Historical background of Magna Carta

The Magna Carta, also known as the Great Charter, is a historical document that was
signed in 1215 in England. It was a result of a conflict between King John and a group
of rebellious barons who were unhappy with the king's rule.

The Magna Carta was significant because it established certain rights and limitations
on the power of the monarchy. It recognized the principle that the king was not
above the law and that even the monarch had to respect certain rights and liberties
of the people.

The document covered various aspects, including the protection of church rights, the
right to a fair trial, and limitations on the king's ability to impose taxes without
consent. While the original Magna Carta was specific to the feudal society of
medieval England, it laid the foundation for the development of constitutional law
and the protection of individual rights.

Over time, the principles of the Magna Carta influenced the development of
democratic institutions and the concept of the rule of law in many countries around
the world.

Magna Carta 1215

King Henry III and the barons in the Magna Carta! King Henry III played a significant
role in the development of the Magna Carta. He was the reigning monarch of
England at the time when the Magna Carta was created in 1215. The Magna Carta
was a document that aimed to limit the power of the king and protect the rights and
privileges of the barons and other subjects.

The barons, on the other hand, were a group of powerful nobles who had grievances
against the king's rule. They felt that King Henry III was abusing his power and not
respecting their rights. The barons played a crucial role in pressuring the king to
agree to the terms outlined in the Magna Carta.

The Magna Carta established certain fundamental principles, such as the idea that
the king is not above the law and that everyone, including the king, must abide by the
law of the land. It also protected the rights of the barons and limited the king's ability
to impose arbitrary taxes or punishments.

So, in summary, King Henry III was the monarch who agreed to the terms of the
Magna Carta, and the barons were the group of nobles who pushed for its creation to
protect their rights and limit the king's power. It was a significant moment in history
that helped shape the concept of constitutional law and individual rights.

English Bill of right 1689

The English Bill of Rights was signed in 1689 by King William III and Queen Mary II in
whitehall in london It is called the English Bill of Rights because it was a document
that established certain rights and liberties for the people of England. It aimed to
limit the power of the monarchy and ensure that the monarch ruled in accordance
with the law and the will of Parliament.

The English Bill of Rights was a response to the abuses of power by previous
monarchs and aimed to prevent future abuses. It outlined various rights and
freedoms, such as the right to a fair trial, freedom from cruel and unusual
punishment, and the right to petition the government. It also affirmed the supremacy
of Parliament and the importance of free elections.

The English Bill of Rights laid the foundation for constitutional monarchy in England
and influenced the development of democratic principles. It is considered a crucial
document in the history of England and has had a lasting impact on the rights and
liberties enjoyed by the people of the United Kingdom today.

French Declaration of the Rights of MAN AND CITIZENS 1789.

The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was passed on August
26, 1789, during the French Revolution. It was adopted by the National Constituent
Assembly, which was the governing body at that time.

This document is considered fundamental to the French Revolution because it laid out
the principles and values that guided the revolutionaries. It proclaimed the inherent
rights and freedoms of all individuals, such as liberty, property, and resistance to
oppression. It aimed to establish a society based on equality, justice, and the rule of
law.

The declaration was a response to the oppressive monarchy and aristocracy of the
time, and it sought to dismantle the privileges and inequalities that existed in French
society. It became a symbol of the revolution's ideals and aspirations for a more just
and inclusive society.

The principles outlined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen have
had a lasting impact on the development of human rights globally. It has served as an
inspiration for subsequent declarations and constitutions around the world, shaping
the modern understanding of individual rights and the pursuit of a fair and equitable
society.

Historical background of human rights. !

Human rights have been a fundamental part of societies throughout history, although
the concept as we know it today has evolved over time.

One of the earliest examples of human rights can be traced back to ancient
civilizations, such as the Code of Hammurabi in ancient Mesopotamia, which
established laws and protections for individuals. In ancient Greece, philosophers like
Plato and Aristotle discussed the importance of justice and equality for all citizens.

Fast forward to the Magna Carta in 1215, which was a significant milestone in the
development of human rights. It limited the power of the monarchy and established
the principle that even the king was subject to the law.

The Enlightenment era of the 17th and 18th centuries brought about a surge in the
recognition of individual rights and freedoms. Thinkers like John Locke and
Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasized the natural rights of individuals, including life,
liberty, and property.

The French Revolution in the late 18th century further propelled the idea of human
rights. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted in 1789,
proclaimed the inherent rights and freedoms of all individuals.

In the 20th century, the atrocities of World War II led to the establishment of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948. This landmark
document outlined the fundamental rights and freedoms that all humans should
enjoy, regardless of their nationality, race, or gender.

Since then, human rights have continued to evolve and be enshrined in international
law through various treaties and conventions. They serve as a guiding principle for
promoting equality, justice, and dignity for all people around the world.
Helsinki accord 1975.

The Helsinki Final Act is a pact signed by 35 nations established by the Conference on
Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in Helsinki, Finland.

This multidimensional arrangement’s purpose was to discuss a range of prominent

It also had a far-stretching impact on the Cold War and U.S.-Soviet relations.

Before this meeting, Europe had been requesting formal recognition of the political
boundaries in Eastern Europe formed after World War II; this pursue went on for
almost two decades with a futile response.

During this time, the United States and Western nations were hesitant to engage in
such a dialogue with The Soviet Union, fearing that this could potentially strengthen
its posture and continue its expansion of communism.

More results were attained from 1973 to 1975, derived from the intensive
negotiations that continued in Geneva. During this period, several Western leaders
proposed to reconsider the talks; finally, this was achieved. The members met on
August 1, 1975, in Finnland to sign the final pact with the involvement of every
European country except Albania, in addition to Canada and The United States.

Object of Helsinki Accord

The objective of the Helsinki Final Act was to settle a range of issues;

these can be distributed into four main groups.

1) The first is focused on political and military topics, the definition of borders, and
the implementation of measures between opposing militaries and conflict resolution.

2) Secondly came economic issues like trade and cooperation.

3) Thirdly, the process of following-up meetings and implementation procedures

MANSOOR SAMEJO.