BD O ceisiy, @ ses Yas A 5 d of the i Each year the Student Council conducts a food drive. At the en poole drive, the members report on the items collected. Subtracting PoNnrniels FFE] swastezecom | I CAN... combine like terms to simplify polynomials. VOCABULARY «+ Closure Property + degree of a monomial i . an ‘of a polynomial A. Describe two different. ‘ways that the students can sort the items that ‘= monomial were collected. + polynomial B. Model With Mathematics Write two expressions to represent the ee number and type of items collected, pobmomia G: Share your expression with classmates. How are the expressions similar? How are they different? Why are they different? How does adding or subtra Is compare to adding or SD ESSENTIAWOUESTION dithered CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OED Understand Polynomials ais, CC ‘A. Why does a constant have a degree of 07 the degree is 2 lumber exponents, The is the sum of the exponents of the variables wees 4 of a monomial. { stupy Te i | femembertofindthe sum of | The variable has an 2 ts theemmensel tevatbisia | oe 15x EP The sum of the variable each term, otjust the greatest > exponents is 7, so the | ®Ponent of any variable, degree is 7, Aconstant has no varia ble. However, any 50 you can multi ¥ Number to the 0 power is 1, Ply a constant by x? without changing the value of the constant. 7——+ 100 The exponent ofthe (1) >) variables 0, othe degree ofthis monomial is 0, So, the degree of a constant is 0, CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE Lescoma ss Scanned with CamScannerSL” & EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED ---. Os, B, Why is 5x3 - 4 called a cubic binomial? A polynomial is a monomial or the sum or difference of two or More monomials, called terms. Polynomials are named according to their degree. The degree of polynomial is the greatest degree of any term of the polyno Polynomial Pe Name Based on Degree 7 0 Constant ; Polynomials witha Linear x a degree greater than B24 +1 2 Quadratic 3 are named by —Sxly 3 Cubic deareefourth degeg a esr elf Fourth Degree filth degree, and soon Polynomials are also named according to how many terms they have, Number | Name Based on eeu of Terms | Number of Terms 4x 1 Monomial x+7 2 Binomial {Polynomials with more Sey tx 3 Tiinomial than 3 terms do not ae +ix—-y+el 4 Polynomial have special names. Lacy 97 +6 | 5x3 —4 is called a cubic binomial because it has a degree of 3 and two terns. @ Try It! 4. Name each polynomial based on its degree and number of terms. oe a. —2xy2 b. 6x" Bx ay Cubic Mowwncal Qodratic Tinouial. EZEEEED Write Polynomials in Standard Form What is the standard form of the polynomial 7x — 5 — x3 + 6x4 — 3x27 The standard form of a polynomial is the form of d form @ polynomial in which the terms are written in descending order according t. 0 their degree, | LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS | Why is writing polynomials in "standard form important? How will it be useful? Rewrite the polynomial in standard form. > Tx - 5 x3 + 6x4 — 3x2 6x has the greatest cae a : degree, 4, so write it first. 6x4 — x3 — 3x2 4 7x5, The standard form of the polynomial is 6x4 — x3 — 3x24. 7x _ 5, @ Try tt! 2. write each polyno a. 7 ~ 3x3 + 6x2 b. 2y-3-By2 <303+624+1 =9F + 24-3 in standard form. Scanned with CamScannerVOCABULARY © Remember ike fers are ter | Fgh excl the same variable "actors nan expresion LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS hich ters in a polynomial care lke terms? How does “ambining them change the palyrial? s B Om Om’ OFEZWEED Add and Subtract Monomials How can you use the properties of operations to combine like terms and write the expression 4x + 3x? + 2x + x? 45 in standard form? Use algebra tiles to model the expression. art 3d tet The terms with x and x? cannot be combined because the exponents are diferent. Rearrange the tiles to group like terms together. 2 + 6x +5. The expression 4x + 3x? + 2x +x? + 5 written in standard for You can also rewrite the expression in standard form using the properties of operations. x4 B24 HES = Bx? +x) 4 Ax +24) +5 4x2 + 6x45, You can apply the same properties cof operations for rel numbers to ‘operations with monomials @ Try tt! 3.combine lke terms and write each expression in standard form. a. Ax? — 3x - x2 + 3x b. 73 - 3y + 5y3-2y47 St FID -Sy +7 ‘Add Polynomials A. How is adding polynomials like adding whole numbers? Consider the expressions 123 + 405 and (x? + 2x + 3) + (ax? + 5). 