Q.

1) Discuss various strategies of reading in

details. Which strategy do you think is most
effective of them all?
What Is Reading?
Reading is the process of looking at written symbols and letters and understanding the meaning of
them. It's one of the four main language skills alongside listening, speaking, and writing. Reading is
usually the third language skill that you learn in your language - it comes after listening and speaking.
When we read, we look at written symbols (letters, punctuation, spaces) and use our brains to convert
them into words and sentences that have meaning to us. We can read silently (in our heads) or read
aloud - speaking every word that we read.
To be able to read, we need to be able to:
 identify the words we see (word recognition).
 understand what they mean (comprehension).
 connect words and their meaning so that reading is automatic and accurate (fluency).

Different Types of Reading Skills and Strategies

What Are Reading Skills?
Reading skills contribute to a child's reading ability - in other words, how well they can read
and understand what they're reading. There's a wide variety of reading skills that children
develop and work on throughout their primary education and beyond.

These skills can be placed into four main categories: decoding, fluency, vocabulary, and
understanding sentences.

These main reading skills make up the bulk of a child's reading ability. Overall, they aim to
arm children with the skills to be able to understand the meaning of what they read. This is
not only essential for their English lessons and their other school subjects, but also for all
areas of life beyond their education.

What Are Reading Strategies for Reading in The Classroom?

Reading strategies are teaching methods and activities that teachers and parents can use with their
children to help develop language and reading skills. Strategies that improve decoding and reading
comprehension skills benefit every student, but are essential for beginning readers, struggling readers,
and English Language Learners.

There are many different reading strategies that you can apply to your reading sessions in the
classroom. To improve reading comprehension, teachers can introduce the 7 cognitive reading
strategies for effective readers. These focus on encouraging skills such as activating, inferring,
monitoring-clarifying, questioning, summarising, and visualising.

Keep a sharp eye on visual clues:

Does the book or text include any images that represent the text? Readers use the clues from the text
to create a picture in their head. They use all their senses and imagination to create their mental
image. Encourage your students to look at any visual clues in the text to see if they give you any clues
that will help them to decode the text.

Sound it out:
If your children are struggling with a particular word, break it down phonetically and say each sound
separately aloud. This should help them piece together tricky words and understand how sounds
interact. (Remember to look for diagraphs and trigraphs as you read.)

Summarising:
Summarising allows the reader to digest small snippets of information in a simple structure. This
means that they’re able to understand the basics of the text without needing to read it all. Using
summaries as a reading strategy can help children identify key information and phrases in a text.

Ask questions:
Readers should learn to ask and answer questions to clarify meaning and ensure they understand what
they have read. To help this reading strategy, encourage children to ask questions before, during and
after reading.

Make predictions:
Readers use written and visual clues from the text as well as their own person experiences to make
predictions about what might happen before, during and after reading. Using this strategy in reading
helps children become more confident in understanding key features of a story and piece together
clues in writing.

Story Mapping:
Story mapping is a great reading strategy that teachers and parents can use when working with
fictional texts. This strategy uses templates such as this Story Mapping Boxes Worksheet to create a
visual 'map' of the story plot, characters, setting and themes.

Comprehension monitoring:
Comprehension monitoring is a form of metacognition. This strategy involves the ability of readers to
know when they understand what they read, when they do not understand, and to use appropriate
strategies to improve their understanding when it is blocked.

Which strategy do you think is most effective of them all?

Although all these strategies are effective and contribute to overall effective reading.
However, for me sound it out and question answering is most effective as they make us able
to read even at our beginning of ready skill.
If your children are struggling with a particular word, break it down phonetically and say each sound
separately aloud. This should help them piece together tricky words and understand how sounds
interact. (Remember to look for diagraphs and trigraphs as you read.)
Readers should learn to ask and answer questions to clarify meaning and ensure they understand what
they have read. To help this reading strategy, encourage children to ask questions before, during and
after reading.
All the strategies that are earlier mentioned have their role but READ IT LOUD and QUESTION
ASKING is more important among all. Both make us good reader and help to improve reading at
earlier stages of reading.

