Some Things Every User Should Know About Use and Care of Wire Rope Slings Al \6 rotate. VERTICAL, or straight, attachment is simply using a sling fo connect a liting hook or other device to a load, Full rated load of the sing may be used, but never exceeded. A tagline should be used on such a if 1 prevent rotation which can damage the sing A sing with a hand.tucked splice may Unlay and fall f the sling Is alowed to Dee eae RRB Cela tcy (CHOKER hitches reduce liting capacty of a sling, since this method of rigging affects the ablity of the wire rope ‘components to adjust during the lit, places angular loading on the body of the sling, and creates a small diameter ‘bend in the sling at the choke point, BASKET hitches cistribute the load equally between the two legs of a sling, within limitations imposed by the angies at which legs are rigged to the load (ee alscussion of sling angles) Basic Factors concerning the use of Wire Rope Slings 1 RATED CAPACITY (Rated Load, WLL) of a wire rope sling Is based upon the Nominal Breaking Strength of the wire rope used in the sling, AND FACTORS which affect tne overall strength of a sling. These factors Include ATTACHMENT or SPLICING EFFICIENCY, the number of parts of rope in the sling, type of hitch (see above), DIAMETER AROUND WHICH THE BODY OF THE SLING IS BENT, and the clameter of pin (or hook) over which the eye ofthe sling is rigged. RATED CAPACITY of a siing is diferent for each of the three basic methods af rigging (see above). These rated loads are isted in this catalogue. The RATED CAPACITIES apply to UNIROPE slings ONLY and may be indicated on optional tags (ifrequested). WARNING: A hand tucked (hand spliced) eye sling can unlay (unravel) and FAIL ifthe sling is allowed to rotate during use. NEVER "SHOCK LOAD" a sling. There is no practical way to estimate the actual force applied by shock loading. The rated capacity of a wire rope sling can easlly be exceeded by @ sudden application of force, and damage can occur tothe sling. The sudden release of a load can also damage a sling, The BODY of a wire rope sling should be protected with comer protectors, biocking or padding against damage by sharp edges OF comers of a load being lifted. Sharp bends that distor the dad sling body damage the wire rope and reduce its strength 6. ANY ANGLE other than vertical at which the sling Is rigged, increases the loading (tension) on the sling 7. A sling should be glven a VISUAL INSPECTION BEFORE EACH LIFT OR USAGE to determine if it ls capable of safely making the intended lit. ‘An Inspection should include such things as: + Broken wires. + Kinks or distortions of the sling body, + Condition of eyes and splices, and any attachment hardware, + Reduction in diameter of the rope. + Any damage += Corrosion. 8, Whenever a sling Is found to be deficient, the eyes must be cut, or other end attachments or fitings removed to prevent further use, and the sling body discarded! 9. A SLING EYE should never be used over a hook or pin with a ody diameter larger than the natural width of the eye. NEVER. FORCE AN EYE ONTO A HOOK, The eye should always be used on a hook or pin with AT LEAST THE DIAMETER OF THE ROPE. Sling Angles affect the Load on the Legs of a Sling SLING ANGLE (also called Angle of Loading) Is the angle measured between a horizontal ine and the sling leg or body. This angle Is very important and can have a dramatic effect on the rated load of a sing. AS llustrated here, when this angle DECREASES, the LOAD ON EAGH LEG INCREASES. This principle applies whether one sling is used with legs at an angle ina basket hitch, or for mult-teg bridle slings. Angles less than 30 degrees should not be used,Slings made from Wire Rope ‘Wie rope slings have become the workhorse in the sling field. Although they have sound safety features, they must be chosen carefully for the service in hich they are to be placed since they also have certain limtatlons. Their most outstanding feature is the ease of inspection. They do nat deteriorate without ample warning, nor do they rely on a single load bearing system like chain, They withstand a large amount of physical abuse and, Unlike web slings, are not easily cut nor do they deteriorate in sunlight, Wire rope slings are constructed from a large number of individual load bearing ‘components, the single