CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

In consortium with
CEBU CITY MEDICAL CENTER-COLLEGE OF
NURSING

PASSED BY: KYLIE MARIE C. BAS BSN 1-B

I. INTRODUCTION
TO TYPHOID FEVER
OBJECTIVES!
Explain what typhoid fever is,
including its definition, historical
context, and classification as an
infectious disease.
Give details on the causative agent
(Salmonella Typhi), how it is
transmitted, and the numerous risk
factors for acquiring typhoid fever.
Explore prevention and control
measures

A. DEFINTION
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the
bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. This
condition is distinguished by a prolonged fever, as well
as additional symptoms such as headache, abdominal
pain, and a rash. Typhoid fever is primarily spread
through the consumption of tainted food or water.

Typhoid fever are most common in parts of the world where water and food may be unsafe
and sanitation is poor. This may include South Asia, especially Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh
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B. Brief History
Historical records indicate that
epidemics similar to typhoid fever may
have happened as far back as ancient
times. However, throughout the
nineteenth century, a separate view
of typhoid fever as a distinctive illness
C. Causes
began to emerge. Karl Joseph Eberth The bacterium Salmonella enterica
identified Salmonella Typhi as the serotype Typhi causes typhoid fever.
causal agent of typhoid fever in 1880, The bacteria tend to reside in infected
which was followed by further people's feces and urine.
research and confirmation by others, contaminated food and water, direct
such as Georg Gaffky. In modern transmission, as well as asymptomatic
times, the introduction of efficient carriers, are the primary mechanisms
therapies, such as antibiotics, has of transmission.
substantially improved the outlook for
people suffering with typhoid fever.

II. EPIDEMIOLOGY
The World Health Organization
estimates that there are about 11–21
million cases of typhoid fever and
128,000–161,000 typhoid-related
deaths each year.
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A. High-Risk
Areas:
This is frequently associated with overcrowded
urban areas, insufficient sewage disposal
facilities, and poor hygiene practices. The
following are examples of high-risk areas:
Southeast Asian nations: such as Indonesia,
Vietnam, and the Philippines.
South Asia: Typhoid fever has been observed
in parts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and
Nepal.
South America: Significant outbreaks have
occurred in several regions of South America,
including Peru and a few other countries.
Sub-Saharan Africa: Several countries in
Sub-Saharan Africa are deemed high-risk
areas, including sections of Kenya, Nigeria,
and Sudan.

B. High-Risk
Individuals:
1. Children and young people are often more
vulnerable to typhoid fever. Severe cases, on
the other hand, can develop at any age.
2. Populations with lower income levels, limited
access to clean water, and inadequate
sanitation facilities are more vulnerable.
3. Travelers: Visitors to typhoid-prone areas,
particularly those visiting friends and relatives,
may be at increased risk if they are not
vaccinated or take basic hygiene precautions.
4. Individuals working in industries that require
close contact with contaminated water or
food.
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III. DIAGNOSIS
OF TYPHOID FEVER
A. Laboratory Tests
These are done to confirm the presence of
Salmonella Typhi bacteria or detect
antibodies developed in response to the
infection. Typical laboratory tests include:
1. Blood Analysis
This is the most conclusive test for
typhoid fever. A sample of the B. Differential Diagnosis
patient's blood is drawn and cultured
to look for Salmonella Typhi bacteria. Typhoid fever has symptoms that are
During the first week of illness, blood similar to those of several other disorders,
cultures are more likely to be positive. thus a differential diagnosis is required to
2. Culture of Stools: rule out other potential causes.
To extract bacteria from fecal samples, Malaria
a stool culture may be carried out The symptoms of typhoid fever and
under some circumstances. During the malaria often overlap in areas where both
later stages of the illness, stool infections are widespread. To distinguish
cultures are more successful. between them, a thorough examination
3. Culture of Bone Marrow and suitable diagnostic tests are required.
When blood cultures are inconclusive, Infections of the Gastrointestinal
bone marrow culture may be used. Tract
Various gastrointestinal infections can
occur, including food poisoning caused by
other bacteria or parasites.
05 04/12/2023

IV. TREATMENT
A. Antibiotics
Fluoroquinolones (such as
ciprofloxacin) and third-
generation cephalosporins (such
B. Nursing
as ceftriaxone) are common
antibiotics. In circumstances where Interventions
the other antibiotics are Regularly assess and monitor the
ineffective, azithromycin is an patient's vital signs, as well as the
alternative. temperature, pulse, respiratory
Treatment normally lasts 10 to 14 rate, and blood pressure.
days, and it is critical to finish the Administer oral or intravenous
entire course of antibiotics to fluids as prescribed to prevent
ensure total eradication of the dehydration and maintain
bacteria. electrolyte balance
Provide pain relief for headaches
and abdominal discomfort as
needed

V. PREVENTION
A. Vaccination
Individuals planning to go to areas
where typhoid is endemic should get
vaccinated. In most cases, two types
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of vaccines are used: injectable Vi

B. Sanitation and
Hygiene Practices
1. Water Safety: Promote the use of safe
and clean water for drinking and
cooking. Waterborne transmission can
be reduced by boiling water or utilizing
water purification technologies such as
water filters or chlorine tablets.
2. Food Safety: Washing hands before
handling food, properly cooking food,
avoiding raw or undercooked eggs and
meat, and consuming only pasteurized
dairy products are all part of this.
3. Personal Hygiene: Use regular soap
and water handwashing. Educate
people on the need of washing their
hands after using the restroom and
before eating or preparing food.

V. REFERENCES
Forster, D. P., & Leder, K. (2021). Typhoid fever in
travellers: estimating the risk of acquisition by country.
Journal of Travel Medicine, 28(8).
https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taab150
World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, March 30).
Typhoid. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/typhoid?
Typhoid fever - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic. (2023,
January 28). Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/typhoid