Q. 2) What is note taking and what is its

significance? Also discuss various methods of note
taking.
Note-taking is the practice of recording information in a concise and organized manner for
future reference. It is a cognitive and often manual process where individuals capture
important points, ideas, facts, or details from lectures, meetings, books, or any other sources
of information. Notes can be handwritten or typed, and they may include summaries, key
concepts, diagrams, or any content deemed relevant by the note-taker.
Note-taking is an essential skill for students of all ages. It helps you to focus and stay
engaged in class, organize information, and improve your memory. Effective notetaking can
also help you to better understand the material and prepare for exams.

Here are some of the benefits of notetaking:

Improved focus and concentration: When you are taking notes, you are forced to pay
attention to the speaker or material. This can help you to stay focused and engaged in the
learning process.

Better organization of information: Notetaking can help you to organize information in a

way that makes it easier to understand and remember. This is especially helpful for complex
or detailed material.
Enhanced memory: The act of writing down information can help you to remember it better.
This is because writing down information creates a physical record that your brain can access
later.

Improved understanding: As you take notes, you are actively processing the information.
This can help you to better understand the material and make connections between different
ideas.

Preparation for exams: Effective notes can be a valuable resource when preparing for
exams. They can help you to review the material quickly and identify key points.

Methods:
There are many different methods of notetaking, and the best method for you will
depend on your learning style and preferences. Here are some of the most common
methods:

 The Cornell Method: The Cornell Method is a popular note-taking method

that was developed by Walter Pauk in the 1950s. It is based on the idea that
reviewing your notes after class is essential for effective learning.

To use the Cornell Method, divide your page into three sections: cues, notes, and
summary. The cues section is where you will write down key words and phrases
from the lecture or reading. The notes section is where you will write down more
detailed information. The summary section is where you will write down a brief
overview of the material after class.

 The Outlining Method: The Outlining Method is a structured note-taking

method that is useful for organizing information. It is based on the idea of
using levels of indentation to show the hierarchy of information.
To use the Outlining Method, start by writing down the main idea of the lecture or
reading. Then, write down the main supporting points of the main idea. Indent each
supporting point to the right. Continue to indent each supporting point as you move
down the hierarchy of information.

 The Mapping Method: The Mapping Method is a visual note-taking method

that is useful for summarizing information. It is based on the idea of using a
diagram to show the relationships between different ideas.

To use the Mapping Method, start by writing down the main idea of the lecture or
reading in the centre of the page. Then, write down the main supporting points of the
main idea around the main idea. Continue to branch out from the main idea to write
down more specific information.

 The Sentence Method: The Sentence Method is a simple note-taking

method that is useful for recording information quickly. It is based on the idea
of writing down each sentence or phrase that is important to remember.
 To use the Sentence Method, simply write down each sentence or phrase that
is important to remember. You can use abbreviations and symbols to save
time.

 The Charting Method: The Charting Method is a structured note-taking

method that is useful for organizing information in a table format. It is based
on the idea of using columns and rows to show the relationships between
different ideas.

To use the Charting Method, create a table with the following columns: main idea,
supporting point 1, supporting point 2, and so on. As you take notes, write down the
main idea in the first column, the first supporting point in the second column, and so
on.

 The Flow Notes Method: The Flow Notes Method is a visual note-taking
method that is useful for recording information in a non-linear format. It is
based on the idea of using arrows, circles, and other shapes to show the
relationships between different ideas.
To use the Flow Notes Method, start by writing down the main idea of the lecture or
reading. Then, write down the main supporting points of the main idea around the
main idea. Use arrows to connect the main idea to the supporting points and use
circles to group related information together.

Q.3 Highlight the strategies that we can adopt to

deliver an effective presentation. Do you use any
of these strategies in your presentation? Why or
why not?
Effective presentations
Think about if you were in the audience, what would:

 Get you to focus and listen.