wires. If one of the hundreds of individual wires fails, the wire rope sling itself wil not fal in a so called ‘catastrophic! manner. This Is what sometimes is referred to as a redundant’ system. The oniy other sling type which has a similar ‘redundancy’ characteristic are Twin-Path® slings ‘which are composed trom two totally Independent load carrying systems. Wie rope mae tom nancrade ot invita eos arming members netic cne wi wl no cause the ene sing St Cains fly on EACH iodual Sek FONE Hk fas, the ene sng system 0 ‘The chowce for utimate nextbaty and stenath Ideal for tight choker hitches. Capacities to ever Gator-Flex® 300 ons. Maximum diameters 10" iA 5 oY ° 'A300% increase inflexibility over the regular 6x19 steel core rope. Best compromise between ease of ‘WFiex@ handing, strength, cost, and cush resistance, SSS ‘The MOST fexbie 6.sirand sing. Same strength fas 8x19 Fiber Core. but handles far baller ‘Avalabla in selected ses only. Ask for details More flexible than even 6x19 Fiber Core, same ‘tength as 6x19 Steel core, good resistance to kankang, good crush rsistanco. 6 x26 Stoel Core A ile more flexible, less expensive, but Rated Capacties (WLL's) are 10% lower than slings made wit wih Stee! Core, 6x19 Fiber Core “The standard construction for Unrape slings. Very ‘900d crush and abrasion resstance, but larger 6x 19Sioe Cove Glametars are not very Nexibie, BUS Yt mite) Wire rope for slings comes in many different constructions. For the user the most important difference is lexi, that Is the ease With which a sting can be bent by hand. Flexibility of a wire rope sling Is cependent on the total number of single wires in the rope, and whether the rope has a steel core or a fiber core. Generally, a ‘stiffer wire rope will withstand more crushing and abrasion than a wire rope which Is exile’ but has rather ne’ and "thin single wires. The thinner the strand wires become, the easier itis to amage them. The more fiexible a sling Is, the higher the number of individual Wires, The total number of individual wires In a sling can vary between 114 and more than 2000 wires, Furthermore, flexibility is a somewhat subjective term. A 3/8" diameter 6x19 wire rope has the same ‘construction flexibilly’ as a 1" diameter 6x19 rope yet, for us humans, the 1" diameter rope appears to be far ‘stiffer’, it just requires more ‘muscle’ to bend it around an object. ‘The requirement for wite rope sling "lexibilty' may also depend on the application and may even be dependent on the sling type. A simple single leg sling which is constantly used in a choker hitch requires more Nexiilly’ than a multiple leg sling with a master link \Which may get used in a straight connection between the hook and the load only. On the other hand a ‘stiffer’ sling can easily be pushed though under loads, stee! bundles, pallets, etc. Unirope slings come in the following flexibility grades (in order from "flexible to's): 54 strands, 18 strands, 6 strands, 6 strands, 6 strands, 6 strands, GATOR-FLEX®, 3x3x6x 19/36 (Stee! Core) TRI-FLEX®, 3x6x 13/36 (Steel Core) 6x37 Fiber Core 6x36 Steel Core 6x19/26/25 Fler Core 6x19/26/25 Stee! Core Depencing on sling ciameter we also cary 8x19 Steel Core, 19x7 and 34x7 rotation resistant types, and various high strength Python® constructions, Aside from flexibilty the other difference between sling rope Constructions is the way the end terminations (or splices) are done. ‘See next page for detalls.Types of Wire Rope Sling Terminations Flemish Eye Splice “The most popular spiking method I's safety eles maint on the craftsmanship of the core! pling method. The sleeve'sfunclon isto secure the srand ends around the ope boty, Slee! sleeves are very ugg and vistand a lof abuse, The femish eye spe iste preted method inthe constuction Indust and for nou rate sng appcatons Loop ena terminations for rotation resistant- and non-rotating ropes, and for ropes. Standard s-srana UN having more than 6 strands require elther aluminum. or loop-back steel sleeves, 8002 Flemisn Eye Sing Flemish eye sleeves are also avaliable in stainless steel to be used on stainless steel rape. Note: Stainless steel slings which have sleeves ‘made from regular carbon of aluminum metal ‘may experience accelerated deterioration due to-an electro-chemical reaction between the two ‘metals. Particularly, ifthe