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SLB Field Manula

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JET Manual 10

Acid Storage, Handling,

Transportation, and
Mixing
Version 2.0
JET Manual 10 — Acid Storage,
Handling, Transportation, and
Mixing
Reference: InTouch content ID# 4221679
Version: 2.0
Release Date: 04-Jun-2013
EDMS UID: 1656413344
Produced: 04-Jun-2013 16:13:09
Owner: WIS T&D, WS T&D
Author: InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP,
InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET

Private JET
Developm
Tr
andansportation,
Disposal,
10, JET
ent,Manual
Acid
AcidStorage,
10,
EquWS
ipment,
Acid
Tr aining
Mixing,
Handling
& Spills
, Acid

Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

WIS T&D, WS T&D\InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP, InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET\InTouch content ID# 4221679\2.0\Release Date:04-Jun-2013\EDMS UID: 1656413344\Produced: 04-Jun-2013 16:13:09 JET Manual 10 / Legal Information

Legal Information

Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

This work contains the confidential and proprietary trade secrets of Schlumberger
and may not be copied or stored in an information retrieval system, transferred,
used, distributed, translated or retransmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, in whole or in part, without the express written
permission of the copyright owner.

Trademarks & Service marks

Schlumberger, the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used

to identify the products and services described herein are either trademarks,
trade names or service marks of Schlumberger and its licensors, or are the
property of their respective owners. These marks may not be copied, imitated
or used, in whole or in part, without the express prior written permission of
Schlumberger. In addition, covers, page headers, custom graphics, icons, and
other design elements may be service marks, trademarks, and/or trade dress
of Schlumberger, and may not be copied, imitated, or used, in whole or in part,
without the express prior written permission of Schlumberger.

A complete list of Schlumberger marks may be viewed at the Schlumberger

Oilfield Services Marks page: http://markslist.slb.com
Marks of Schlumberger include but may not be limited to CemCADE*,
DeepSTIM*, i-District*, i-Handbook*.

Private
Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.
WIS T&D, WS T&D\InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP, InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET\InTouch content ID# 4221679\2.0\Release Date:04-Jun-2013\EDMS UID: 1656413344\Produced: 04-Jun-2013 16:13:09 JET Manual 10 / Document Control

Document Control
Owner: WIS T&D, WS T&D

Author: InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP, InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET

Reviewer: Steve Davies

Approver: InTouch-Stimulation

Contact Information
Name: WIS T&D, WS T&D
LDAP Alias: WS-PPC-TechCom

Revision History
Version Date Description Prepared by

2.0 04-Jun-2013 Revised the manual to include the latest acid Author: Deepa Jain (WIS
storage, handling, transportation, and mixing T&D), Muhamad Arifin
information. Converted the manual from (InTouch-CTS), Jeff Beckel
InDesign to XML format in EDMS. (InTouch-OSP), Steve Davies
(InTouch-Stimulation), Dennis
Johnson (PPC-SET), Jocelyn
Campitelli (PPC-TechCom)

1.0 31-Jan-2007 First version of the manual. Author: WS Training &

Development

Regulatory Compliance

Waste management
IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR CORRECT DISPOSAL OF THE EQUIPMENT
This symbol means that the equipment cannot be discarded in a rubbish-bin. At
its end of life, the equipment and/or its components must be treated, following
Schlumberger Environmental procedures, in compliance with Schlumberger QHSE
Policy and applicable laws and regulations on waste management.

Foreword
New releases of this document supersede any other version. The most current
version of the document is in www.InTouchSupport.com.

If you have a printed copy, check the "Release Date" against the content in
InTouch to be sure you have the most current version.

This document is OBSOLETE when printed.

Table of Contents

Regulatory Compliance __________________________________________ iv

Foreword _________________________________________________________ v

1 Introduction ____________________________________________________ 1-1

1.1 Learning Objectives __________________________________________ 1-2
1.2 Safety Warning ______________________________________________ 1-2

2 Acid Properties and Hazards ___________________________________ 2-1

2.1 Definition of an Acid __________________________________________ 2-1
2.2 Applications _________________________________________________ 2-2
2.3 Acid Properties ______________________________________________ 2-2

3 Use of Acids in the Oilfield _____________________________________ 3-1

3.1 Current Oilfield Acid Applications ______________________________ 3-1
3.2 Historical Background ________________________________________ 3-2
3.3 Acid System Selection _______________________________________ 3-3
3.4 Description of Acids Used in the Oilfield _______________________ 3-5
3.5 Acid Additives _______________________________________________ 3-8

4 Safety Considerations __________________________________________ 4-1

4.1 Safety Standards ____________________________________________ 4-1
4.2 Responsibilities ______________________________________________ 4-2
4.3 Personal Protective Equipment _______________________________ 4-3
4.4 Hazard Communication Documents ___________________________ 4-7
4.5 Transportation ______________________________________________ 4-14

5 Acid Supply ____________________________________________________ 5-1

5.1 Acid Supply Packaging _______________________________________ 5-1
5.2 Material Specifications _______________________________________ 5-3
5.3 Procedure to Receive Acid at the District ______________________ 5-3
5.4 Inventory Control ____________________________________________ 5-4

6 Acid Storage ___________________________________________________ 6-1

6.1 Safety Equipment ___________________________________________ 6-11
6.2 Acid Storage Tanks _________________________________________ 6-18
6.3 Fume Scrubber _____________________________________________ 6-24
6.4 Water Storage ______________________________________________ 6-27
6.5 Acid Mix/Transfer Tank ______________________________________ 6-28
6.6 Liquid Additive System ______________________________________ 6-30

6.7 Dry Additive System ________________________________________ 6-31

6.8 Pipe Work, Valves, and Fittings ______________________________ 6-31
6.9 Acid Transfer _______________________________________________ 6-32
6.10 Liquid Additive Pumps _______________________________________ 6-39
6.11 Transfer Hoses and Connections ____________________________ 6-40

7 Acid Transport Equipment _____________________________________ 7-1

7.1 Mobile Acid Transporter ______________________________________ 7-1
7.2 Acid Transport Tanks _________________________________________ 7-3

8 Acid Tank and Transport Equipment Maintenance ______________ 8-1

8.1 Tank Maintenance ___________________________________________ 8-2
8.2 Trailer and Tractor ___________________________________________ 8-7
8.3 Additional Testing and Inspection _____________________________ 8-9
8.4 Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance ____________________ 8-9

9 Acid Mixing Procedures and Calculations ______________________ 9-1

9.1 HCl-Specific Calculations _____________________________________ 9-1
9.2 Acetic Acid __________________________________________________ 9-3
9.3 Mud Acid ____________________________________________________ 9-4
9.4 Clay Acid ____________________________________________________ 9-5
9.5 Other Acids __________________________________________________ 9-5
9.6 AcidMIX Formulator __________________________________________ 9-5

10 Operating Requirements and Procedures _____________________ 10-1

11 Acid Spills and Disposal ______________________________________ 11-1

11.1 Reporting ___________________________________________________ 11-2
11.2 Spill Prevention and Control Plan ____________________________ 11-3
11.3 MSDSs _____________________________________________________ 11-4
11.4 Spill Kits ____________________________________________________ 11-4
11.5 Disposal ____________________________________________________ 11-5

12 Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements _____________________ 12-1

13 Check Your Understanding ____________________________________ 13-1

List of Figures

2-1 Measuring Specific Gravity with a Hydrometer (Read at the Bottom of the
Meniscus)_________________________________________________________ 2-3
2-2 pH Scale __________________________________________________________ 2-4
2-3 pH Meter__________________________________________________________ 2-5
3-1 Pumping Acid in the Old Days ______________________________________ 3-2
3-2 Limestone_________________________________________________________ 3-4
3-3 Sandstone ________________________________________________________ 3-4
4-1 Goggles __________________________________________________________ 4-4
4-2 Face Shield _______________________________________________________ 4-4
4-3 Protective Suit_____________________________________________________ 4-5
4-4 Respirator_________________________________________________________ 4-6
4-5 Breathing Mask____________________________________________________ 4-6
4-6 US Chemical Label for 15% HCI ___________________________________ 4-10
4-7 EU Chemical Label for 33% HCI ___________________________________ 4-11
4-8 Canadian Chemical Label for 15% HCI_____________________________ 4-12
4-9 Fire Diamond NFPA 704 __________________________________________ 4-13
4-10 Transport Placards _______________________________________________ 4-14
4-11 ADR TREM Card for 15% HCl _____________________________________ 4-15
5-1 Commercial Acid Transporter_______________________________________ 5-1
5-2 Acid Railcar in Kazakhstan _________________________________________ 5-1
5-3 Acid Tote Tank (IBC) _______________________________________________ 5-2
5-4 220-Liter Acid Drums ______________________________________________ 5-2
6-1 Acid Storage Tanks at a Schlumberger Location _____________________ 6-1
6-2 Fume Scrubber with Electric Water Pump ___________________________ 6-2
6-3 Acid and Water Storage Tanks______________________________________ 6-2
6-4 Wilden Transfer Pumps and Acid Mix Tank __________________________ 6-2
6-5 Acid Mixing Tank with Electric Paddle _______________________________ 6-2
6-6 Liquid Additive Storage Tanks and Pumps___________________________ 6-2
6-7 Acid Loading Area with Loading Arm/Hose __________________________ 6-2
6-8 Acid Storage Tanks and Loading Area ______________________________ 6-3
6-9 Control Panel for Acid Plant ________________________________________ 6-3
6-10 Liquid Additive Storage Tanks and Fume Scrubbers__________________ 6-3
6-11 Liquid Additive Storage Totes, Fume Scrubbers and Loading Arm_____ 6-3
6-12 20,000 galUS Acid Storage Tanks with Suction and Filler-Up Lines____ 6-4
6-13 Rear of Acid Storage Tanks ________________________________________ 6-4
6-14 Acid Valve and Suction on Acid Storage Tanks ______________________ 6-4
6-15 Restricted Access to Acid Plant_____________________________________ 6-4
6-16 General View of Acid Storage Tanks, Water Supply Tank, and Fume Scrubber
(with Lagged Point) ________________________________________________ 6-5
6-17 Acid Storage Tanks, Piping, and Walkway (Notice Secondary Containment
Wall)______________________________________________________________ 6-5
6-18 Eye Wash Station (Notice Lagging for Cold Weather) ________________ 6-5
6-19 Acid Plant with Acid Railcar to be Offloaded _________________________ 6-5
6-20 Acid Bulk Plant Tank _______________________________________________ 6-6

