CHAPTER 10: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Anatomy and Physiology 131
Vocabulary Matching
A) Extensor carpi radialis brevis
B) Palmaris longus
C) Flexor carpi ulnaris
D) Flexor digitorum profundus
1) ____Powerful flexor and adductor of hand.
2) ____Flexes distal interphalangeal joints.
3) ____Stabilizes the wrist during finger extension.
4) ____Extends and abducts the hand.
5) ____Tenses skin and fascia of palm during hand movements.
Match the following
A) Agonist (prime mover)
B) Antagonist
C) Fixator
D) Synergist
6) ____Muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle.
7) ____Muscle that stabilizes the origin of another muscle.
8) ____Muscle that is primarily responsible for bringing about a particular movement.
9) ____Muscle that aids another by promoting the same movement.
True and False Questions
10) A wheelbarrow is a good example of a second-class lever.
Answer:
11) Both first- and second-class levers operate at a mechanical disadvantage.
Answer:
12) Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is exactly the
same.
Answer:
13) Muscles are only able to pull, they never push.
Answer:
14) Regardless of type, all levers follow the same basic principle: effort farther than load from fulcrum =
mechanical advantage; effort nearer than load to fulcrum = mechanical disadvantage.
Answer:
15) The buccinator muscle compresses the cheek and is well developed in nursing infants.
Answer:
16) Muscles that help maintain upright posture are fixators.
Answer:
17) Deep muscles of the thorax promote movements for breathing.
Answer:
18) The deltoid is a prime mover of the arm that acts in adduction.
Answer:
19) The soleus is an antagonist of the gastrocnemius during plantar flexion.
Answer:
20) Muscles that help to maintain posture are best described as synergists.
Answer:
21) In order to propel food down to the esophagus, the pharyngeal constrictor muscles are used.
Answer:
22) The major head flexors are the sternocleidomastoid muscles, with the help of the muscles attached to the
hyoid bone.
Answer:
23) The arrangement of a muscle's fascicles determines its range of motion and power.
Answer:
24) Muscle power depends mostly on the total number of muscle fibers (cells) in the muscle.
Answer:
25) The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) is the largest tendon in the body.
Answer:
26) The diaphragm flattens and moves inferiorly during inspiration.
Answer:
27) The broadest muscle of the back is the latissimus dorsi.
Answer:
28) Muscle spasms of the back often are due to the erector spinae contraction.
Answer:
Multiple Choice Section
29) Which type of lever is exemplified by the flexing of the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle?
A) a first-class lever
B) a second-class lever
C) a third-class lever
D) a fourth-class lever
30) What muscle is primarily responsible for preventing foot drop?
A) extensor digitorum longus
B) tibialis anterior
C) extensor hallucis longus
D) fibularis tertius
31) What is the major factor controlling how levers work?
A) the structural characteristics of the muscles of the person using the lever
B) the weight of the load
C) the direction the load is being moved
D) the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
32) Which of the following is NOT a muscle primarily involved in the breathing process?
A) diaphragm
B) external intercostal
C) internal intercostal
D) latissimus dorsi
33) What is the main factor that determines the power of a muscle?
A) the length
B) the shape
C) the number of neurons innervating it
D) the total number of muscle fibers (cells) available for contraction
34) What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called?
A) a synergist
B) an agonist (prime mover)
C) an antagonist
D) a fixator
35) When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you about the
muscle?
A) The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively.
B) The muscle is able to change direction twice, three times, or four times faster than other muscles,
respectively.
C) The muscle has two, three, or four functions, respectively.
D) The muscle has two, three, or four insertions, respectively.
36) The most powerful muscle in the body is the ________.
A) quadriceps femoris
B) rectus abdominis
C) gastrocnemius
D) gluteus maximus
37) Which of the following describes a bipennate pattern of fascicles?
A) An arrangement that looks like many feathers side by side.
B) An arrangement in which the fascicles insert into only one side of a tendon.
C) An arrangement of five fascicles on each side of the tendon.
D) An arrangement in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides.
38) Which of the following describes the suprahyoid muscles?
A) They depress the larynx and hyoid bone if the mandible is fixed.
B) They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity.
C) They move the pharynx superiorly during swallowing.
D) They are often called strap muscles.
39) The supraspinatus is named for its location on the posterior aspect of the scapula above the spine. What is
its action?
A) to help hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity and rotate the humerus laterally
B) to initiate abduction of the arm, to stabilize the shoulder joint and to help prevent downward dislocation of
the humerus
C) to extend and medially rotate the humerus and to act as a synergist of the latissimus dorsi
D) to flex and adduct the humerus and to act as a synergist of the pectoralis major
40) Which of the following muscles is NOT a rotator cuff muscle?
A) supraspinatus
B) levator scapulae
C) teres minor
D) subscapularis
41) Which of the following muscles is involved in producing horizontal wrinkles in the forehead?
A) the medial pterygoid
B) the zygomaticus major
C) the frontal belly of the epicranius
D) the temporalis
42) At the grocery store a cute, little curly-haired child is standing behind you in line. You turn around for a
moment and she sticks her tongue out at you. Which tongue muscle did she use?
A) orbicularis oris
B) stylohyoid
C) hyoglossus
D) genioglossus
43) Which of these is the function of the external oblique muscles?
A) flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall
B) pull ribs toward one another to elevate the rib cage
C) extend vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite sides
D) elevate and adduct scapula in synergy with superior fibers of trapezius
44) Which of the following muscles is involved in crossing one leg over the other to produce the cross-legged
position?
A) the gastrocnemius
B) the sartorius
C) all of the hamstrings
D) the quadriceps femoris
45) Which of the following muscles inserts to the posterior calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon?