slings are used in Saltwater or corrosive environments. The principle of a UNI-LOC® Flemish Eye Splice The end of ope & The stands re pened up and vided Crossed ovo form a ite Zeal soctone compte pe. “= ES ‘We staan oe back ‘eerie san ae Wine ge mes ite sound ebay he je reno a oreeps Sloat ro of reres Sings 1800 ton swage or wte rope femish eye sings upto 2-12" dlameter, a, on eTe sexe Re ove eset ono (One of a total of 8 rope swagers to meet any and every demand. ati eers eer ieee secie mela tow ini al "ope dans> Alu This splices fasicated by foming a op eye an pressing an aluminum sleeve over both ope pats. Tne stength depends 160% upen te neat ofthe pressed sleeve, Uniopefabrcates these splices accorang tthe sc costs suum Stee vanuetepoaccsece European stancard DIN 3088, ushg orga specticalonsleves ana cles ao sped in at sandard This method is used for &., 9., and 10 strand as well as non-rotating rope types (19x7, 19x19, 24x7, S4x7), and when Tri-Flex® and Gator.Fiex® slings 2088 Aluminum Sieve Tare are requested with Thimbles at the ends, Back Spice a 137 reaon resistant wir ope —— LUNLOC® Stee! Steve Spat GATOR-FLEK® spice LUNLOC® Stee Steve Loop Back Sloe Swaged Fittings “The rope snserted ito theming bore andthe tings nen swage nto the rope. This method is use for buon, treated suds, open and closed sockets, and to attach a load hook cect onto te rope. ‘Ins method can be used wih neal al Tope constuctons ad produces a nigh ercleney bond. Unrope manufacures a wie Vay Gf custom made swage ftngs to meet your pectic demands See our special UN/-LOC® ASSEMBLY catalogue Spelter Sockets A White some people may debate whether spelter socket | terminations are true ‘sling’ ftings, they are generally a Included in such catalogue sections. This type of end termination has traditionally been the method for determining the rope's actual breaking strength. All other end terminations are being compared to the strength efficiency of, spalter sockets which is considered 100% of the true actual rope strength.Uniropee wire rope sings are manufactured to ensure a design factor of 6:1. This design facor isa factor whichis clvided into the nominal stvength of a sing to ative at the WLL (or Rated Capacity). Tis factor is necessary 10 allow for wear, abrasion, damage. and variations in load ‘which are not always readily apparent to the sing user BUT DOES NOT COVER FOR INSUFFICIENT Did RATIOS. The following section does not substitute fr proper traning. Its not a completa "Rigging Manual as published by the Construction Safety Association of Ontario, nor a Wire Rope Users Manual as pubised bythe Wire Rope Tacnnical Beard The following ae some qudalines as pubished by both oxganizatons and some guidsinas developed by Uniope For a complete discussion refer to the above mentioned manuals or consult ASTM B 30 9, Unirope Limited provides RIGGING INSPECTION seminars covering proper raging gear inspection but not iging practic IT you requre RIGGING TRAINING conlact the ‘Construction Safety Associa of Ontario, of the “Acrdent Prevention Assocaon of Onata Some Ontara collages afer special Rigging Trane Classes. Or ask us for the SLINGMAX@ Rigging Treinng Video, ited "Riggers Marts ofthe 9's Choker Hitches Choker Hitch configurations affect the WLL of a sling. This is because the sling leg or body is passed around the load, through fone end attachment or eye and is suspended by the other end attachments or eye, The contact of the sling body with the end attachment or eye causes a loss of sling strength at the choke Point. When the load is hanging free, and the choke was not forced down towards the load, the normal choke angle is about 135 Reduction of degree. When the angle is less than 135 degree the WLL of the sling must be downrated. In some trades It became practice to use 2 slings In a choker configuration at less than 30 degrees with the choke points facing ‘each other. Although it makes a nce tight’ choke around pipes and bundles of steel - remember that this practice reduces your sling capacity by more than 50% ! CHOKER Sling Capacity (WLL) ‘The Did Ratio Is the ratio of the diameter ‘round which the sling is bent divided by the ody diameter of the sing. Example: A 1/2" diameter wice rope is bent ‘around a 10° diameter pipe; the Did Ratio Is 40" divided by 1/2" = Did Ratio of 