6-21 Manifolding Between Acid Tanks____________________________________ 6-6

6-22 2 x 30,000-galUS Rubber Lined Acid Tanks and Fume Scrubber with
Secondary Containment and Warning Signs _________________________ 6-6
6-23 Safety Shower and Equipment at Loading Point _____________________ 6-6
6-24 Acid Transfer Pumps_______________________________________________ 6-6
6-25 Acid Bulk Plant ____________________________________________________ 6-7
6-26 Acid Storage Plant_________________________________________________ 6-7
6-27 Bakersfield, California, Acid Bulk Plant ______________________________ 6-7
6-28 Loading Acid, Villahemosa, Mexico (View 1) _________________________ 6-7
6-29 Loading Acid, Villahemosa, Mexico (View 2) _________________________ 6-7
6-30 Galaxie Stimulation Vessel _________________________________________ 6-8
6-31 BIGORANGE 25 Stimulation Vessel ________________________________ 6-8
6-32 DeepSTIM Stimulation Vessel ______________________________________ 6-9
6-33 DeepSTIM III Stimulation Vessel____________________________________ 6-9
6-34 DeepSTIM Acid Storage __________________________________________ 6-10
6-35 BIGORANGE XVIII (North Sea)____________________________________ 6-10
6-36 BIGORANGE XVIII Liquid Additive Storage and Pumps _____________ 6-10
6-37 BIGORANGE XVIII _______________________________________________ 6-11
6-38 Revetment Area Before the Installation of Acid Tanks _______________ 6-12
6-39 Protective Lining Laid in Acid Tank Area, View 1 ____________________ 6-13
6-40 Protective Lining Laid in Acid Tank Area, View 2 ____________________ 6-13
6-41 Safety Signs on Acid Tank_________________________________________ 6-14
6-42 Safety Shower and Eye Wash Station ______________________________ 6-15
6-43 Typical Mobile Spill Kit ____________________________________________ 6-17
6-44 Spill Kit Contents _________________________________________________ 6-17
6-45 12,000 galUS HDXLPE Acid Storage Tank _________________________ 6-19
6-46 Schematic of Acid Tank ___________________________________________ 6-20
6-47 15,000 galUS Rubber-Lined Acid Tank _____________________________ 6-21
6-48 6,000 galUS Butyl-Lined Acid Tank ________________________________ 6-21
6-49 Acid Fume Scrubber ______________________________________________ 6-24
6-50 Schematic of Acid Fume Scrubber _________________________________ 6-25
6-51 Marsh Pump Used for Fume Scrubber _____________________________ 6-26
6-52 Fume Scrubber Absorption Efficiency ______________________________ 6-27
6-53 Acid Mix Tank ____________________________________________________ 6-29
6-54 Liquid Additive Tank (TuffTank II) __________________________________ 6-30
6-55 Dry Powder Mixer Schematic ______________________________________ 6-31
6-56 Delasco Pump (SUS-239) _________________________________________ 6-33
6-57 Delasco Pump Schematic _________________________________________ 6-34
6-58 Wilden Pump (SUS-271), Example of Chugger Pump _______________ 6-35
6-59 Wilden Pump Schematic __________________________________________ 6-36
6-60 Ramparts Acid Centrifugal Pump __________________________________ 6-37
6-61 March Series-10 Centrifugal Pump_________________________________ 6-38
6-62 Liquid Additive Skid (SUS-533) ____________________________________ 6-39
6-63 2-in WECO Figure 206 Union______________________________________ 6-41
6-64 Hose for Wilden and Delasco Pumps ______________________________ 6-42
6-65 4-in Orange Hose Covers on Discharge Lines ______________________ 6-42
7-1 STF-151 Acid Transporter __________________________________________ 7-1
7-2 STF-144 Acid Transporter __________________________________________ 7-2

7-3 1,000 galUS Acid Transport Tank (SSS-111) ________________________ 7-4

7-4 2,000 galUS Acid Transport Tank (SSS-121) ________________________ 7-4
7-5 Containerized Acid Transport Tank__________________________________ 7-5
7-6 Top Hatch of SSS-111 Acid Tank with Safety Devices ________________ 7-6
8-1 Crack in Weld on Bottom Suction of a Transport Trailer ______________ 8-3
8-2 Blister in Rubber Lining Wrongly Used to Transport Solvents _________ 8-6
8-3 Check the Tractor _________________________________________________ 8-8
8-4 Prejob Check of Trailer_____________________________________________ 8-8
9-1 AcidMIX Formulator Input Screen 1 _________________________________ 9-6
9-2 AcidMIX Formulator Input Screen 2 _________________________________ 9-6
11-1 Acid Spill_________________________________________________________ 11-1
11-2 Acid Spill from 55-galUS Drums ___________________________________ 11-1
11-3 Acid Spill Exercise in Kazakhstan __________________________________ 11-3
12-1 Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements __________________________ 12-2

List of Tables

3-1 Properties of Common Acids Used by Schlumberger_________________ 3-5

4-1 Approved PPE for Handling Different Acid Types ____________________ 4-3
8-1 Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance Checklist, Page 1 _______ 8-10
8-2 Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance Checklist, Page 2 _______ 8-11
8-3 Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance Checklist, Page 3 _______ 8-12
9-1 Acetic Acid Preparation ____________________________________________ 9-3
9-2 AcidMIX Formulator Calculation Output _____________________________ 9-7
11-1 Spill Response Measures on MSDS for 15% HCl ___________________ 11-4
11-2 Disposal Considerations for 15% HCl from MSDS __________________ 11-5

1 Introduction
1.1 Learning Objectives ____________________________________________ 1-2
1.2 Safety Warning _________________________________________________ 1-2

1 Introduction JET 10,

Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

This job execution training (JET) manual introduces the storage, handling,
mixing, and transportation of the acids used by Schlumberger Well Services (WS)
and Well Intervention Services (WIS) in matrix and acid-fracturing treatments
and other acid-pumping services provided to clients.

This manual discusses how acid mixing and storage systems work, describes
the major components used, reviews their proper operation, and addresses
important safety and maintenance issues.

Note
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is by far the most common acid used by Schlumberger,
and unless otherwise stated, will be the acid of reference throughout this JET
manual.

Other acids used are hydrofluoric acid (HF), acetic acid (CH3CO2H), formic
acid (HCO2H), or mixtures of acids.

Because Schlumberger has locations all over the world, acid storage tanks and
related equipment, transfer pumps, and transport tankers are procured from a
variety of sources. For this reason, operating and maintenance procedures are
different depending on the location.

However, some basic facts do not change. It is important for the equipment
operator (EO) to understand and do the following:

• Handle acid and acid materials with extreme caution. They are hazardous
products.
• Ensure that the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) are available
and wear the correct PPE at all times.
• Be up to date on the required safety training and certification in standards
and procedures. This applies to all personnel.
• Review all material safety data sheets (MSDSs) for all materials before
handling.
• Perform a risk assessment before any operation.

• Ensure that all equipment associated with the handling, storage, transport,
transfer, mixing, and pumping of any acid or acid materials are well
maintained and in good operating condition. In addition, ensure that the
Standard Equipment Maintenance (STEM) program is well documented and
followed.
• Document all procedures for the operation of any equipment and processes
relating to the storage, handling, mixing, transportation, and pumping of
acids. All personnel must be competent.

Note
The EO has a significant impact both on the HSE performance and the
profitability of the operation through the application of best practices related to
the storage, handling, and transportation of acids.

1.1 Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this manual, you will be able to

• describe the safe working practices required when working with acids
• explain the principles of acid storage
• identify the various types of bulk storage tanks, transfer pumps, fume
scrubbers and transport tanks.
• describe the operational guidelines for district acid plants and acid plant
equipment on location
• describe maintenance and procedures for acid storage and transport tanks.

1.2 Safety Warning

Proper supervision is required during hands-on training. Request assistance
from your supervisor if you are unfamiliar with or uncomfortable with the proper
operation of any equipment or chemical.

All personnel involved with the operation of acid equipment and transfer units
must understand the dangers involved when dealing with the materials and
equipment, along with all applicable Schlumberger, WS, and WIS safety
standards. Follow proper procedures before working with equipment, acids,
and acid additives, e.g., job safety analyses (JSAs) and Hazards Assessment
and Risk Controls (HARCs).

2 Acid Properties and Hazards

2.1 Definition of an Acid ___________________________________________ 2-1
2.2 Applications ___________________________________________________ 2-2
2.3 Acid Properties ________________________________________________ 2-2
2.3.1 Hydrochloric Acid Strength ___________________________________ 2-2
2.3.2 pH Scale ____________________________________________________ 2-4

2 Acid Properties and Hazards JET 10,

Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

This section describes the properties and dangers of acids.

2.1 Definition of an Acid

An acid is any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, contributes
hydrogen ions (H+) to a solution, resulting in a pH of less than seven.

For example: HCl in water ionizes to hydrogen and chloride ions:

HCl → H+ + Cl-

Hence an aqueous solution of HCl is acidic.

The word acid comes from the Latin acidus meaning sour. Acids have the
following chemical and physical properties:

• reactivity: Acids react with metals, oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates to form

salts and other products.
• electrical conductivity: Acids are electrolytes.
• touch: Acids produce a stinging feeling, particularly strong acids.

Acids are hazardous materials capable of doing harm. The handling, storage,
transportation, and mixing of all acids must be done with extreme care.

