
Sn + 2e ⇌ Sn + 0,15
+ e
2+ +
Cu ⇌ Cu + 0,16
2
+ 4H + 2e ⇌
+
SO 4 SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17
+ 2e
2+
Cu ⇌ Cu + 0,34
 
2H2O + O2 + 4e ⇌ 4OH + 0,40
SO2 + 4H + 4e
+
⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
+ 
Cu + e ⇌ Cu + 0,52
I2 + 2e ⇌ 2I + 0,54
+ 
O2(g) + 2H + 2e ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
+ e
3+ 2+
Fe ⇌ Fe + 0,77
 + 
NO 3 + 2H + e ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
+ 
Ag + e ⇌ Ag + 0,80
2+ 
Hg + 2e ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
 + 
NO 3 + 4H + 3e ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96
 
Br2(ℓ) + 2e ⇌ 2Br + 1,07
+ 2 e
2+
Pt ⇌ Pt + 1,20
+  2+
MnO2 + 4H + 2e ⇌ Mn + 2H2O + 1,23
O2(g) + 4H + 4e
+
⇌ 2H2O + 1,23
2
+ 14H + 6e
3+
⇌
+
Cr2O 7 2Cr + 7H2O + 1,33
ℓ2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2 ℓ + 1,36

+ 8H + 5e
2+
⇌
+
MnO 4 Mn + 4H2O + 1,51
+ 
H2O2 + 2H +2 e ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
+ e
3+ 2+
Co ⇌ Co + 1,81
F2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2F + 2,87
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