EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION

There have been many architectural styles used in Egyptian buildings over the centuries,
including Ancient Egyptian architecture, Greco-Roman architecture, Islamic architecture, and
modern architecture.

GREAT PYRAMID
VALLEY OF THE
OF GIZA
KINGS
It was built by Khufu
(Cheops), the second
The tombs in the
king of Egypt's 4th
Valley of the King
dynasty (c. 2575–c.
hold the remains
2465 bce), and was
of some of the
completed about
most famous
2560 bce. The

MORTUARY
TEMPLE OF
HATSHEPSUT

The mortuary
temple of
Hatshepsut (c.
1478/72-1458

COLOSSI OF
MEMNON

The Colossi of
Memnon were
completed in 1350
BCE, and by the
time of the Greco-
Roman Era over a
thousand years

1. What is the influence of these in present-day architecture?

ANSWER:
The influence of ancient Egyptian architecture on present-day architecture is remarkable.
Egyptian design principles, characterized by precise geometry, continue to inspire modern
architects. The use of right angles, symmetry, and geometric shapes seen in contemporary
buildings can be traced back to Egypt.

Egyptian columns and capitals have left a significant mark on architectural styles,
particularly neoclassical and art deco designs, where elements from Egyptian architecture
are adapted. The use of durable materials, notably stone, and an emphasis on sustainability
in construction can be attributed to the ancient Egyptians.
 Beyond these technical aspects, Egyptian architectural motifs are often used decoratively,
connecting modern designs to Egypt's rich cultural heritage. Additionally, Egyptian design is
frequently integrated into museum and exhibition architecture, creating immersive
experiences for visitors. In essence, the influence of Egyptian architecture endures in the
structures we build today, from subtle geometric references to overt cultural symbolism.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION

Ancient Greek architecture came from the Greek-speaking people (Hellenic people) whose
culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies
in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the earliest
remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC.

The Temple of
Zeus Periclean Parthenon
(built on 561–527 of Athens
BC
Completed 131 The temple known as
AD) the Parthenon was
built on the Acropolis
The Temple of of Athens between
Zeus was the 447 and 438 B. CE. It
largest and most
important building
at Olympia and

The Ancient Stadium

of Olympia
Erechtheion
The Erechtheion,
Stadium I was built in
also known as the
the mid-6th century
Erechtheum, is an
BC, with one of its
ancient Greek
short sides facing the
temple dedicated to
altar of Zeus. Stadium
the goddess Athena
II was moved further
and the god
to the east, with no
Poseidon-
Erechtheus.
 2. What is the influence of these in present-day architecture?
ANSWER:
Greek architecture has had a profound and enduring influence on present-day
architecture. The Greeks introduced classical elements such as columns, entablatures,
and pediments. The three primary column styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - remain
central in modern architecture, from government buildings to libraries. Greek principles
of proportion, harmony, and balance have become fundamental in architectural design.
The concept of the "Golden Ratio" is still applied in contemporary structures. The use of
open spaces and natural light, as seen in Greek temples, has influenced modern
building designs for aesthetics and energy efficiency. In essence, Greek architecture
continues to shape our built environment with its timeless and iconic features.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION

The Colosseum Roman Forum

The Colosseum is an
amphitheatre built in The Roman
Rome under the Forum, known as
Flavian emperors of Forum Romanum
the Roman Empire. It is in Latin, was a
also called the Flavian site located at the
Amphitheatre. It is an center of the
elliptical structure ancient city of
made of stone, Rome and the
concrete, and tuff, and location of
it stands four stories
tall at its highest point.

Trajan's Market

Trajan's Market
is the name
given in the early
The Pantheon 20th century CE
to a complex of
The Pantheon buildings in the
is one of the imperial fora of
best-preserved Rome
monuments of constructed in
ancient Rome.
The structure,
 3. What is the influence of these in present-day architecture?
ANSWER:
Roman architecture has left a lasting imprint on present-day architecture. The Romans
refined the arch, creating the basis for modern architectural structures. Their innovation
of concrete enabled the construction of vast and enduring buildings, including
aqueducts and amphitheaters, which inspired contemporary engineering. Elements such
as domes and vaults, showcased in iconic structures like the Pantheon, continue to
influence modern designs. The concept of urban planning, grid-based cities, and
infrastructure, developed by the Romans, underpins modern urban design. Roman
architectural principles emphasizing functionality, durability, and grandeur persist in the
construction of public buildings, bridges, and government structures, shaping the
architectural landscape today.

MIDDLE AGES ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION

Notre Dame de Paris

Hagia sophia
Notre Dame Cathedral is
a medieval Catholic Built between 532
cathedral located on the and 537, Hagia
eastern end of Île de la Sophia (Holy
Cité in Paris (small island Wisdom, Ayasofya)
in the Seine River). represents a brilliant
According to historians, moment in Byzantine
Notre Dame de Paris architecture and art.
was built on the ruins of It was the principal
earlier religious sites: a

Canterbury
Cathedral

It is the cathedral of
the Archbishop of
Cologne Canterbury, leader of
Cathedral the Church of
England and
Begun in 1248, symbolic leader of
the construction the worldwide
of this Gothic Anglican
masterpiece took
place in several
stages and was
4. What is the influence of these in present-day architecture?
ANSWER:
The Middle Ages have significantly impacted modern architecture. Gothic architecture
introduced pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, still evident in
contemporary designs. Medieval castles inspired both security and aesthetics in modern
fortifications. Timber framing techniques and exposed wooden beams are incorporated
in rustic and eco-friendly architecture. Revival movements like neo-Gothic and Tudor
styles continue to influence modern residential designs. Urban planning, influenced by
medieval towns, impacts modern city layouts. The emphasis on local materials,
craftsmanship, and sustainable construction methods derives from medieval building
practices. Moreover, the design of medieval churches and cathedrals inspires modern
sacred architecture, preserving elements of spiritual significance in today's religious
buildings.