2.2 Applications
The wide range of properties of acids makes them very useful in many different
industrial applications. Acids are used in the steel processing, water treatment,
paper, leather, brewing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, chemical manufacturing
(production of inorganic salts, pesticides, catalysts, and plastics), metal
extraction and producing, and food-producing industries.

In the oilfield, hydrochloric acid (HCl), organic acids (e.g., acetic, formic, and citric
acid) and hydrofluoric acids are used for a variety of purposes. Their properties,
reactivity, and reactions with various compounds is controlled with additives.

The demand for acids in the oil and gas industry is increasing worldwide. In
1999, the demand for hydrochloric acid (also known as muriatic acid) in the US
exceeded 6,500,000 metric tons. One percent of this demand was for use in oil
well stimulation. According to the Chemical Economics Handbook (CEH), in
2009, 12% of all North American HCl demand was for use in oil well stimulation.
According to IHS, in 2012, US contribution to world consumption of HCl stands at
around 24% HCl, obtained from about 80 suppliers around the world.

2.3 Acid Properties

Acid has specific properties that are important to understand to be able to handle
it safely.

2.3.1 Hydrochloric Acid Strength

This is then diluted to lower concentrations (in the 5 to 28% HCl range) by the
addition of water.

For Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC), the following tests are required
for acid strength:

1. Specific gravity test by hydrometer (Specific Gravity Method)

2. Acid content test by titration with Sodium Hydroxide (Titration Method)
3. Chloride content test by titration with Silver Nitrate (Chloride Content)

These three laboratory tests are required to determine hydrochloric acid

concentration in acid concentrate. All three tests confirm the strength of the acid,
while the third test also verifies that the acid is HCl and only HCl.

The most common method of measuring the concentration of dissolved gas is

by determining the specific gravity of the acid solution. The lower the specific
gravity is, the lower the concentration of acid is. The specific gravity reading is
then converted into a percentage HCl by weight.

A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity (and thus the strength) of
HCl solutions. A sample of the HCl is placed in a graduated cylinder so that it
floats freely (refer to Figure 2-1). Any floating oil must be removed from the
surface of the acid and the hydrometer must be cleaned. The point on the
hydrometer scale at the surface of the liquid indicates the specific gravity.

Figure 2-1: Measuring Specific Gravity with a Hydrometer (Read at

the Bottom of the Meniscus)

Acid strength is also measured using the Baume scale, where 1.0 Baume units =
1.0069 specific gravity.

The specific gravity is affected by temperature; therefore, it is also necessary

to measure the temperature of the acid at the same time. Corrections are then
made to convert the readings back to the reference temperature of 60 degF
(16 degC).

Refer to Section 3 of the Matrix Materials Manual (MMM), InTouch content ID#
4013354, for more information about hydrochloric acid. Refer to the Key Service
Quality Testing Requirements Matrix, InTouch content ID# 3051128, for more
information about the QA/QC tests to check acid strength.

2.3.2 pH Scale
The pH scale (Figure 2-2) is a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a
solution. A change of one pH unit means a 10x change in the acidity or alkalinity
of the solution. For example, a change from pH 5 to pH 2 means an increase in
acidity of 1,000x.

Figure 2-2: pH Scale

Water is a neutral liquid with a pH of 7 (green). Acidic solutions have a pH of

less than 7, and the lower the number, the stronger the acid. The opposite of
an acid is a base. Base or alkaline solutions have a pH of over 7. The higher
the pH, the stronger the alkali.

Testing the pH helps to quickly identify fluids and to check if an acid has been
neutralized. The pH of a fluid can be measured using

• red litmus paper: the paper turns red when touched by an acid.
• chemical indicators: color changes in chemicals, such as cobalt chloride,
Congo red, methyl orange, phenolphthalein, and turmeric, are used to
measure different ranges of pH.

• electronic pH meter (Figure 2-3): a probe containing an acidic aqueous

solution encased in a special glass membrane allows the migration of
hydrogen ions (H+). If the water has a pH different from that of the solution
within the probe, an electric potential results that registers on the meter.

Figure 2-3: pH Meter

3 Use of Acids in the Oilfield

3.1 Current Oilfield Acid Applications ______________________________ 3-1
3.2 Historical Background _________________________________________ 3-2
3.3 Acid System Selection _________________________________________ 3-3
3.4 Description of Acids Used in the Oilfield _______________________ 3-5
3.4.1 Hydrochloric Acid ____________________________________________ 3-7
3.4.2 Hydrofluoric Acid _____________________________________________ 3-7
3.4.3 Mud Acid ____________________________________________________ 3-7
3.4.4 Clay Acid ____________________________________________________ 3-7
3.4.5 Acetic Acid __________________________________________________ 3-8
3.4.6 Formic Acid _________________________________________________ 3-8
3.4.7 Other Acid Systems __________________________________________ 3-8
3.5 Acid Additives _________________________________________________ 3-8
3.5.1 Inhibitors and Inhibitor Aids ___________________________________ 3-9
3.5.2 Surfactants __________________________________________________ 3-9
3.5.3 Foaming Agents ____________________________________________ 3-10
3.5.4 Mutual Solvents _____________________________________________ 3-10
3.5.5 Antisludge Agents ___________________________________________ 3-10
3.5.6 Nonemulsifying Agents ______________________________________ 3-11
3.5.7 Iron-Control Agents _________________________________________ 3-11
3.5.8 Specialty Additives __________________________________________ 3-11

3 Use of Acids in the Oilfield JET 10,

Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

The choice of different acids used in the oil industry is based on

• their reactivity with different reservoir rocks and damage type

• by-products formed when they react
• properties of the reservoir, reservoir fluids, and well tubulars.

3.1 Current Oilfield Acid Applications

Acids are used in the oilfield to

• stimulate wells to improve well production

– wellbore cleanup: The wellbore is filled, washed, and allowed to soak

with acid to remove inorganic and organic deposits from the tubulars and
the formation face.
– acid fracturing: Acid is injected into low-permeability carbonate formations
at pressures greater than the formation fracturing pressure.
– matrix acidizing: Acid is injected radially into the matrix structure of the
formation below the fracturing pressure. The acid reacts with rock and
plugging materials, removing damage and restoring permeability to the
near-wellbore reservoir rock.

• remove scale and buildup of compounds on the inner walls of pipes used in
oil and gas wells
• clean perforations before fracturing treatments
• provide reactive environment during perforation operations to enhance
perforation clean up
• help free stuck pipe
• provide miscellaneous other uses.

3.2 Historical Background

The use of acids in oil wells began over 100 years ago (Figure 3-1).

Figure 3-1: Pumping Acid in the Old Days

The following significant dates and events mark the development of well
stimulation.

1895: Ohio Oil Company used hydrochloric acid to acidize wells. It was reported
that oil wells increased production three times and gas wells four times.

March 1896: A patent for using hydrochloric acid (HCl) for acidizing limestone
was issued to Herman Frasch, a chief chemist with Standard Oil Company.

Unfortunately, the use of corrosion inhibitors was not considered and the acid
severely corroded the well casing. The technique declined in popularity and was
dormant for about 30 years.

1931: Dr. John Grebe of the Dow Chemical Company discovered that arsenic
inhibited the action of HCl on metal. The Gypsy Oil Company performed a
number of well treatments in sandstone formations, in which inhibited HCl was
used in an attempt to remove “gyp” deposits (calcium sulfate). The treatment
results were mostly unimpressive, and no patents were filed on the process.

February 1932: The first use of an inhibited acid on a limestone formation

was by Dow Chemical Company, which siphoned 500 galUS of HCl containing
2 galUS of an arsenic inhibitor through a garden hose into a well owned by
the Pure Oil Company. The acid was then displaced with an oil flush and the
previously dead well began producing 16 bbl/d.

November 1932: Dow Well Service Group was renamed Dowell in November
1932 to provide acidizing services.

1933: A patent for the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in sandstone formations was
issued to J. R. Wilson of the Standard Oil Company. Wilson’s patent suggested
in-situ generation of HF in HCl by using sodium fluoride (NaF). It was not known
that NaF, in the presence of HCl, produces the insoluble compound Na3SiF6.

1933: Halliburton Services performed the first treatment using HF blended with
HCl in a 1,500-ft well. The results were disappointing due to possible plugging
effect on the well permeability, and as a result, Halliburton discontinued the use
of HF blends until the 1950s.

1935: Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co. started providing a commercial

acidizing service in Kansas.

1940: Schlumberger accomplished the first commercially successful use of

mixtures of HCl and HF in the Gulf Coast area by using mud acid. The HF was
generated in a solution of HCl by using ammonium bifluoride (NH4HF2).

Mud acid dissolved the drilling mud deposited as a filter cake during the drilling
process.

1949: Halliburton performed the first hydraulic fracturing treatment. The

first treatments were probably performed with acid, although they were not
recognized as such at the time. Wells in tight carbonate formations usually
will not accept acid until a critical pressure is reached. Once this pressure is
reached, acid can easily be injected at high rates. It was later recognized that
these wells had been hydraulically fractured.

3.3 Acid System Selection

The two main acid systems used in the oil industry are designed to treat either
carbonate (limestone, dolomite, and oolite) or sandstone (silica, quartz, feldspar,
clay) reservoirs. For the two formation types, the following acids used are

• Carbonates (e.g., limestone; refer to Figure 3-2): HCl is the most common
acid used in carbonate acidizing because of its low cost, availability, and
soluble reaction products. Organic acids, such as acetic and formic acids, are

used for high-temperature applications, because of their low corrosiveness,

ease of inhibition, and retarded reaction characteristics. Blends of HCl with
either formic or acetic acids are also used because of cost efficiency and the
reduced corrosivity provided by the organic acids.

Figure 3-2: Limestone

• Sandstones: Sandstone formations (refer to Figure 3-3 for an example) are

typically treated with a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and HF, commonly
called mud acid. The acid and other fluids used in sandstone formations
depend on the mineralogy of the rock as well as on the damage type. Other
acids used in sandstone formations include lower concentrations of HCl and
HF with fluoboric acid (HBF4) added. These mixtures are called clay acids
and are designed specifically for acidizing sensitive sandstone formations
and providing stabilization of clays and other fines.