123. Only ike place values P43 4405 | can be added. ae 2 5x? + 2x48 Before you add polynomials, the terms must be aligned with like terms. ‘This is similar to how, before adding whole numbers, the numbers must be aligned according to their place value. ‘CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE LESSON 2-1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 49 Scanned with CamScannerEXAMPLE 4 CONTINUED , What is the sum of To add two polynomi Method 1: Add vertically. (ax? + 2x-3) and (3x? + 6)? ‘als, combine like terms. Method 2: Add horizons %. (4x2 + 2x- 3) + B2 45 a ax? + 2x — 3 /, Align like terms. = (Ax2 + 3X) + 2) 4 (5 COMMON Oe tems 43x24 6 i 242K +3 7 Be careful to align ke Fey + S {Use the Commutative and 7) = 7x? + 2x wien ding pono ve Tx? + 2X43 | pcsociative Properties to ‘group like terms. on : The sum of (4x2 + 2x — 3) and (3x? + 6) is 7x" + ca 3. The sum of these two polynomials is a polynomial © Try Itt 4. simplify. wete each answer in standard form. = a. (3x2 + 2x) + (-x + 9) b, (-2x2 + 5x - 7) + 3x +7) Batt n+4 = ditt Ba QPLLEEED subtract Polynomials What is the difference (6x2 + 3x — 2)~ (3x? + 5x8)? To subtract two polynomials subtract like terms. Method COMMON ERROR Remember that subtraction is. | 2 6x? + 3x- adding the opposite. Be sure to Line up like terms 6x2 + 3x-2 Distribute —1 ae find the opposite of every term = | Then subtra x2 + 5x — 8) to each term. eae in the second polynomial by} Ss 3x? = 2+ distributing -1 to each term. subtract vertically by lining up like terms. __| Method 2: Subtract horizontally. Distribute —1 to each term (6x? + 3x - 2) - (3x? + 5x — 8) in the subtracted expression. = 6x? + 3x-2-3x2- 5x +8 Use the Commutative and | Associative Properties to combine like terms. Then simplify. = (6x? — 3x2) + (3x — 5x) + (-2 + 8) = 3x2 2x46 The difference of (6x? + 3x ~ 2) and (3x2 +. 5x — 8) is 3x2— 2x +6. The difference of these two polynomials is also a polynomial. In Examples 4 and 5, the result of adding or subtractin, i 5, two I another polynomial. The r rate are do states that polynomials are clo under addition or subtraction because th ions i e result of thes another polynomial. cabal @ Try It! 5. simplify. Write each answer in standard form. a. (3x2 4 4x 4 2) + (+x +4) earn) b. (-5x ~ 6) — (4x? + 6) “422 Sq. -19. Scanned with CamScannerBD Oren Q res ED Apply Polynomials ‘An engineer is reviewing the layout of a solar farm. The solar farm shown has 4 small panels, 33 medium panels, and 32 large panels. What is the total area of the farm's solar panels? APPLICATION —{>. ‘The total area of the large ‘The total area of the small solar panelsis represented solar panels is represented by 321? + 384x, by. | USE STRUCTURE ' How could you use what you know about polynomial addition to find an expression forthe atea ofeach small sla panel? The total area of the medium solar panels, is represented by 33x + 272K, ; (ia 384 0) Clk, ue fite an expression to represent the total area of the solar panels. “Ba Shoo Total area = Total area of + Total area of + Total area of large panels medium panels small panels (B2x2 + 384) + (83x74 272%) + (Ax? + 24x) 1 = (2x2 + 33x? + 4x?) 4+ (384x + 272K + 24y) " = 69x2 = 69x7 + 680x | Use the Commutative and Associative Properties to group like terms, Then add The total area of the solar panels is modeled by the expression 69x? + 680x, where x is the width, in meters, of each solar panel. gubtiact @ Try It! 6. what expression models the cifference between the total area of the large solar panels and the total area of the small solar panels? LESSON 2-1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 51 I Scanned with CamScanner@ concep summary Adding and Subtracting Polynomi a jal: 3x4 — 3x2 + dx — EULER) Standard Form of a Polynomial: 3x4 ~ 3x? + 4x ~ 2 In standard form the terms are wr queue The highest degree is 3, soitis cubic | LRG Adding Polynomials Subtracting Polynomials (2x3 + ax? — 5) + (4x3 + 2x2 — x +8) Gx? — 2x +4) ~ 3? x46) = (-2x3 + 4x3) + (x? + 2x2) + (ox) + (-5 +8) = 3x7 - 2x +4432 4x6 i = 2846x243 = OP +3) 4+ OE) 4G§ x? — x 2 ‘Add or subtract lke terms just ike you add or subtract digits with the same place value. Do You KNOW HOW? Name each polynomial based on its degree and number of terms. x pS 6.542 mean yee ey 4 Write each ghia in standard form. 8.2y-3-y2 -F42y-3 937-2446 4634 34k -Q 246 @ Do You UNDERSTAND? | QED How does adding or subtracting polynomials compare to adding or subtracting integers? 2, Communicate Precisely How does the definition of the prefixes mono-, bi-, and tri- help when naming polynomials? 3. Vocabulary Describe the relationship between the degree of a monomial and the standard form of a polynomial. Simplify each expression. 