20:1 This ratio has an effect on the rated capacity of sings. yn As be Di tat becrres smarts ss ofsengih becorics leak adhe pe become es ve eles he efiency of aope diameter toaferent DiS rates. Tis cave based cnSome Useful Guidel Eye & Eye Slings The LOOP of an eye & eye sing has nearly DOUBLE the strength ofits body. For this reason the Bid rato in the LOOP is just half a8 citical as opposed to when the sing Is used in BASKET hich, In most cases the shackle or hook over which the sling Is placed will have a sufficient Did ratio. On the other hand, do nat place too LARGE an object into the sling eye as this will result in spitting forces affecting the sling splice and sling safety. The object (a shackle, a crane hook, a stee! bar...) you place into the sing eye must not be larger than 1/2 of the sing eye length \ t sarin D ‘When a sling is used ina BASKET- or CHOKER HITCH with Dc ratios smaller than isted In the capacity tables, the rated capactlies (or VILL's) must be decreased For example: The BASKETand CHOKER hiten capacities listed (in all Standards and Regulations) for 6-strand ropes are based on a minimum Did ratio of 25:1 ‘An object you place into a 1” diameter 6-strand wire rope sling Using a basket- or choker hitch must nave a minimum dlameter of| 26". If the object fs smaller than the listed 25:1 D/d ratio the capacity (or WLL) must be decreased. Table A) illustrates the perventage of decrease to be expacted NNote: The minimum Dis ratlo for GATOR-FLEX® and for TRI- FLEX@ slings are just 6:1. f you need to lit small objects and don't ‘want your sing to kink or bend permanently use these types. Eye lena must NOT =f Me snacle boay tte ster mea wen 9 wrne shachecrcnjet ster 10 use a lager besmaler han ee has AT LEAST the sand wre rope sing im 2 fas 2 mes the shackie or aide Bo) the obit 0 asthe ——_basketichisal eas 25x ameter ofa estan —ShacNe ype. he shackle or took ameter Wythe lager tan the sing Vie rope sing 10 objec haw eat Sx the sn apteny need not o Glameter os ‘2) me 21) tm aset Sing ameter (Oi 8) the basket beagustes basket capacty need nto Capacity must be sing capacty must sul be be adustes ‘eoed by 40% Fediced by abe 25%, Standard shaces bodies and come I apace Fanging ‘nom 13 tone 40 tone crostys wee Soay in capacities. rangrg , se large enoagn nooks AND lage dlapelet haces to ayo cing ana keking oe ing of the sting body. Ht posse use vte-Soay shackles. They nerease the DW rato an You gan sig stengt Endless Slings Enaiess (or Grommet) sings DO NOT HAVE A LOOP which has double the strength Lead Hooks ust have sient eaness t0 ensue Proper sing) Dic) rat, Frtcuany‘ohen using sings fhaninveten oaset Mic hat SS imesing aor plac ne the nook ana ine sng EYES se facng Sourav Prior to EVERY lift YOU, the user, has to determine if the Did ratio Is equal or higher than the ones listed in the capacity tables. For endless G-trand and Gator-Flex endless ype ule rope sings the rated capactes have already been adjusted io be used at a Did Ratio of 64 See the WLL Tables for deals d @ - ‘D- Proper O18 fato or me sing capacny me sing te asks the capaaty Decause ott ang angle Ssmat ameter shackles rece he sing stengh ‘as insufcient capacity for tat jo. ‘Shackle of nt ebecs 10 beled anda Nok Up ports MUST at ast ensure 2 D1 Rao of 5:1All Siing angles as mentioned in this catalogue are measured from the horizontal [As the angle decreases the stress imposed on the leg of a sling increases. A simple demonstration makes this very ‘lear. Imagine one carries a weight with one's arm hanging down, and then ty Iiting the same weight sideways up and away'from your body. When computing sling capacities always take this most important factor into account. As can be seen ffom the table sling stresses increase ‘tremendously with angles smaller than 45 ‘Only where headroom isa limiting factor should sling angles smaller than 30° be applied and careful ‘computation made to ensure that a sling of proper size Is Used to provide safe working conditions, One ofthe most requenly asked questions. ALWAYS apo the HORIZONTAL sing angle. fyou use sings of unequal length apply the SMALLEST sling angle. LA\ erssil Horizontal Angle Horizontal Ang \ Horizont Angle Although the known trigonometrical functions apply to all stress calculations, many trade publications and standards give specific