Figure 3-3: Sandstone

3.4 Description of Acids Used in the Oilfield

Table 3-1 lists the properties of common acids used by Schlumberger in the
oilfield.

Table 3-1: Properties of Common Acids Used by Schlumberger

Chemical Product Name Form SG at 60 Flash pH

Code degF Point
(degF)
H005 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 5% Colorless liquid 1.025 > 200 ≍0
H075 Hydrochloric acid 7.5% Liquid 1.037 > 200 ≍0
H010 Hydrochloric acid 10% Liquid 1.050 > 200 ≍0

H015 Hydrochloric acid 15% Colorless-light 1.075 > 200 ≍0

yellow liquid
H020 Hydrochloric acid 20% Liquid 1.100 > 200 ≍0

H028 Hydrochloric acid 28% Colorless-light 1.140 > 200 ≍0

yellow liquid
H036 Hydrochloric acid 36% Colorless-light 1.18 > 200 ≍0
yellow liquid
H152 HCl/HF acid 25/20 Colorless to 1.20 > 200 ≍0
yellow liquid
H200 Hydrofluoric (HF) acid 20% Colorless liquid 1.20 > 200 4.1
at
20%
(wt)
H700 Hydrofluoric acid 70% Used by Schlumberger vendor to prepare 20% HF
in our storage tanks
Y001 Intensifier Y1 ammonium White crystals 1.50 > 200 2 at
bifluoride 0.5%
(wt)
H948 Dilute mud acid Colorless liquid > 200 ≍0
Any solution with up to 7.5%
HCl and 1.5% HF
H949 Regular mud acid Colorless liquid 1.10 > 200 ≍0
Any solution with 7.6% to
12% HCl and 1.6 to 3.0% HF
H950 Super mud acid Colorless liquid 1.10 > 200 ≍0
Any solution with 12.1% to
16% HCl and 3.1% to 6% HF

Chemical Product Name Form SG at 60 Flash pH

Code degF Point
(degF)
Y006 Intensifier Y6 White granular 1.40 > 200 5.1
powder at
1%
(wt)
H813 Full strength clay acid Colorless liquid 1.1 > 200 ≍1
7.8% HBF4 + 0.6% HF +
0.3% HCl
H814 Full strength clay acid LT Colorless liquid 1.1 > 200 ≍0
7.8% HBF4 + 0.6% HF +
5.5% HCl
H913 Half-strength clay acid Colorless liquid 1.1 > 200 <2
4.1% HBF4 + 0.3% HF +
0.15% HCl
H914 Half-strength clay acid Colorless liquid 1.1 > 200 ≍
0.1
4.0% HBF4 + 0.3% HF +
2.9% HCl
L400 Glacial acetic acid (100% Colorless liquid 1.05 109 1.0
acetic acid) at
70%
(wt)
L401 Acetic acid solution Colorless liquid 1.00 to 1.05 90 1.0
L036 Formic acid Colorless liquid 1.20 64 degC 2.2
(147
degF)

Additives, such as inhibitor, iron stabilizers, surfactants, demulsifying agents,

and mutual solvents can be added as required depending on the fluid design
for the particular job.

Concentrated HF is dangerous to handle. Schlumberger employees are NOT

permitted to handle HF concentrations greater than 20% by weight. Higher
concentrations must be transported and mixed by vendors.

3.4.1 Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water. The
strength of the acid depends on how much hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved
in a given quantity of water. The maximum concentration of commercial grade
HCl is about 36% by weight. Concentrations of HCl up to 28% by weight are
generally used in oilfield treatments. In Well Services (WS) and Well Intervention
Services (WIS), the chemical code for hydrochloric acid includes H005, H015,
and H028, with the last three digits representing the concentration of HCl in
percent (for example, H028 is 28% hydrochloric acid).

3.4.2 Hydrofluoric Acid

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is the second most frequently used acid in the oilfield and
is always used with another acid, usually HCl. The most common form of HF
is mud acid (refer to Section 3.4.3). HF reacts with and dissolves all materials
that are soluble in HCl. HF also reacts with, dissolves, or partially dissolves
bentonite, naturally occurring formation clays, and other siliceous materials.

3.4.3 Mud Acid

Mud acid is a mixture of inhibited HCl and HF. It is used primarily to restore
permeability to damaged sandstones. There are three main classifications:

• dilute mud acid — any solution containing up to and including 7.5% HCl
and 1.5% HF
• regular mud acid — any solution containing 7.6 to 12.0% HCl and 1.6 to
3.0% HF
• super mud acid — any solution containing 12.1 to 16% HCl and 3.1 to 6%
HF..

3.4.4 Clay Acid

Clay acid is a mixture of HCl, intensifier Y001 (ammonium bifluoride), and
intensifier Y006, which contains boron. Clay acids slowly release HF from the
hydrolysis of HBF. There are four clay acid formulations:

• full strength clay acid, used for 130 to 300 degF [54 to 149 degC]
• full strength clay acid LT, used for 100 to 130 degF [38 to 54 degC]

• half-strength clay acid

• half-strength clay acid LT.

3.4.5 Acetic Acid

Acetic acid (CH3CO2H) can be prepared using either glacial acetic acid (using
stabilizing agent L400, 100% acetic acid) or a low freezing point acetic acid
solution (using stabilizing agent L401). The big advantage of acetic acid is that
concentrations of up to 12% acetic acid can be adequately inhibited from causing
steel corrosion at temperatures up to 350 degF for extended periods of time. In
most cases, acetic acid is used in conjunction with HCl.

3.4.6 Formic Acid

Formic acid (HCO2H) is a mixture of 9% L036 and water. It is much stronger than
acetic acid, but it is also more difficult to inhibit. It can be used at temperatures
as high as 400 degF [204 degC].

3.4.7 Other Acid Systems

There are many other acid systems that are mixtures of the acids discussed in
the previous sections with alcohols, oils, gelling agents, and surfactants.

Other acids, such as citric acid, are used in some industrial cleaning applications.

For details, refer to the Matrix Materials Manual (MMM), InTouch content ID#
4013354.

3.5 Acid Additives

Acid solutions are mixed with one or more additives to allow them to be used
effectively in oilfield applications. Schlumberger stimulation acids always contain
water, concentrated acid, and a corrosion inhibitor.

Note
Clean, rust-free tanks must be used when preparing all acid mixtures.

Other additives commonly used include

• a nonemulsifier

• a surfactant to reduce surface tension, suspend fines, or create foam

• a mutual solvent
• an iron ion stabilizer
• an acid diverter.

Note
All the additives used in a specific acid solution must be compatible with the
carrier fluid, with each other, and with the formation and reaction products.
Compatibility tests must be performed in a laboratory.

3.5.1 Inhibitors and Inhibitor Aids

An acid corrosion inhibitor is added to acid to decrease the destructive reaction
of acid with metals. The inhibitor eliminates more than 99% of the metal losses
that would occur if the inhibitor were not present.

Inhibitor type and concentration depends on the acid system and the
temperature. Inhibitor aids are used to extend the performance range of acid
inhibitors. Corrosion testing is performed to determine the concentrations of
inhibitor and inhibitor aid required to give the desired protection time.

Inhibitor examples include A261, A262, A270, and A272. The most common
inhibitor aid is A201.

Inhibitors and inhibitor aids are hazardous materials. Extreme care should be
taken when handling these products (refer to the MSDSs).

For more details, refer to the Corrosion Inhibitor Reference Page (InTouch
content ID# 3300767).

3.5.2 Surfactants
A surfactant is a chemical that alters liquid-liquid or gas-liquid interfacial
properties. Surfactants reduce the interfacial tension and change the contact
angle at the interface between liquid and solid. Surfactants are used to

• reduce surface or interfacial tension and capillary force

• control or change rock wettability
• prevent or break water blocks and emulsions
• disperse and suspend fines.

Common surfactants include F78, F103, and F105.

3.5.3 Foaming Agents

Foams are used in stimulation treatments as a diverter and to improve cleanup.
To ensure that the foam is stable (that is, that the gas is well dispersed in the
liquid), a foaming agent is added. Foaming agents are surfactants.

Antifoams and alcohol tend to neutralize the actions of these foaming agents.
Common foaming agents include F78, F100, F105, and F107.

3.5.4 Mutual Solvents

Mutual solvents are multifunctional, nonionic agents soluble in oil, water, acid,
and brines. The mutual solvents act as wetting agents, nonemulsifiers and
surface/interfacial tension reducers. They dissolve oil on the rock surface and off
fines generated during acidizing, leaving them water wet. Water-wet fines do
not tend to stabilize emulsions.

Mutual solvents are used in large quantities of 5% to 80% solutions. They tend
to penetrate deep into the formation, aid in the injection of the treating fluid into
the rock matrix, and help clean up the treatment quicker.

U66 and U100 are common mutual solvents.

3.5.5 Antisludge Agents

Acid sludges are precipitates comprising asphaltenes, resins, asphaltogenic
acids, and/or other high-molecular hydrocarbons. These sludges are formed
when acid contacts the crude oil.

Antisludge additives stabilize the colloidal asphaltic materials found in crudes

and prevent the formation of sludge.

W60 and W54 are common antisludge agents.

3.5.6 Nonemulsifying Agents

Most crudes contain emulsifying agents capable of generating very stable
emulsions downhole, resulting in formation damage. When a treating fluid comes
in contact with crude oil, varying degrees of emulsion takes place.

Nonemulsifiers are added to the treating fluid. They help prevent the formation of
emulsions and also break existing emulsions.

W53 and W54 are common nonemulsifying agents.

3.5.7 Iron-Control Agents

When iron is dissolved during matrix treatments, iron precipitation and formation
damage may occur. Iron precipitation can be prevented by adding complexing
agents and reducing agents.

Common iron control agents include L1, L41, U42, and L58.

3.5.8 Specialty Additives

Specialty additives can be added to the acid or pre- and postflushes to help
improve the effectiveness of a stimulation treatment. These include

• clay stabilizers
• alcohols
• antifoam agents
• formation cleaners
• emulsifiers
• scale inhibitors
• bactericides.