A) the semitendinosus
B) the sartorius
C) the tibialis anterior
D) the gastrocnemius
46) If a lever operates at a mechanical advantage, it means that the ________.
A) load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum
B) lever system is useless
C) effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum
D) load is near the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum
47) Which of the following muscles fixes and stabilizes the pelvis during walking?
A) internal oblique
B) external oblique
C) transversus abdominis
D) rectus abdominis
48) A muscle that opposes, or reverses, a particular movement is a(n) ________.
A) antagonist
B) fixator
C) synergist
D) agonist (prime mover)
49) What type of muscle assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an
agonist acts?
A) an antagonist
B) a prime mover
C) a synergist
D) an agonist
50) Which of the following is NOT a member of the hamstrings?
A) gracilis
B) semitendinosus
C) semimembranosus
D) biceps femoris
51) A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that inserts to the muscle which adults also use for
whistling (orbicularis oris). What is this muscle called?
A) platysma
B) masseter
C) zygomaticus
D) buccinator
52) The sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the ________.
A) sternum
B) clavicle
C) platysma
D) mastoid process of the temporal bone
53) In general, a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces ________.
A) extension
B) abduction
C) flexion
D) adduction
54) Which of these is NOT a way of classifying muscles?
A) muscle location
B) the type of muscle fibers
C) the type of action they cause
D) muscle shape
55) Which of the following muscles is used to form a smile?
A) corrugator supercilli
B) orbicularis oris
C) zygomaticus major
D) mentalis
56) Which of the following best describes the orbicularis oris?
A) It closes, purses, and protrudes the lips.
B) It pulls the lower lip down and back.
C) It draws the eyebrows together.
D) It closes the eye.
57) Which muscle group is involved when a "pulled groin" occurs?
A) quadriceps
B) thigh adductors
C) lateral rotators
D) hamstrings
58) What are the levers that operate at a mechanical advantage called?
A) speed levers
B) power levers
C) functional levers
D) dysfunctional levers
59) Tennis players often complain about pain in the arm (forearm) that swings the racquet. What muscle is
usually strained under these conditions?
A) the triceps brachii
B) the anconeus
C) the brachioradialis
D) the flexor digitorum profundus
60) Which muscle(s) is (are) contracted to exhale forcibly?
A) diaphragm alone
B) internal intercostals and rectus abdominus
C) external intercostals and diaphragm
D) rectus abdominis and diaphragm
61) Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh?
A) biceps femoris
B) vastus medialis
C) soleus
D) iliopsoas and rectus femoris
62) First-class levers ________.
A) have load at one end of the lever, fulcrum at the other, and effort applied somewhere in the middle
B) are typified by tweezers or forceps
C) in the body can operate at a mechanical advantage or mechanical disadvantage, depending on specific
location
D) are used when standing on tip-toe
63) What do the genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus muscles have in common?
A) All names reflect direction of muscle fibers.
B) Each acts synergistically to elevate the jaw.
C) All act on the tongue.
D) All names indicate the relative size of the muscle.
64) If L = load, F = fulcrum, and E = effort, what type of lever system is described as LEF?
A) first-class lever
B) second-class lever
C) third-class lever
D) fourth-class lever
65) Which of the following muscles is a flexor of the thigh at the hip?
A) tibialis posterior
B) vastus lateralis
C) adductor magnus
D) gluteus maximus
66) Which of the following muscles is involved in inversion at the ankle joint?
A) tibialis anterior
B) extensor digitorum longus
C) fibularis (peroneus) tertius
D) fibularis (peroneus) longus
67) Which of the following muscles serves as a common intramuscular injection site, particularly in infants as
the buttocks and arm muscles are poorly developed?
A) the vastus intermedius
B) the vastus medialis
C) rectus femoris
D) the vastus lateralis
68) Paralysis of which of the following muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee?
A) hamstring muscles
B) gluteal muscles
C) brachioradialis
D) soleus
69) Which of the following muscles does NOT act in plantar flexion?
A) popliteus
B) tibialis posterior
C) flexor digitorum longus
D) gastrocnemius and soleus
70) ________ is a powerful forearm extensor at the elbow joint.
A) Brachialis
B) Triceps brachii
C) Brachioradialis
D) Biceps brachii
71) The ________ is known as the "boxer's muscle."
A) biceps brachii
B) flexor digitorum longus
C) serratus anterior
D) rectus abdominis
72) The ________ runs deep to the internal oblique.
A) rectus abdominis
B) external oblique
C) latissimus dorsi
D) transversus abdominis
73) The ________ helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing.
A) orbicularis oris
B) mentalis
C) risorius
D) buccinator
74) The ________ tightens the neck and draws the corners of the mouth downward as in expressing horror.
A) sternohyoid
B) mentalis
C) platysma
D) sternocleidomastoid
75) The ________ is the main chewing muscle.
A) hyoglossus
B) masseter
C) lateral pterygoid
D) buccinator
76) The abnormal protrusion of the small intestine through a weak point in the muscle of the abdominal wall is
called a ________.
A) hernia
B) sprain
C) pulled muscle
D) hyperextension
77) The quadriceps femoris is composed of three "vastus" muscles and the ________.
A) biceps femoris
B) rectus femoris
C) semitendinosus
D) semimembranosus
78) The ________ is a synergist of the latissimus dorsi; it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus.
A) teres minor
B) infraspinatus
C) teres major
D) supraspinatus
79) The ________ extends the great toe.
A) tibialis anterior
B) fibularis (peroneous)tertius
C) gastrocneumius
D) extensor hallucis longus