10. (x? + 2x ~ 4) + (2x2 — 5x — 3) 32 By-T 4, Use Structure Explain why the sum x +x is 11. Gx? — 5x — 8) + (44x? $ 2x $1) Joe Bae-] equal to 2x instead of x2. : 12. A square prism has square sides with area 5. Error Analysis Rebecca says that all x? + 8x-+ 16 and rectangular sides with area ‘monomials with the same degree are like 2x2 + 15x-+ 28. What expression represents terms. Explain Rebecca's error. ' the surface area of the square prism? (st+804 16): (Q12 + 1Gant 94) Sut + 29% UY “ ZA oontine sawasteseee” P TOPIC 2 Polynomials and Factoring Scanned with CamScanner@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Menu) 43. Reason How is it possible that the sum of two quadratic trinomials is a linear binomial? 44, Error Analysis Describe and correct the error a student made when naming the polynomial. -203 + 5x4 - 3xisa cubic trinomial x 45. Error Analysis. Describe and correct the error a student made when subtracting the polynomials. (-52+2e-3) - G2 -2x- 6) SP +2x-3- 32 -2x-6 ~xt-9 x 16. Reason What is the missing term in the equation? b, (2? +__41) - (__+ 5a +__) = 4a? - 2 +7 17. Higher Order Thinking Describe each statement as always, sometimes, or never true. a. Alinear binomial has a degree of 0. b. A trinomial has a degree of 2. © Aconstant has a degree of 1. d. A cubic monomial has a degree of 3. 18, Make Sense and Persevere Consider the set of linear binomials ax + b, where a and b are Positive integers, a> 0 and b > 0. . Does the set have closure for addition? Explai b. Does the set have closure for subtraction? Exp BD Orne Ores | Addon tree al Onion | Find the degree of each monomial. SEE EXAMPLE 1 19. (inca 20, -7Hy [gE Ancdvoby = a (ive . 21.21 longloint 22. ay Cuore ae Name each polynomial based on its degree and number of terms. see EXAMPLE 1 wl 23. Wyn? + xy-5 TOW, 24. 5x34 2-8 Cybie" Frinowue’ 1 25, 100x243 Buaddic Ps yorniod Se tee Simplify each expression. Write the answer in standard form. Ste EXAMPLES 2 AND 3 \ BI De — he 4 3x2 5x (28GB 4+ 8y2 — 12y? + 3y \ 39032 — 722 — 524 522+ 22? BOT = 2x43 + 5x4 4? ‘Add or subtract. Write each answer in standard form, SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 5 31. (3b-8) + (7b +4) 32, (2x? — 7x3 + 8x) + (-8x3 — 3x? + 4) 33. (5y? - 2y+ 1)- (+ +3) 34, (~7a4 — a + 4a?) — (-8a? + a - 74) 35. (4m? — 2m + 4) + (2m? + 2m 5) Write an expression to represent each situation, SEE EXAMPLE 6 36, Find the perimeter of the rectangle. x1 xed ‘A cube has square sides with area x? + 24x + 144. ‘What expression represents the surface area of the cube? 38. A rectangle has a length of 5x +2in. anda Width of 4x + 6 in, What is the perimeter of the rectangle? LESSON 2-1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 53 Scanned with CamScanner© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING 39, Mathematical Connections The perimeters of the two figures are equal. +6 +6 7 What expression represents the missing side length? 40, Make Sense and Persevere The owners of a house want to knock down the wall between the kitchen and family room. Kitchen +x +12 Family Room 2 + 10K + 24 What expression represents the area of the new combined open space? 41. Reason Polynomial A has degree 2; Polynomial B has degree 4. What can you determine about the name and degree of the sum of the polynomials and the difference of the polynomials if a. Polynomial A is a binomial and Polynomial 8 is a monomial? b. Both Polynomial A and Polynomial B are binomials? 42, Model With Mathematics A large indoor market is set up with 4 rows of booths. There are large booths with an area of x? sq. units, medium booths with an area of xq, units, and small booths with an area of 1 sq. unit. In the marketplace, two of the rows contain 7 large booths, 6 medium booths, and 5 small booths each. The other two rows each contain 3 large booths, 5 medium booths, and 10 small booths. What is the total area of the booths in the marketplace? 54 TOPIC 2 Polynomials and Factoring &, 1 Meader, Cals | 43, Which expression is equivalent to. : (x2 + 3x — 5) — (4x? + 3x - 6)? i @ 5x? + 6x—11 i @ -3x4 + 6x7 +1 241 @ -3x? + 6x-11 | a, SAT/ACT What is the sum of —2x? + 3x — ga, ‘ Bx? — 4x + 6? i @x4- x2 +2 ' @ 5x4 + 7x2 + 10 VM @2 bP —x+2 : Ox 45, Performance Task A room has the dimensions shown below. Molding was installed around the edge of the ceiling. — aera Ph LJ am Part A Write an expression to represent the amount of molding needed. H Part B Sam used 80 feet of molding. What is the measurement of each edge of the ceiling? 6 Scanned with CamScanner