For more information about these and all of the other additives, refer to
the Matrix Materials Manual (MMM), InTouch content ID# 4013354 or the
Acidizing_Additives.htm TBT found in the Well Services SWBT IT Modules,
Matrix Acidizing, InTouch content ID# 4135038.

4 Safety Considerations
4.1 Safety Standards _______________________________________________ 4-1
4.2 Responsibilities ________________________________________________ 4-2
4.3 Personal Protective Equipment _________________________________ 4-3
4.3.1 Eye and Face Protection _____________________________________ 4-4
4.3.2 Hand Protection _____________________________________________ 4-5
4.3.3 Skin and Body Protection _____________________________________ 4-5
4.3.4 Respiratory Protection ________________________________________ 4-6
4.3.5 Treating HF Acid Exposure ___________________________________ 4-7
4.4 Hazard Communication Documents ____________________________ 4-7
4.4.1 Material Safety Data Sheets __________________________________ 4-8
4.4.2 Chemical Labels _____________________________________________ 4-8
4.4.3 Dangerous Goods Warning ___________________________________ 4-9
4.5 Transportation ________________________________________________ 4-14
4.5.1 Hazardous Materials Transportation Placards _________________ 4-14
4.5.2 EU TREM Cards ____________________________________________ 4-14

4 Safety Considerations JET 10,

Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

Acids and acid additives are hazardous materials, because they can cause
injury, a health hazard, or damage to property and equipment. To minimize
the risks while working with acids and acid additives, appropriate precautions
should be taken. For example, water should never be added to the concentrated
acid, because the solution could boil and splash into your face or on your body.
Always add acid to water.

4.1 Safety Standards

Personnel involved in handling and using any acid or acid additive must review
and be certified in the following standards:

• Schlumberger QHSE Standard S008 (Environment), InTouch content ID#

3605373: details the requirements and procedures designed to protect the
environment, prevent pollution, minimize environmental impact, and comply
with environmental laws and regulatory requirements.
• Schlumberger QHSE Standard S003 (Personal Protective Equipment),
InTouch content ID# 3260259.
• Well Services (WS) QHSE Std 04: Equipment, InTouch content ID# 3313678.
• WS QHSE Std 05: Wellsite Operations, InTouch content ID# 3313681, and
the technology-based training (TBT) at InTouch content ID# 3318425.
• WS QHSE Std 12: Permit to Work, InTouch content ID# 3313688, because
the tanks used to store acids and acid chemicals are considered confined
spaces and personnel must meet all the confined space requirements before
entering them.
• WS QHSE Std 17: Storage and Handling of Oxidizers, InTouch content ID#
3313693, and the TBT at InTouch content ID# 3334298.
• WS QHSE Std 18: Chemical Product Management, InTouch content ID#
3313694, details specific rules and procedures that must be followed at all
locations at which hazardous materials are handled and used in operations;
also refer to the TBT at InTouch content ID# 3348663.

4.2 Responsibilities
Management is responsible for

• complying with these standards; supplying the necessary personal protective

equipment (PPE)
• providing the training for personnel
• applying for exemptions when compliance is not possible.

Job supervisors are responsible for

• ensuring that all Schlumberger employees and contractors at the work site
comply with these standards
• recognizing the risks associated with the operation and reducing these risks
to the greatest extent possible
• ensuring that all Schlumberger personnel on site are competent to drive
and/or operate their assigned equipment
• taking the appropriate action, up to and including terminating the job, if
unacceptable risks exist.

All employees are responsible for complying with these standards and
recognizing and reducing (to the extent possible), the risks associated with the
operation.

4.3 Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be worn while working as mandated
in Schlumberger QHSE Standard S003 (Personal Protective Equipment),
InTouch content ID# 3260259. When handling acids and acid additives,
any additional PPE required is listed in the MSDS for each product (visit
http://slb-chemicals.slb.com/Msds.cfm). Refer to Table 4-1 for a list of the
approved PPE for each type of acid.

Table 4-1: Approved PPE for Handling Different Acid Types

Hand Protection Gloves (Impervious) Eye & Face Respirator Skin & Body
Acid Protection Protection

Butyl Neoprene Nitrile PVC Viton

Hydrochloric Tightly-fitting NIOSH-approved Chemical-resistant

X X X X
acids (HCl) safety respirator with suit, boots.
goggles. organic vapor/acid
Hydrofluoric
X X X X Face shield. gas protection
acids (HF)
(color-coded
Acetic acid yellow).
X
(L400, L401)

Formic acid
X
(L036)

Mud acids
X X X
(HCl + HF)

Clay acids
(HBF4 + HF + X X X
HCl)

Y001 intensifier X NIOSH-approved

respirator with
Y006 intensifier
dust and mist
X protection (3M
8210).

4.3.1 Eye and Face Protection

Wear close-fitting chemical splash goggles (indirect-vented chemical goggles)
at a minimum. Where splash hazard to face is present, also wear a full-length
transparent face shield (refer to Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2). Protection should
meet ANSI standard Z87.1 - 1989 or European Standard 166.

Note
Do NOT wear contact lenses; they could contribute to severe eye damage.

Figure 4-1: Goggles Figure 4-2: Face Shield

4.3.2 Hand Protection

Impervious gloves (Butyl, Neoprene, Nitrile, PVC, or Viton®) must be worn (refer
to Table 4-1).

4.3.3 Skin and Body Protection

You must wear a chemical-resistant apron and chemical-resistant boots, such
as neoprene or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (refer to Figure 4-3). Ensure that all
potentially affected body parts are covered, using such precautions as taping
sleeves and pant legs to gloves and boots and buttoning clothing to the neck.

Figure 4-3: Protective Suit

Note
A safety shower and eyewash station should be located in the immediate work
area.

4.3.4 Respiratory Protection

When exposure levels could exceed 5 ppm, a NIOSH-approved air-purifying
respirator with an acid-gas cartridge (color-coded yellow) in combination with a
high-efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) is recommended (refer to Figure 4-4).

When exposure levels could exceed 50 ppm, a self-contained breathing

apparatus with a full face piece is recommended (refer to Figure 4-5).

Figure 4-4: Respirator Figure 4-5: Breathing Mask

4.3.5 Treating HF Acid Exposure

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) will cause excruciatingly painful, deep-seated skin burns
that are slow to heal. The effects of dilute solutions (<20%) do not usually
become apparent until several hours after exposure.

If skin comes in contact with HF, rinse thoroughly with water and massage
calcium gluconate gel or benzalkonium chloride solution into the burn site. This
gel is not PPE, but it is a special requirement when handling or mixing HF.
Apply the gel every 15 minutes and massage until pain/redness resolves or
until medical care is available. The first aid provider should wear gloves when
applying the gel to prevent contact with the acid.

4.4 Hazard Communication Documents

Several documents identify the hazardous nature of acids and acid additives.
The documents state the nature of the materials, PPE and safety precautions
and requirements, potential hazards, and what to do in the case of an incident.

The documents are

• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

• product labels
• shipping pages
• EU – ADR TREM Cards
• US – Shipping Papers
• Canada – Shipping Manifests.

These documents are available at the following Web site, which is also a useful
source of information: http://slb-chemicals.slb.com/Msds.cfm.

4.4.1 Material Safety Data Sheets

The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), InTouch content ID# 5277326, is the
reference document for all material hazard, safety, and handling information
for each acid or acid additive.

A complete list of MSDSs can be found at http://slb-chemicals.slb.om/Msds.cfm.

The following requirements include all Well Services (WS) and Well Intervention
Services (WIS) chemicals, purchased products, and purchased maintenance
materials, which are hazardous items:

• The identity of the material on the container label must be the same as that
on the MSDS. This identity enables the correct MSDS to be found using
the material name or code.
• For locally purchased products, a copy of the vendor MSDS must be kept on
file.
• The local manager is responsible for making sure that a current MSDS is on
file for any material or product from other companies.
• Current MSDSs must be available to any person in the workplace who works
with or has exposure to hazardous materials.
• MSDSs must be in the work areas where they are easy to find.
• MSDSs must be supplied for any materials purchased from WS or WIS and
to customers upon request.

4.4.2 Chemical Labels

All chemical materials that cause a physical, health, or environmental hazard
must comply with the WS and WIS policy for labels. This includes chemicals
supplied by WS and WIS, repackaged chemicals, laboratory chemicals, raw
materials, and common chemicals such as solvents, coolants, and fuels.

Each material package or container must be clearly marked with the following
information:

• chemical name or code of the chemical. This identity must show the
alphanumeric WS or WIS code and the trade name, and must be the same
as the description of the material in the MSDS (e.g., H015 hydrochloric acid
15%).

• hazard warnings
• name and address of the manufacturer, the company packaging the product,
distributor, and so on.

Other requirements include the following:

• Replace missing or worn labels immediately.

• Do NOT remove or damage labels on purchased products.
• Old labels may be replaced with new labels that meet WS and WIS
requirements.

4.4.3 Dangerous Goods Warning

All containers for materials must be marked with a warning that defines the
possible hazards of the product. The design of this label can change in different
locations, but it is normally included with the product label.

• HMIS (Hazardous Materials Identification System) Label (Figure 4-6): All

products from the US must have the HMIS label, which contains three boxes:

– health hazard
– flammability hazard
– reactivity hazard.
Each of the boxes contains a number from 0 to 4 indicating the hazard level:
0 = no risk; 4 = high risk.
• EU Label (Figure 4-7): Products from Europe must have the EU label, which
shows a series of symbols to define physical, health, and environmental
hazards. These symbols do NOT indicate the potential hazards.
• Canadian WHMIS Label (Figure 4-8): Products from Canada must have the
Canadian WHMIS label, which has symbols that define physical, health,
and environmental hazards.