sling strength calculation examples which one can follow. For a ‘day-to-day’ practical calculation we found the following method the easiest way to determine the wire rope sling size required Example: ‘AB ton load has to be lifted with a 2-eg bridle sling, The horizontal sling angle is 50° the sings legs have equal length, and the center of gravity isin the center of the load (if not, see next page). Solution to find wire rope size: Stons Zang legs 3.26 tons is the VERTICAL ‘capacity required for each leg, Look up the table and select the rope size required. In this case you must use a 5/6" diameter 6- Strand IWRC wire rope for your 24leg bridle sling, XAF 1,305 = 3.26 tons Horizontal | Angularty Vertical liting capacity for 6-strand IWRC wire rope WL Diameter 90 1.000 inch 85 1.003 80 1.018 13 38 8 1.035 18 76 70 | 1.084 23 42 65 | 1.103 28 96 eo | 1154 35 58 55 | 1.220 5A 314 50 | 1.305 6g 718 45 | tata as 1 40 1.555 1 118 35 | 1743 13 104 30 | 2.000 18 138 19 1412 (28) | (2.366) 26 134 (20) | (2.924) 33 2 (18) | (6.863) 43 244 (10) | (6.758) 52 242 NOTE: Remember to apply aduitional reduction factors as required; e.g. Choker Hitch & Did reduction factors. (..) Angles below 30° should be avoided.The location of the Center of Gravity (CG) of the load to be ted Is a very important consideration. If the CG Is not exactly centered it will affect the tension in each sling and, if the sling legs are of equal length, the load will tit when lifted. There are many ‘considerations and to find the exact CG is not always an easy task. sn—+—sn— ‘When lifted vertically the load will be shared equally i he center of ‘gravity is placed between the pick points. If the weight ofthe load Is 10 tons, then each sting wil be subjected to a tension of 5 tons. Required is a 3/4" diameter, 6strand IWRC wire rope sling Sling 1 Sling 2 Load 410 tons 9 | enon When the center of gravity s not equally spaced between the pick points, the siing and fitings will not carry an equal share of the Toad. The sling connected to the pick point closest to the CG wil carry the greatest share of the load 10 tons x2 jing 1 = =2 ton sting EE = 2tone 10 tons x8 Sing 2= —101008%8_ = g tons na? (6+2) If in doubt ask someone who knows (e.g. your safety supervisor or an engineer). COft-center loads can severely overload your slings. The following are simplified examples of the basic considerations. | sa—|_sn—_ In this example the 10 ton load is equally centered between the pick points but we it at a sling angle of 65°. We know that each sling Is subjected to 5 tons VERTICALLY. In applying the calculation trom the previous section (Angutarly)we arrive at 40 tons Zsiing legs Hence, looking up the wire rope capacity of 6.62 ton from the previous table we must use 7/8" dlameter 6-strand IWRC wire rope slings. XAF 1,103 = 5.52 tons |--sn_|—2n_| From the calculation on the left we know that sling 1) is tensioned to 2 tons, and sling 2) is tensioned to 8 tons. However both slings fare on an angle, hence we must apply the angularly tactor for EACH sling: Sling 1 = 2 tons x AF 1.220 (65° ‘44 tons Sling 2 = 8 tons x AF 1.016 (80°) = 8.12 tons Looking up the wire rope capacity of the greatest load of the two slings (8.12 tons), we must use 1" diameter 6-slrand IWRC wire rope slings (of unequal lengths to keep the load level).Some Useful Guideli: ‘The folloting section does not substitu for proper training, tis nat a complete "Rigging Manuaf as published bythe Construction Safely Association of Ontario, nor ‘Wire Rope Users Manuaf as published by the Wire Rope Tectnical Boaré. The folowing are some guidelines as published by bath corganzabons and some gudelnes developed by Uniope. For a complete discussion refer tothe above mentioned manuals or consult ASTM B 30 8. Unirope Limited provides RIGGING INSPECTION seminars coverng proper rigging gear inspection but nat igging practces. if you require RIGGING. TRAINING contact the ‘Construction Safely Associaton of Ontario. oF he “Accident Prevention Association of Ohlare. Some Ontario collages omer specal Rigging Training Classes. Or ask us for the SLINGMAXE Rigging Training Video, tiled "Rigge’s Morts ofthe GO‘ now the load weight BEFORE the I Sate ining practice starts with one very important basic information “otaoa spins KNOW THE WEIGHT OF THE LOAD TO BE LIFTED. This