 Make you understand.
 Activate your imagination.
 Persuade you.

Providing the audience with interesting information is not enough to achieve these aims - you
need to ensure that the way you present is stimulating and engaging. If it's not, you'll lose the
audience's interest, and they'll stop listening.

Tips for an Effective Presentation:

Professional public speakers spend hours creating and practicing presentations.
These are the delivery techniques they consider:

Keep it simple:
You shouldn't overwhelm your audience with information - ensure that you're clear,
concise and that you get to the point so they can understand your message.

Have a maximum of three main points and state them at the beginning, before you
explain them in more depth, and then state them at the end so the audience will at
least remember these points.

If some of your content doesn't contribute to your key message, then cut it out. Also
avoid using too many statistics and technical terminology.

Connect with your audience:

One of the greatest difficulties when delivering a presentation is connecting with the
audience. If you don't connect with them, it will seem as though you're talking to an empty
room.

Trying to contact the audience makes them feel like they're part of the presentation which
encourages them to listen, and it shows that you want to speak to them.

Eye contact and smile:

Avoiding eye contact is uncomfortable because it makes you look insecure. When
you maintain eye contact the audience feels like you're speaking to them personally. If this is
something you struggle with, try looking at people's foreheads as it gives the impression of
making eye contact.

Try to cover all sections of the audience and don't move on to the next person too quickly as
you will look nervous.
Smiling also helps with rapport and it reduces your nerves because you'll feel less like you're
talking to group of faceless people. Make sure you don't turn the lights down too much before
your presentation so you can all clearly see each other.

Body language:
 Be aware of your body language and use it to connect:
 Keep your arms uncrossed so your body language is more open.
 Match your facial expressions with what you're saying.
 Avoid fidgeting and displaying nervous habits, such as, rocking on your feet.

You may need to glance at the computer slide or a visual aid but make sure you
predominantly face the audience.

Emphasise points by using hand gestures but use them sparingly - too little and they'll
awkwardly sit at your side, too much and you'll be distracting and look nervous.

 Vary your gestures so you don't look robotic.

 Maintain a straight posture.
 Be aware of cultural differences.

Move around:
Avoid standing behind the lectern or computer because you need to reduce the distance and
barriers between yourself and the audience. Use movement to increase the audience's interest
and make it easier to follow your presentation.

A common technique for incorporating movement into your presentation is to:

 Start your introduction by standing in the centre of the stage.

 For your first point you stand on the left side of the stage.
 You discuss your second point from the centre again.
 You stand on the right side of the stage for your third point.
 The conclusion occurs in the centre.

Speak with the audience:

You can conduct polls using your audience or ask questions to make them think and feel
invested in your presentation.

There are three different types of questions:

  Direct
 Rhetorical
 Loaded

Direct questions require an answer: "What would you do in this situation?" These are
mentally stimulating for the audience. You can pass a microphone around and let the
audience come to your desired solution.

Rhetorical questions do not require answers, they are often used to emphasises an idea or
point: "Is the Pope catholic?

Loaded questions contain an unjustified assumption made to prompt the audience into
providing a particular answer which you can then correct to support your point: You may ask
"Why does your wonderful company have such a low incidence of mental health problems?"
The audience will generally answer that they're happy.

After receiving the answers, you could then say "Actually it's because people are still
unwilling and too embarrassed to seek help for mental health issues at work etc."

Be specific with your language:

Make the audience feel as though you are speaking to each member individually by using
"you" and "your."

For example:

asking "Do you want to lose weight without feeling hungry?" would be more effective than
asking "Does anyone here want to lost weight without feeling hungry?" when delivering your
presentation. You can also increase solidarity by using "we", "us" etc - it makes the audience
think "we're in this together".
Be flexible:
Be prepared to adapt to the situation at the time, for example, if the audience seems bored
you can omit details and go through the material faster, if they are confused then you will
need to come up with more examples on the spot for clarification. This doesn't mean that you
weren't prepared because you can't predict everything.