Private
JET Manual 10 / Safety Considerations

Figure 4-6: US Chemical Label for 15% HCI

Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

4-10
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4-11

Private
JET Manual 10 / Safety Considerations

Figure 4-7: EU Chemical Label for 33% HCI

Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

4-11
WIS T&D, WS T&D\InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP, InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET\InTouch content ID# 4221679\2.0\Release Date:04-Jun-2013\EDMS UID: 1656413344\Produced: 04-Jun-2013 16:13:09
4-12

Private
JET Manual 10 / Safety Considerations

Figure 4-8: Canadian Chemical Label for 15% HCI

Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

4-12
WIS T&D, WS T&D\InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP, InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET\InTouch content ID# 4221679\2.0\Release Date:04-Jun-2013\EDMS UID: 1656413344\Produced: 04-Jun-2013 16:13:09 4-13 JET Manual 10 / Safety Considerations 4-13

NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection

Association. It defines the fire diamond used by emergency personnel to quickly
and easily identify the risks posed by hazardous materials. This helps determine
if any specialty equipment should be used, procedures followed, or precautions
taken during the first moments of an emergency response. For example, Figure
4-9 shows the fire diamond for hydrochloric acid; each color represents a hazard
type and each number rates the hazard. The higher the number, the greater the
hazard. COR means it is corrosive.

Figure 4-9: Fire Diamond NFPA 704

4.5 Transportation
Transporting acid presents several issues and concerns. This section describes
the different types of transportation cards used when transporting acids.

4.5.1 Hazardous Materials Transportation Placards

Transportation regulations in the majority of countries require hazardous
materials (HAZMAT) placards when shipping hazardous materials or dangerous
goods.

Acids are classified as Class 8: corrosive fluids, so they will likely have a
HAZMAT placard, depending on the country. These placards should be placed
in the placard holders on acid transport trailers and tanks (refer to Figure
4-10). Ensure compliance with all applicable and country-specific placarding
requirements.

Figure 4-10: Transport Placards

4.5.2 EU TREM Cards

In Europe, the ADR (L’accord européen relatif au transport international des
marchandises dangereuses par route, or the European agreement for the
international transport of dangerous goods by road) controls the road transport of
hazardous materials, such as acids. In addition to driver training and certification,
TREM (transport emergency) cards must accompany the driver and truck.
The TREM cards (refer to Figure 4-11) detail the hazardous material being
transported and safety information and instructions.

Private
JET Manual 10 / Safety Considerations

Figure 4-11: ADR TREM Card for 15% HCl

Copyright © 2013 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

4-15
WIS T&D, WS T&D\InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP, InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET\InTouch content ID# 4221679\2.0\Release Date:04-Jun-2013\EDMS UID: 1656413344\Produced: 04-Jun-2013 16:13:09 5-i JET Manual 10 / Acid Supply 5-i

5 Acid Supply
5.1 Acid Supply Packaging _________________________________________ 5-1
5.2 Material Specifications _________________________________________ 5-3
5.3 Procedure to Receive Acid at the District _______________________ 5-3
5.4 Inventory Control ______________________________________________ 5-4

5 Acid Supply JET 10,

Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

Schlumberger uses approximately 80 acid suppliers around the world, with 60%
of the supply coming from five suppliers. The locations in which the largest use
of acid occur are US land, Canada, and the Arabian Gulf.

5.1 Acid Supply Packaging

Acid is purchased and supplied in four ways (in descending order of volumes):

• bulk acid in road transporters: conventional acid transporters (Figure 5-1)

provided by the acid supplier or Schlumberger. Various capacities are used
depending on availability. The transporters are usually rubber lined.

Figure 5-1: Commercial Acid Transporter

• bulk acid in rail cars: Large volumes of bulk acid can be supplied in
rubber-lined, 22,000 to 23,500 gallon acid railcars (Figure 5-2) if the district
is close to a rail system. In technologically-advanced countries, most acid
cars are fitted with loading and unloading devices on a single nozzle, thus
protecting workers and the environment. In other locations, it is necessary to
unload the acid with an acid transfer pump and hoses.

Figure 5-2: Acid Railcar in Kazakhstan

• intermediate bulk containers (IBCs): IBCs are 1000-liter or 250-galUS tote

tanks (Figure 5-3) made of a steel-tube cage with an inner container made
out of high-density polyethylene. When containing fluids of SG = 1.30, they
can be stacked in threes. IBCs have a fill port equipped with a 2-in sealed
screw cap, and discharge through a 2-in butterfly valve at the bottom. The
dimensions are: 1.2 m x 1.0 m x 1.16 m with a tare weight of 59 kg.

Note
In the US, IBC containers and drums must be removed from the transport
vehicle and set on the ground prior to unloading contents unless there is
proper exemption from the regulations.

Figure 5-3: Acid Tote Tank (IBC)

• polyethylene drums (220 L): the drums are blow molded in one operation
together with the top and bottom out of high molecular weight - high density
polyethylene (HMW-HDPE), and have an integrated L-ring on the top (Figure
5-4). The drums are optimally drainable and can be stacked three to four
high on pallets. Refer to WS QHSE Std 18: Chemical Product Management,
InTouch content ID# 3313694, for stacking requirements.

Figure 5-4: 220-Liter Acid Drums

5.2 Material Specifications

Each product that Schlumberger buys must meet purchasing specifications. All
shipments must comply with these specifications.

Note
Product specifications are confidential.

The specifications list the following:

• product code and name, e.g., H036, HCl 36% uninhibited H36
• nominal composition information (chemical composition)
• quality control test criteria (type of test, acceptable limits, and test method)
• acknowledgements.

Acid delivered by suppliers generally contains <180 ppm iron content.

Note
Do NOT transfer acid to dirty storage tanks.

5.3 Procedure to Receive Acid at the District

Acid is delivered to the Schlumberger facility and typically is transferred to bulk
acid storage tanks. If the district does not have bulk acid storage, the acid is
stored in a chemical warehouse, and then either mixed at the district and sent
to the job site in acid transport tanks or the concentrated acid is sent in its
containers to the job site to be mixed on location.

Bulk plant personnel should follow these guidelines:

1. Ensure that all necessary PPE is available and worn by personnel. Spill
equipment should be available. The eye wash station and emergency shower
must be functional. Current MSDSs must be available for all materials
received.
2. Make sure that all bulk materials from other companies delivered to Well
Services (WS) or Well Intervention Services (WIS) facilities must be
controlled by a WS or WIS employee authorized to operate that bulk facility.
Loading and unloading areas must be clearly marked.

3. Ensure that transport units equipped with air compressors from third-party
companies must use their air supply equipment to unload products.
4. Make sure that acid is transferred to a storage tank containing the same
material or to a clean, empty tank. If acid is received in drums or tote tanks,
then they should be stored in a safe area.
5. Before transferring acid into Schlumberger storage tanks, check the specific
gravity of the acid using a hydrometer and determine the acid concentration.

Note
Ensure that the verification of acid type and acid strength is consistent with
WS QHSE Std 18: Chemical Product Management (InTouch content ID#
3313694) and KSQR testing methods.

6. Confirm that the volume of acid ordered matches the volume received.

Note
If the acid received does not match the strength and volume ordered, inform
your supervisor immediately.

7. Complete a material reception form, stating the supplier, receipt date,

quantity, and description. Be sure to note any differences.
8. Enter the acid description, concentration, volume received, and storage
locations in the inventory system.
9. Follow safe procedures to flush all lines with water before the equipment
is disconnected.

Note
When flushing acid out of lines, valves, and pumps with fresh water, make
sure that you use a flush rate high enough to ensure all the acid is flushed out.

5.4 Inventory Control

The stock levels of acid and acid additives must be controlled and monitored.
This is very important for the profitability of the company. Effective inventory
control reduces waste and costs, ensuring resources are optimized.

In some parts of the world, it is also a legal requirement to keep acid in a secure
facility and maintain legal records of acid stocks.

6 Acid Storage
6.1 Safety Equipment _____________________________________________ 6-11
6.1.1 Acid Bulk Plant Area ________________________________________ 6-12
6.1.2 Lining for Acid Storage Area _________________________________ 6-13
6.1.3 Loading Slab _______________________________________________ 6-13
6.1.4 Signage ____________________________________________________ 6-14
6.1.5 Safety Shower and Eye Wash Stations _______________________ 6-15
6.1.6 Spill Kit _____________________________________________________ 6-17
6.1.7 Fire Extinguisher ____________________________________________ 6-18
6.2 Acid Storage Tanks ___________________________________________ 6-18
6.2.1 Polyethylene Tanks _________________________________________ 6-19
6.2.2 Steel Tanks with Lining ______________________________________ 6-20
6.2.3 Tank Linings and Coatings ___________________________________ 6-22
6.2.4 Pipe Work and Valves _______________________________________ 6-23
6.3 Fume Scrubber ________________________________________________ 6-24
6.3.1 Absorber ___________________________________________________ 6-26
6.4 Water Storage _________________________________________________ 6-27
6.5 Acid Mix/Transfer Tank ________________________________________ 6-28
6.6 Liquid Additive System ________________________________________ 6-30
6.7 Dry Additive System __________________________________________ 6-31
6.8 Pipe Work, Valves, and Fittings ________________________________ 6-31
6.9 Acid Transfer __________________________________________________ 6-32
6.9.1 Pressure Transfer ___________________________________________ 6-32
6.9.2 Transfer Pumps _____________________________________________ 6-33
6.9.2.1 Delasco Pump __________________________________________ 6-33
6.9.2.2 Air-Over-Fluid “Chugger” Pump __________________________ 6-35
6.9.2.3 Other Pumps ____________________________________________ 6-37
6.9.3 Standalone Centrifugal Pumps _______________________________ 6-38
6.10 Liquid Additive Pumps ________________________________________ 6-39
6.11 Transfer Hoses and Connections ______________________________ 6-40
6.11.1 Connections ________________________________________________ 6-40
6.11.2 Hoses ______________________________________________________ 6-41

6 Acid Storage JET 10,

Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

Acid storage (Figure 6-1) refers to equipment used primarily at the district or job
site to hold acid until it is needed for a job.