seems to be ‘common sense’, however, having seen so many slings which obviously had been overloaded we cant stress this point enough. Make sure loads are NOT BOLTED TO THE FLOOR. In winter, ‘make sure that the load Is not FROZEN TO THE GROUND. ‘Also, add all rigaing and spreader bars to the weight ofthe load. EVERYTHING below the crane hook has to be supparted BY THE HOOK Tyrpac Metiain Type of Hitch determines choice of Sting Betore you select a sling for @ specie it, cetermine the most effective hitch to do the job, protect the load, and protect the sling. ‘The type of hitch you select may determine the typeof sling body that will best do the jab, as well as the length of the sling that will bbe needed. Lifting height, overhead clearance and hook travel will affect the choice of hitch and length of sling Choose a sling body type (6-strand, TriFlex®, Gator-Flex®) which will Best support the load while providing adequate rated capacity It there is too much uncertainty as to the damage a steel wire rope sling may Impose to the load select a Twin-Path® or Uni-Web® sling. Also, Keep in mind that wire rope slings are heavy. If you have to rig a load in tight areas or are ‘short handed’ select a light and less "backbreaking’ Twin-Path® EXTRA sling. Single Leg Slings Except or non-otating ropes EVERY reguar type 6-8-9, 10 strand, Tr Fiex® and Gator-Flex® sing rope has te tendency to UNWIND if used in a sivaight If, or 2 LOAD BEARING evive rotates under load) 6 atacned their ends {Sosoy type 4018 and 222 ch arent supposes fo eat uncer load s Accondition as shown on the right will cause the load to rotate and slowly Uunlay the sling strands resuling in an unpredictable strength lass of the sling. ANYTIME a load is lied beyond arm's reach with a single part load line or a single leg wite rope sling, use a tagline to prevent load rotation. This basic principle also applies to concrete bucket its. The fact that you may have ‘always’ done it ike that doesn't make i right nor does the problem ‘go away.Some Useful Guidelines Multiple Leg Sling: Use additional single leg slings to wrap around the load. Mf they get ‘damaged they are less costly o replace. I you lit an off-center load the sling leg can be fitted with a turnbuckle to level the load. Instead of @ tunbuckle you may use a come-siong but be sure the capacity fits the Job. When iting pipes make sure you do It with the right nooks. Point loading the hook tips only may result in bent hooks. DO NOT » or poittioad Are all sling legs loaded equally? The load in 3- and 4eg slings may only be Supported by 2 legs while the others are only balancing the load. Unequal length sling legs may be one reason, off-center or buckling loads another. YOU. the user, must evaluate each lift taking into consideration the ype of load, and the type of sling. Same capacity sing legs wil strech unequally if loaded unequally. All wire rope sling capacity tables (e.g. in ASTM 830.9 and Wire Rope Users Manual) consider ALL legs sharing EQUAL loads. Secure those legs ‘They can get stuck Under another piece of equipment causing severe overload of the crane or hoist, or someone may tip over them. Do not lft when loose equipment isnot securesSome Useful Guidelines Many types of equipment either come with Eye Bolts or are fitted with Eye Bolts for lifting purposes. There are some considerations when you use such Eye Bolts: 41) Eye Bolts are marked with their thread size, NOT with their rated capacities. ONLY Swivel Hoist Rings are marked with their rated capacities. 2) If you assume that a standard eye bolt has the same angularty strength loss factor as your sling, YOU ARE WRONG, sling used at a horizontal angle of (for example) 45° retains 74% of iis VERTICAL capacity. AA standard eye bolt used with that same 45° horizontal angle retains just a mere 30% of its VERTICAL capacity. This is, Important if you shackle an eye bolt into a sling and assume that ifthe VERTICAL sling capacity matches the VERTICAL eye bolt capacty you have a safe sling system. Nothing is. farther from the truth ! 3) NEVER, and that means NEVER, rig a sling through eye bolts. You severely increase the siress on the eye bolt and the bolt can break. 