Do you use any of these strategies in your

presentation?
Yes, I have used all these strategies in my presentation to make my presentation effective and
well organized. And to make it so, that I can get attention of my audience.

I have used the strategies like Know your audience, Keep it simple, Move round , Make eye
contact , Know motive of presentation , Include audio and visual aids and Keep an eye on
time.

In crafting my presentation, I consciously applied several strategies to ensure its effectiveness

and organization, aiming to capture the attention of my audience. Here's a breakdown of the
key strategies I employed:

1. Knowing My Audience: I tried to understand the preferences, knowledge levels, and

expectations of my audience. This helped me tailor my content to align with their
interests.

2. Keeping It Simple: I prioritized simplicity in my communication, ensuring that the

message was clear and easy to understand. Avoiding unnecessary complexity was
crucial for audience comprehension.

3. Moving Around: Recognizing the importance of keeping the presentation dynamic, I

incorporated movement to prevent it from becoming static. Walking around the space
added a sense of energy and engagement.

4. Making Eye Contact: Establishing eye contact with my audience was a conscious
effort. This not only conveyed confidence but also fostered a more personal
connection, making the presentation relatable.

5. Knowing the Motive of My Presentation: Clearly defining the purpose of my

presentation helped me stay focused. Knowing the key takeaway ensured that my
audience left with a clear understanding of the message I wanted to convey.
 6. Including Audio and Visual Aids: I integrated audio and visual elements
strategically to enhance understanding and retention. Visuals and sound added variety
and interest to the presentation.

7. Keeping an Eye on Time: Recognizing the importance of time management, I

carefully monitored the clock to ensure that I covered all essential points within the
allocated time frame.

Q.4) Audio-Visual aids play a significant role in

making a presentation effective. Elaborate the
pros and cons of using various audio-visual aids in
your presentation. Quote some examples from
your personal experience.
Vocal variety:
How you say something is just as is important as the content of your speech - arguably, more
so.

For example, if an individual presented on a topic very enthusiastically the audience would
probably enjoy this compared to someone who covered more points but mumbled into their
notes.

 Adapt your voice depending on what are you're saying - if you want to highlight
something then raise your voice or lower it for intensity. Communicate emotion by
using your voice.
 Avoid speaking in monotone as you will look uninterested and the audience will lose
interest.
 Take time to pronounce every word carefully.
 Raise your pitch when asking questions and lower it when you want to sound severe.
 Sound enthusiastic - the more you sound like you care about the topic, the more the
audience will listen. Smiling and pace can help with this.
 Speak loudly and clearly - think about projecting your voice to the back of the room.
 Speak at a pace that's easy to follow. If you're too fast or too slow it will be difficult
for the audience to understand what you're saying and it's also frustrating. Subtly
fasten the pace to show enthusiasm and slow down for emphasis, thoughtfulness, or
caution.
Prior to the presentation, ensure that you prepare your vocal cords:
 You could read aloud a book that requires vocal variety, such as, a children's book.
  Avoid dairy and eating or drinking anything too sugary beforehand as mucus can
build-up leading to frequent throat clearing.
 Don't drink anything too cold before you present as this can constrict your throat
which affects vocal quality.
 Some people suggest a warm cup of tea beforehand to relax the throat.

Use visual aids:

Visual aids are items of a visual manner, such as graphs, photographs, video clips etc used in
addition to spoken information. Visual aids are chosen depending on their purpose, for
example, you may want to:

 Summarise information.
 Reduce the number of spoken words, for example, you may show a graph of your results
rather than reading them out.
 Clarify and show examples.
 Create more of an impact. You must consider what type of impact you want to make
beforehand - do you want the audience to be sad, happy, angry etc?
 Emphasise what you're saying.
 Make a point memorable.
 Enhance your credibility.
 Engage the audience and maintain their interest.
 Make something easier for the audience to understand.