Figure 6-1: Acid Storage Tanks at a Schlumberger Location

The equipment used at Schlumberger districts for acid storage varies widely
depending on location, local laws and regulations, and the level of acidizing
services provided.

The preferred storage facility for an acid plant includes

• acid storage tanks

• water storage tanks
• transfer pumps
• mix tanks and other mixing equipment
• acid fume scrubber
• liquid additive system and additive storage facilities
• revetment with a protective coating
• loading dock.

The facility may also include warehouse storage for acid tote tanks, drums, or
both. Some facilities may have a single high volume bulk storage capacity for
more than one acid type with several acid storage tanks in it. There is a wide
variety of tanks and facilities across different locations.

Figure 6-2 through Figure 6-7 show the Hassi-Messaoud, Algeria, facility.

Figure 6-2: Fume Scrubber with Electric Figure 6-3: Acid and Water Storage Tanks
Water Pump

Figure 6-4: Wilden Transfer Pumps and Figure 6-5: Acid Mixing Tank with Electric
Acid Mix Tank Paddle

Figure 6-6: Liquid Additive Storage Tanks Figure 6-7: Acid Loading Area with Loading
and Pumps Arm/Hose

Figure 6-8 through Figure 6-11 show the Midland, Texas, USA, facility.

Figure 6-8: Acid Storage Tanks and Loading Figure 6-9: Control Panel for Acid Plant
Area

Figure 6-10: Liquid Additive Storage Tanks Figure 6-11: Liquid Additive Storage Totes,
and Fume Scrubbers Fume Scrubbers and Loading Arm

Figure 6-12 through show the Jebel Ali, UAE, facility. Figure 6-12 shows the
secondary containment and warning signs on rubber-lined tanks.

Figure 6-12: 20,000 galUS Acid Storage Figure 6-13: Rear of Acid Storage Tanks
Tanks with Suction and Filler-Up Lines

Figure 6-14: Acid Valve and Suction on Figure 6-15: Restricted Access to Acid
Acid Storage Tanks Plant

Figure 6-16 through Figure 6-19 show the Tengiz, Kazakhstan, facility.

Figure 6-16: General View of Acid Storage Tanks, Water Supply Tank,
and Fume Scrubber (with Lagged Point)

Figure 6-17: Acid Storage Tanks, Piping, and Walkway (Notice Secondary Containment
Wall)

Figure 6-18: Eye Wash Station (Notice Figure 6-19: Acid Plant with Acid Railcar
Lagging for Cold Weather) to be Offloaded

Figure 6-20 through Figure 6-24 show the Montrose, Scotland facility.

Figure 6-20: Acid Bulk Plant Tank Figure 6-21: Manifolding Between Acid
Tanks

Figure 6-22: 2 x 30,000-galUS Rubber Lined Acid Tanks and Fume Scrubber with
Secondary Containment and Warning Signs

Figure 6-23: Safety Shower and Equipment Figure 6-24: Acid Transfer Pumps
at Loading Point

Figure 6-25 shows the plant at Aracaju, Mexico. Figure 6-26 through Figure
6-29 show a few more plants.

Figure 6-25: Acid Bulk Plant Figure 6-26: Acid Storage Plant

Figure 6-27: Bakersfield, California, Acid Bulk Plant

Figure 6-28: Loading Acid, Villahemosa, Figure 6-29: Loading Acid, Villahemosa,
Mexico (View 1) Mexico (View 2)

Figure 6-30 shows the Galaxie stimulation vessel in West Africa with 28,400
galUS raw acid storage capacity.

Figure 6-30: Galaxie Stimulation Vessel

Figure 6-31 shows the BIGORANGE 25 stimulation vessel in the Persian Gulf.
With acid tanks installed on its back deck, the raw acid storage capacity is
120,000 galUS.

Figure 6-31: BIGORANGE 25 Stimulation Vessel

Figure 6-32 through Figure 6-37 show various DeepSTIM* vessels.

Figure 6-32: DeepSTIM Stimulation Vessel

Figure 6-33: DeepSTIM III Stimulation Vessel

As shown in Figure 6-34, the DeepSTIM has an 8,400-galUS raw acid storage
capacity on the back deck.

Figure 6-34: DeepSTIM Acid Storage

Figure 6-35: BIGORANGE XVIII (North Sea) Figure 6-36: BIGORANGE XVIII Liquid
Additive Storage and Pumps

Figure 6-37: BIGORANGE XVIII

6.1 Safety Equipment

The minimum safety requirements for acid plants are stated in WS QHSE Std
04: Equipment, InTouch content ID# 3313678. The type and quantity of safety
equipment available must be determined by the requirements on the MSDS
and the number of workers at the plant.

6.1.1 Acid Bulk Plant Area

Note
All chemicals, except for bulk dry chemicals, must be stored on concrete pads
that provide secondary containment (refer to Figure 6-38).

Figure 6-38: Revetment Area Before the Installation of Acid Tanks

The secondary containment must hold no less than 110% of the volume of the
largest container in the storage area. In addition, while not required by the
standard, an additional 12 inches of revetment wall height is recommended as it
will aid in spill containment.

Both the containment area and the loading slab must have a slope so that any
spills are collected in a sump.

Note
All containers and tanks in the plant must be clearly marked with their contents.

Each location must have a current Spill Prevention, Control, and

Countermeasures (SPCC) plan. This plan must be updated as described in SLB
QHSE Standard S008 (Environment), InTouch content ID# 3605373.

6.1.2 Lining for Acid Storage Area

Acid storage areas must have an acid-resistant lining. Numerous suitable
coatings and linings are available. Refer to Figure 6-39 and Figure 6-40 for
examples of linings.

Figure 6-39: Protective Lining Laid in Acid Figure 6-40: Protective Lining Laid in Acid
Tank Area, View 1 Tank Area, View 2

Note
Follow all coating manufacturer’s requirements to ensure a leak-free coating.

6.1.3 Loading Slab

In the area where trucks will be loaded or unloaded, a loading slab must be
installed to prevent any spills from entering the ground. The loading slab must
have a slope to collect any spills in a sump.

6.1.4 Signage
All bulk storage vessels must have signs (Figure 6-41) that display the following
items:

• contents of the container

• correct hazard warning labels for the country
• hazard warning signs (e.g., Flammable or No Smoking)
• “Confined Space Permit Required” decal or sign on each hatch of the storage
vessel.

In addition to these tank labeling requirements, the location of fire extinguishers,

first aid kits, spill kits, muster points, and exits must be well marked throughout
the acid storage facility.

Figure 6-41: Safety Signs on Acid Tank.

1. Product content

2. Hazard warning labels

3. Material label

4. Hazard warning

6.1.5 Safety Shower and Eye Wash Stations

Eye wash and safety shower stations must be installed according to WS QHSE
Std 04: Equipment, InTouch content ID# 3313678. An eye wash station and a
safety shower must be on the loading dock area and in the area where additives
are mixed (Figure 6-42).

Use only clean drinking water in both the safety showers and eye wash stations.
Never use any other solution; your eyes could be damaged on contact.

Note
Install a water hose that will reach all parts of the high-risk area in addition to the
safety shower and eye wash station.

Figure 6-42: Safety Shower and Eye Wash Station.

1. Emergency shower

2. Eye wash station

When water is left in the eye wash stations, there is a risk of bacteria. To prevent
this problem, add a water treatment chemical to the water tank.

Note
Make sure that the water treatment chemical is safe for use in eyes. The eye
wash station must be washed and flushed with clean water every 30 days.

When an object or chemical enters your eyes, do NOT rub the eyes. The best
method to remove the object or chemical is to flush the eye with large quantities
of clean water. Follow these procedures:

1. Go to the nearest eye wash station and push the handle of the valve.
2. Hold your eye lids open with your fingers and keep your eyes in the flow of
clean water.
3. Wash your eyes for at least 15 minutes.
4. Request that a doctor check your eyes to make sure that the object or
chemical is removed.

You must remove chemicals that come in contact with your eyes within 15 to
30 seconds.

Know the location of the eye wash stations and the safety showers.

Know how to use all the safety equipment in an area that handles hazardous
chemicals.

6.1.6 Spill Kit

Each location must have an emergency spill kit (Figure 6-43 and Figure 6-44)
for a chemical spill. The size of the kit and the amount of equipment in it are
determined by the quantity of products stored.

A spill kit typically includes the following equipment:

• shovels — to remove contaminated dirt or chemical absorbent materials

• bags of absorbent material — to absorb chemical or oil spills
• brooms — to contain spills within one area
• chemical spill drums — to contain the dirt or absorbent materials
• soda ash — to neutralize HCl spills

Note
If HF acid is used at the location, use calcium carbonate to control the HF
acid.

• new drums — to neutralize leaking drums of chemicals.

Figure 6-43: Typical Mobile Spill Kit Figure 6-44: Spill Kit Contents

6.1.7 Fire Extinguisher

Note
Fire extinguishers must be easily available in case of a fire.

Fire extinguishers must be

• located in the loading dock area and the area where acids are mixed.
• installed on hangers or in brackets. Install signs above the fire extinguishers
that show their position.
• inspected monthly and tagged with a label to track the inspections.

Do NOT block access to the fire extinguisher.

6.2 Acid Storage Tanks

Acid storage tanks are normally either steel tanks with an acid-resistant lining or
polyethylene tanks. The capacity of tanks can vary from 5,000 to 20,000 galUS.

• For stationary storage tanks in an acid plant, tanks made of high-density

cross-linked polyethylene (HDXLPE) are recommended.
Alternatively, tanks made of carbon steel with bonded crosslinked
polyethylene inner liner can be used. However, the size of the tank is limited
because the size of the curing ovens available to make these tanks is limited.
Fiberglass is also used for acid storage tanks and for smaller acid transport
tanks.
• For mobile acid transports, tanks made of carbon steel with bonded
crosslinked polyethylene inner liner are preferred, but again the size is limited.

