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Lecture 1 (Introduction)

This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete design. It discusses that concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, and reinforcing steel is used to resist tension. It describes how reinforced concrete works by bonding steel to concrete to produce a strong, stiff, and ductile material. It also summarizes key properties of concrete including compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and how these properties are measured and related to concrete strength.

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hssan Ali
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70 views7 pages

Lecture 1 (Introduction)

This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete design. It discusses that concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, and reinforcing steel is used to resist tension. It describes how reinforced concrete works by bonding steel to concrete to produce a strong, stiff, and ductile material. It also summarizes key properties of concrete including compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and how these properties are measured and related to concrete strength.

Uploaded by

hssan Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Reinforced Concrete

Design
Introduction
Lecture 1
Prepared by: Dr Hassan Aljaidah
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete material is made by mixing, cement water, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and frequently other additives to achieve a strong and workable
mixture.

When the reinforcement is strongly bonded to the concrete a strong


, stiff and ductile construction material is produced. This material is called
reinforced concrete is used extensively to construct foundation, structural
frame, storage tanks, shell roofs, highways, walls, dams, canals other
structures and building products.
Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete.
 Concrete is strong in compression, but weak
in tension. Cracks develop when ever the
loads, restrained shrinkage, or temperature
changes give rise to tensile stress more than
the tensile strength of concrete.

 Moment at point O due to applied load is


resisted by an internal tension and compression.

 Such a beam fail very suddenly and


completely when the first crack forms.

 In reinforced concrete beam after the crack in


tension side in the beam all the tension forces
will be restrained by the reinforcement
embedded in the bottom of beam.
Compressive Strength of Concrete
 The strength of concrete is controlled by proportioning of cement, coarse and
fine aggregate, water and various admixtures. The most important variable in
determining concrete strength is the water to cement (w/c) ratio.

 The lower the water/cement ratio, the higher the compressive strength.

 A certain minimum amount of water is necessary for the proper chemical action
in the hardening of concrete; extra water increases the workability (the ease of
concrete flow) but reduces strength.
How to measure compressive strength?

Cylindrical Test (ACI code) Cube Test (BS code)


 The strength of concrete is denoted by f’c which is compressive strength of test cylinders
(150mm) in diameter by (300mm) high measured on the 28th day after they cast.

 cylinder strength (fc’) is 80% of the 150mm cube strength (fcu) and 83% of the 200mm cube
strength.

fc‘= 0.8 fcu


Tensile Strength of Concrete
 Tensile strength is an important property that greatly affects
the extent and size of cracking in structures.

 Tensile strength is usually determined by using the split-


cylinder test in accordance with ASTM C496.

 Cylinder is placed on its side in the testing machine so that


the compression load P is applied uniformly along its
length.

 The cylinder will split in half when the tensile strength (𝑓𝑐𝑡 )
is reached.

𝒇𝒓 𝒐𝒓 fct = 0.62 √𝑓𝑐′ (Mpa)


Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
 The modulus of elasticity of concrete varies with
strength. Its also depends on the age of concrete,
properties of the aggregates and cement, rate of
loading, and the type and size of specimen.

 The initial modulus (tangent at origin), the tangent


modulus (at 0.5f’c), and the secant modulus are
noted.

 Usually the secant modulus at from 25 to 50% of


the compressive strength f’c is considered to be the
modulus of elasticity.

 ACI-8.5.1 suggests
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐′ (Mpa)

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