Some general tips for using visual aids:

 Think about how a visual aid can support your message. What do you want the audience to
do?
  Ensure that your visual aid follows what you're saying, or this will confuse the audience.
 Avoid cluttering the image as it may look messy and unclear.
 Visual aids must be clear, concise and of a high quality.
 Keep the style consistent, such as, the same font, colours, positions etc.
 Use graphs and charts to present data.
 The audience should not be trying to read and listen at the same time - use visual aids to
highlight your points.
 One message per visual aid, for example, on a slide there should only be one key point.
 Use visual aids in moderation - they are additions meant to emphasise and support main
points.
 Ensure that your presentation still works without your visual aids in case of technical
problems.

Personal Experience:
I am a student of BS Chemistry. In my second semester, I was assigned a presentation on the
topic of effective presentation skills by my professor, Tayyaba Tajammal. I created slides for
my presentation, focusing on incorporating audio, video, and visual elements, as research
suggests that people tend to remember more through non-verbal cues than verbal
communication.
For this presentation, I added more visual information and minimized verbal content. I aimed
to convey my topic by focusing more on non-verbal elements, aligning with the research
indicating that people retain information better through visual means.

Pros and Cons:

Vocal Variety:
Pros:
1. Enhanced Engagement: Using vocal variety captivates the audience's attention and
makes the presentation more interesting, increasing engagement.

2. Emotional Impact: The ability to adapt your voice to convey emotions can create a
stronger connection with the audience and enhance the impact of your message.

3. Clarity and Understanding: Pronouncing words clearly and adjusting your pace ensures
that the audience can follow your speech, promoting better understanding.

4. Expressiveness: Varying pitch and tone allows for expressiveness, making the presentation
more dynamic and compelling.

5. Demonstrates Enthusiasm: Sounding enthusiastic and caring about the topic can
positively influence how the audience perceives the content and the presenter.

6. Improved Communication: Speaking loudly, clearly, and at an appropriate pace

contributes to effective communication, ensuring that the message is conveyed effectively to
the entire audience.
Cons:
1. Overemphasis on Style: Focusing too much on vocal variety may detract from the
substance of the presentation, leading to a style-over-substance issue.

2. Potential for Distraction: Excessive vocal variety, if not used judiciously, can become
distracting and may overshadow the core message.

3. Subjective Perception: What sounds enthusiastic to one person might be perceived

differently by another. Balancing enthusiasm without sounding exaggerated is a challenge.

4. Difficulty in Consistency: Maintaining a consistent level of vocal variety throughout a

presentation can be challenging, and a lack of consistency may affect the overall coherence of
the speech.

5. Cultural Sensitivity: Different cultures may interpret vocal cues differently. What is
considered enthusiastic in one culture might be perceived differently in another.

Visual Aids:
Pros:
1. Enhanced Understanding: Visual aids can simplify complex information, making it
easier for the audience to comprehend.

2. Increased Engagement: Well-designed visuals capture attention and maintain interest,

preventing the audience from becoming bored or disengaged.

3. Memorability: Visual aids help in reinforcing key points, making the information more
memorable for the audience.

4. Credibility Boost: Well-prepared visual aids enhance the presenter's credibility and
professionalism.

5. Impactful Communication: Visual aids can evoke emotions and create a more profound
impact, depending on the nature of the content.

Cons:
1. Technical Issues: Dependency on visual aids can be risky if technical problems arise,
potentially disrupting the flow of the presentation.

2. Distraction: Poorly designed or cluttered visuals can distract the audience, drawing
attention away from the spoken message.

3. Time Consumption: Creating and incorporating visual aids can be time-consuming, and
overloading the presentation with visuals may extend its duration.

4. Misalignment with Message: If not carefully chosen, visual aids may not align with the
spoken content, leading to confusion or misinterpretation.
5. Overreliance: Presenters might become overly reliant on visuals, diminishing their ability
to communicate effectively without them.