4) Although eye bolts can be used down to a 30° horizontal ‘angle, we DO NOTRECONMEND this practice. The strength loss of an eye bolt approaches 75% of vertical rated capacity, and any even slight decrease in horizontal lifting angle may break the bot. We recommend that eye bolts only be Used ata horizontal angle greater than 48°. Sling strength at 45° Is 71% of _ vertical siing capacity. Eye bolt strength at horizontal angle drops dawn to 30% of vertical iting capacity. Use swivel holst rings for rigging They self adjust to any load angle and CROSBY® hoist rings are clearly marked with their capacity and recommended torque values. 5) Use only eye bolts which are designed for LIFTING. Do not se 'no name’ products. You cannot determine the steel grade by "eet or took: 6) Use Shoulder (Machinery) Eye Bolts for angled its. 7) Its BEST to use Swivel Hoist Rings for EVERY angled lit They adjust to any sling angle by rotating around the bolt and the hoisting eye pivots 180 8) For a further discussion on how to safely use eye bolts please eter to our CROSBY® catalogue, of ask your local UNIROPE representative for advice. with Regular (non ‘Shoulderjeye bolts use a spreader bar to keep the lft angle at 90° to the horizontal Never reve slings through eye bolts. This alters the load and the angle of loading, 100% 30% Capacity Capacity i AAT 45° ling angle eye bolts have just 30% of their rated VERTICAL capacity. A sling (any type) used at the same 45° angle retains 71% of I's vertical capacitySome Useful Guidelines Choker and Basket Hitches For large loads a 4-leg bridle sling can be made into YD 2 double basket sling by adding 2 single leg slings. ‘These single leg sings can be made of larger lameter rope to better withstand load conditions. And they are less expensive to replace than the entire Depending on the load a simple basket hitch may not provide the best load stablity Danger of the load slipping out of the sling nary ‘Standard choker hitches provide better load control as long A better way to do the same lif, Use a double wrap choker hitch and as the loads are short. When liting longer bundled loads for ong loads use 2 slings. The double wrap compresses the load on there is the danger that some of the bundle content may all 4 sides and provides far better load contro slide out of the sling. As can be seen, a standard choker Observe the choker hich reduction factors as outlined on page -8- hiten compresses the load from three sides only as l ‘When using a basket hitch you must take the ‘sling eyes are placed into the load hook. You do not have to consider choker sling angle into account. Make sure the load is hitch reduction factors, but when loads get wider you may have to reduce the properly padded to prevent sling damage. sling capacty ove to the anguarty factorSome Useful Guidelines age-50. tor ett o poe comer protsiers. Use proper comer protectton. sharp i cut through any wire rope sing; atleast it wil permanently damage the sing. Sliced steel pipes have proven to an effecve comer protector. For square land round objects proper wooden pading wil be sufficient. Before making the final It doa tral it and check ifthe pacing i strong enough and does not crack under the load weigh Do not Damage the Rope Sleeves 4 SEVERE BENDING, , Do not piace the splice sleeves, rope thimbles, or sting hooks around comers. A sleeve failure under these condition wil result inthe fallute ofthe sling and you WILL crop the load. Check the sleeves regulary for nicks and cracks. Rope sleeves are NOT designed to be hooked under loads and be used as a swaged bution; rope sleeves secure the rope ends and are not intended to lift the loac. DO NOT WELD ANYTHING ONTO THE ROPE SLEEVE OR TO ANY ROPE END ATTACHMENT. ur Pee er Turing te 1oad wth a double choker (thats a 'o0p & loop sing used inverted) gives good load coniel org place both sing eyes {an top ofthe 10a¢, porting In the OPPOSITE direction of the tum, ‘The Body ofthe sing is then passed under the load and rough both eyes.Sling Inspection If required UNIROPE® provides ON SITE INSPECTION SERVICE. Our factory trained inspection personnel will provide you with a full WRITTEN inspection report and a complete LISTING of all inspected slings in service at your plant or construction site. Where necessary we will proof load the slings and issue a PROOF TEST CERTIFICATE. This service not only covers slings made from wire rope but also slings made from chain and synthetic