Both vocal variety and visual aids, when used effectively, can significantly enhance a
presentation. The key is to strike a balance and ensure that these elements complement the
message rather than overshadow it.
Q.5) What is research proposal? What are various
parts of a research proposal?
A research proposal is a concise and coherent summary of a proposed research project. It outlines the
key elements and objectives of the study and is typically written before the actual research is
conducted. The purpose of a research proposal is to present the logical reasons for the research, its
significance, and the plan for its execution. Here are the various parts commonly found in a research
proposal:

1. Title:
Purpose:

The title should provide a concise and clear overview of the research project, capturing the
soul of the study and its focus.

Tips:

 Keep the title concise, typically within 15-20 words.

 Use descriptive and informative language that accurately reflects the research topic.
 Avoid using jargon or overly technical terms that may not be understood by a general
audience.

2. Introduction:
Purpose:

The introduction sets the stage for the research project, providing background information,
introducing the research problem or question, and establishing the significance of the study.

Tips:

 Begin with a brief overview of the research area, highlighting its importance and relevance.
 Clearly articulate the research problem or question that your study aims to address.
 Conduct a thorough literature review to establish the current state of knowledge and identify
gaps in understanding.
 Clearly state the objectives or hypotheses of the research, outlining the specific goals or
expected outcomes of the study.
  Explain the significance of the research, emphasizing its contribution to existing
knowledge and potential impact or practical applications.

3. Research Design and Methodology:

Purpose:

This section outlines the overall approach to the research, including the research design, data
collection methods, and data analysis techniques.

Tips:

 Describe the research design, specifying whether it is qualitative, quantitative, or mixed

methods.
 Clearly explain the data collection methods, including details about participants,
instruments, and procedures.
 Provide a detailed description of the data analysis techniques you will use to interpret the
collected data.
 Justify your choice of research methods and data analysis techniques, explaining their
appropriateness for the research question and objectives.

4. Sampling Strategy:
Purpose: This section describes the sampling method used to select participants or data
sources for the study.

Tips:

 Clearly define the target population, the group from which you will draw your sample.
 Explain the sampling method, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, or convenience
sampling.
 Justify your choice of sampling method, explaining how it ensures a representative and
unbiased sample.

5. Ethical Considerations:

Purpose:

This section addresses ethical concerns related to the research, ensuring that the study is
conducted in a responsible and ethical manner.

Tips:
 Discuss ethical issues such as participant consent, confidentiality, and potential risks.
 Explain how you will obtain informed consent from participants and protect their privacy and
confidentiality.
 Describe measures you will take to minimize any potential risks to participants.
6. Timeline:

Purpose:

This section provides a realistic timeline for the completion of different phases of the
research project.

Tips:

 Break down the research project into manageable phases, such as literature review, data
collection, data analysis, and writing.
 Estimate the time required for each phase, considering factors such as data collection
procedures, analysis complexity, and writing time.
 Present the timeline in a clear and concise format, such as a table or chart.

7. Budget (if applicable):

Purpose:

This section outlines the estimated costs associated with various aspects of the research
project if funding is required.

Tips:

 Itemize the different expenses, such as personnel costs, equipment, materials, and travel.
 Provide a detailed breakdown of each expense, including estimated amounts and
justifications.
 Present the budget in a clear and transparent manner, using a table or chart format.

8. References:
Purpose:

This section lists all the sources cited in the research proposal, ensuring proper academic
integrity, and giving credit to the original authors.

Tips:

 Follow a consistent citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, as specified by the
institution or funding agency.
 Include all sources referenced in the proposal, including books, journal articles, and websites.
 Format the references correctly, using the appropriate format for each citation style.

Additional Tips for Writing a Strong Research Proposal:

 Write clearly and concisely, using plain language that is easy to understand for a general
audience, avoiding jargon and overly technical terms.
 Proofread carefully to ensure the proposal is free of grammatical errors and typos.
 Tailor the proposal to the specific requirements of the institution, funding agency, or
guidelines provided.
 Seek feedback from colleagues or supervisors to improve the proposal's clarity, structure, and
content.
 Follow the submission guidelines carefully, ensuring all required documents and formatting
specifications are met.