fibers. Basic Inspection Criteria For Wire Rope Slings ‘The goal ofa sing Inspection is fo evaluate tne remaining strength in a sing, which nas been used previously, to determine ifs ‘uttable for contaued use. Specific nspecton intervals and procedures are roquired by local safety regulations (0.9.1n Oniario see OHSA) and by ASTM 6308. The responsibilty for having the inspection done = Placed upon the SLING USER. ‘As a staring point, tho same work practices which apply 19 all “working” wire ropes also apply to wira rope sings. Therefore, a good \workng knowledge of wre rope design and consitucin wil not only be useful but essential in conducting @ wire rope sing inspection Shce @ wire rope Is @ rather complox "machine", no precisa rules can bo gwen to determine. exactly when = wre rope sing ‘should be replaced. There are many variables, ‘and ell must be considered We recommond hata ite rope sing shall bo removed fom service immediately if any ofthe following conditons are present 4. Broken Wires. For 6-srand wire rope slings, 10 randomiy dstrbuted broken wees in ‘one ope lay, oF five broken wires in one stand af one rope ay. For Gator-Fex® and Tri-Fex® sings these same rules apply to each of the component ropes 2. Metal Loss. \Wear or scraping of ane.thea ‘he original diameter of outside. indivicusl ites. This 1S quite aifcut to datermine on slings and you reauite some experience to petform tis evaluation. 3. Distortion: Kinking, crushing, brdeasing, of ‘other damege which distorts the rope structure. The main thing to look for are wes Or strands that are pushed out of their enginal position inthe rope. Slight bends in a rope where wires oF strands are relaively ther foriginal pestion would not be considered setious damage But good judgement 1s indicated 4, Heat Damage Any metalic discolouration caused by exposure to heat 5. Bad End Attachments. Cracked, bento broken ond fitings caused by abuse, woar or accident. i SSeS An increase in ay length ec 6. Bent Hooks: No more than 15% over the notmal throat openings, measured to the rarowest paint, or twisting is permssible Replace hacks latches do not close against the tip of the hook Replace any missing- or damaged latches T.Corresion Severe corrosion of the rope or fend attachments which has caused prting or binding of wires should be cause for replacement. Light «using usualy does not affect the strength ofa sing 8. Pulled Eye Splices Any evidence that lee spices have sipped, tucked strands hve moved, of prossed_ sleeves show serious damage may be sufficient cause fo reject & sing 8. Mechanical Damages: One of the most common causes of damage is tne kink which results from puling the sing body touch the Toop (choker riiching), mus causing wires or ‘rand to be deformed and pushed out of thei fonginal postion This unbalances the sing reducing its skenath 10. Disposition The best inspacton program avalible is of no valuo it sings which are worn ‘ut end have been retired are not disposed of proporty. Retred sings should be tagged DO NOT USE to prevent any further usage. The sing should be destroyed as soan as possible by cuting the eye and ftings from the rope Frequency of Inspections Both ASTM 8.309 and most Provnca Repulatons.raqure that Wwe rope. sings receive two pes of rspectons @ PRIOR TO USE visual” inspection, and adcional mspectons where severe condions warrant. Daly iMepoctons are ntonded to detec serous damage oF deteroraton which Would ‘weakon he sing, Look for obwaus fangs sch {5 broken wires, forks, crushing. roken ‘tachment severe coresion ‘ional inspectors must be cared out by a designated person who mist have good keowledge of ite rope. The fequency of these regular nspoctone shoud be based on (G) fequency of sing use (2) severyof sevice condtons (Gynatre ofits {@) por experence based on service Me of Sings used in similar cicumstances ‘An accrate WRITTEN and ded record of at condos observed shoud be Kept ot futher deals pease consut your local Provieial Regulations or eoplable Heat and Satey Act Apemanent xnkin a ‘hte pe sng enna lees of strength (Secarathe ing chock sing or token wes ng hin we breaks Inspec the beating pow ot mbes anda tached aroware Check broken ores unre te rope enters J ihe sleeve or socket. SSS === : tha the sng vas allowed to rae under oad and unused de, Remove eng for servo