6.2.1 Polyethylene Tanks

High-density cross-linked polyethylene (HDXLPE) tanks are the standard vertical
storage tanks for acid used by Schlumberger (refer to Figure 6-45 and Figure
6-46). They are typically 12,000-galUS, 12-ft diameter, vertical tanks with ladders
to the top for access to the manway cover and level sensor. Each acid tank
discharge is designed to be double valved.

Figure 6-45: 12,000 galUS HDXLPE Acid Storage Tank

Figure 6-46: Schematic of Acid Tank.

1. 12,000 galUS acid storage tank

2. Level gauge

3. Fill line

4. Tank level controls

5. Safety relief valve

6. Vent line to the fume scrubber

7. To the mix/transfer line

6.2.2 Steel Tanks with Lining

Steel storage tanks must be lined with a material that is resistant to acid.

Rubber-lined (Figure 6-47) or butyl-lined (Figure 6-48) tanks have been used
with normal capacities ranging from 6,000 to 15,000 galUS.

Figure 6-47: 15,000 galUS Rubber-Lined Acid Tank

Figure 6-48: 6,000 galUS Butyl-Lined Acid Tank

Note
Make sure that you check the manufacturer’s specifications to determine the
compatibility of fluids to be stored and transported with the coating and lining
used under local conditions.

6.2.3 Tank Linings and Coatings

The type of material and the type of lining used for acid storage and transportation
tanks are dependent on the application, product availability, and cost.

Some of the types of material and lining used are:

Note
Mark all tanks to show the coating and lining used and the fluid compatibility.

• rubber: can only be used for straight acid, noninhibited acid, and zero
additives. It should NOT be used to store solvents, such as xylene or toluene.
Any tank with a rubber lining must have a sign marked, Rubber-Lined
Tank—Do not cut or weld.

Note
NEVER pull a vacuum on an HCl tank car. It could damage the rubber liner.

• tank-in-a-tank: used for many International Maritime Organization (IMO)

offshore tanks. A polyethylene lining is installed inside a steel tank and the
annulus filled with foam. This design is intolerant to both vacuum and high
pressures, limits the number of openings in the tank, prohibits baffles, is costly
for large tankers, and is difficult to repair. Avoid strong xylene in these tanks.
• vinyl ester lining: primarily used for transport tanks. This type should not be
used to store concentrated acids for extended time periods (more than 2 to 3
days). Recent additive mixtures plus the lack of tank flushing have caused
the life of the vinyl ester lining to decrease in recent years.
• plural component lining: new liners that mix two components at the spray
gun tip have provided improved performance compared to the older vinyl
ester linings. These linings have been installed in tanks or transports that
are too large to have the bonded linings used since about year 2000. These
liners resist both HCl and HF acids and Xylene mixtures. Typical uses are
acid frac tanks larger than 4200 gallons, relining of older transports that were
originally built with vinyl ester lining, and the coating of metallic acid blender
tanks and piping.
Approved plural component liners are

– Tnemec Series 390

– Catagra Frac Shield.

• bonded polyethylene: much more expensive than the vinyl ester lining,
but will last for a very long time with little maintenance. It can be applied to
storage tanks as large as 10,000 galUS and can be used to store all acids.
Avoid strong xylene in these tanks.
• stainless steel tanks: not suitable for storing acid. Hydrochloric acid will
destroy the passivating layer of the stainless steel. Stainless steel tanks can
be used to mix acid but any acid must be neutralized and the tanks and lines
must be well cleaned after every job.

Note
Other materials are sometimes used, but check with the supplier for compatibility
with acids and other fluids used before filling a tank made of some other material.

6.2.4 Pipe Work and Valves

The recommended pipe work for use with hydrochloric acid is made from
fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP). The valves are fiberglass composite valves.

For stationary acid tanks, all piping and valves must be independently supported.
The pipe work should not be rigid; some flexibility is required to counter
expansion or contraction effects.

Weather-exposed water lines must be heat traced and insulated where hard
freezes are possible.

6.3 Fume Scrubber

Hydrogen chloride gas and mist emissions must be controlled because they have
a corrosive effect on human tissue, potentially damaging respiratory organs,
eyes, skin, and intestines. The fumes are also very corrosive to equipment and
buildings.

Therefore, an acid fume scrubber (Figure 6-49 and Figure 6-50) should be used
to prevent acid fumes from venting into the atmosphere while the acid tank is
being filled, acid is being transferred, or during normal venting from the storage
tank.

Figure 6-49: Acid Fume Scrubber

Figure 6-50: Schematic of Acid Fume Scrubber.

1. Gas outlet

2. Spray head

3. 12-in OD Absorber tower filled with polypropylene saddles

4. Spray inlet

5. Overflow (1 in)

6. Spray glass

7. Gravity drain (1 in)

8. Polyethylene base

9. Gas inlet from HCl tanks (4 in)

10. Water fill inlet (2 in)

11. Water outlet (1 in)

12. To the mix or holding tank

13. Fume scrubber circulation C-pump on mounting plate

The acid fumes enter the bottom of the scrubber tower and are absorbed into
water as the fumes travel upward and removed from the air.

A scrubber recirculation pump (e.g., a Marsh TE-7K-MD, Series 7 seal-less

magnetic drive centrifugal pump as shown in Figure 6-51) is used to ensure that
the scrubber tower packing is wetted. During acid fill and transfer operations,
the pump should be run continuously to ensure proper scrubbing of the fumes.
During normal venting, the pump should be set to run 15 to 20 minutes every
2 hours when the temperature is above 32 degF. At temperatures below 32
degF (0 degC), the pump should run frequently enough that water does not
freeze in the pipe.

Figure 6-51: Marsh Pump Used for Fume Scrubber

6.3.1 Absorber
The absorber scrubs vent gas from 36% HCl storage tanks during filling and
when tank vapors thermally expand. It has the following features and functions:

• The maximum recommended gas flow rate into the absorber is 150 cfm. The
tower floods at a gas rate of 325 cfm.
• The absorber tower is 12 inches in diameter with 9 ft of 1-in polypropylene
pall ring packing.
• The absorbing liquid is recirculated from the absorber integral storage sump
to create an HCl solution that is periodically replaced. The absorbing liquid
recirculation flow is 8 galUS/min.
• The absorber will scrub with an efficiency of 99% when the scrubbing liquid
temperature is below 122 degF and the HCl concentration is below 22%.
• The scrubbing liquid should be changed out when the HCl concentration
reaches 22%. The absorber efficiency is a function of the opening
temperature and the HCl concentration in the absorber sump. Efficiency

decreases with an increase in temperature and with an increase in

HCl concentration. A graph showing the removal efficiency versus HCl
concentration in the sump is shown in Figure 6-52.

Note
A log of absorbing liquid HCl concentration and change-out frequency should
be kept to assure that the absorber scrubbing efficiency is maintained.

Figure 6-52: Fume Scrubber Absorption Efficiency

6.4 Water Storage

The water storage tank should be a 10,000-galUS tank and may be constructed
of HDXLPE or steel. It can be located any place near the acid tanks except in the
revetment. A float valve keeps the tank filled. A 6-in air break between the fill line
and the maximum water level is required.

Note
The water for the eye washes and yard hydrants must not be taken from the
water tank used to supply the acid plant.

A process water pump is used to provide water to the mix/transfer system and
the acid fume scrubber.

6.5 Acid Mix/Transfer Tank

The acid mix/transfer tank is a 6,800-galUS, cone-bottom, HDPE tank (Figure
6-53). The inlet piping enters the top and extends downward to half the height of
the tank. A single 200-gpm centrifugal pump is used to transfer water and acid to
the mix tank, mix the contents of the tank, pump water through the dry additive
feed process, and pump the finished product to the transport truck. The various
functions of the pump can be controlled and metered using a batch flowmeter.

In addition, there are several portable stainless steel dual mix tanks that are
used for blending acid. These tanks are approved to blend acid wihen the
insides of the tank and piping are lined. Blending acids in unlined stainless steel
tanks is NOT approved.

Figure 6-53: Acid Mix Tank.

1. Manway with blind

2. Outlet

3. Inlet dip tube

4. Spare with blind

5. Vent

6. Relief

7. Rinse water

8. Level switch

9. Inlet dip pipe

10. Support cradle

6.6 Liquid Additive System

The liquid additive storage and feed system consists of up to 10 polyethylene
tote tanks of 330-galUS capacity each. The required number will vary depending
on the district’s needs.

Hoover Materials Handling Group’s TuffTank II IBC tanks are recommended

(Figure 6-54). These combine a rotationally molded high-density polyethylene
bottle and heavy-duty wire mesh cage with a 2-in valve on the suction. They are
available in 220- and 330-galUS capacities.

Figure 6-54: Liquid Additive Tank (TuffTank II)

A 30-galUS/min air diaphragm pump, such as the Wilden Pump (refer to Section
6.9.2.2), is used to transfer the additives. A batch-controller flow meter is used
for measuring and controlling the liquid additive feed. The liquid additives can be
pumped into the mix tank or fed directly to a transport. The tote tanks can also
be filled by the liquid additive feed pump.

6.7 Dry Additive System

In some locations it will be necessary to mix dry powder additives with the acid.
A schematic of a typical dry additive mixer is shown in Figure 6-55.

Figure 6-55: Dry Powder Mixer Schematic.

1. 45 min

2. Liquid inlet

3. Dry additive hopper

4. Manual feed control valve

5. Mixed product outlet

6.8 Pipe Work, Valves, and Fittings

Pipe work, valves, and fittings must be acid resistant; therefore, they are normally
fabricated from PVC. A wide range of fittings and valves are available. Some of
the older acid plants may have rubber-lined steel piping and valves.

The standard FMC butterfly valves are used in acidizing operations downstream
of the acid transport or acid storage tanks. Transport and storage tanks must use
acid resistant valves.

Note
These valves need to be checked regularly for corrosion and swelling or
deterioration of the rubber seats.

More expensive Kynar discs, Hypalon seats, and other parts are available for
use in corrosive fluids.

6.9 Acid Transfer

Acid transfer operations require special equipment.

6.9.1 Pressure Transfer

In some installations, such as the stimulation vessels and some acid storage
plants, low air pressures are used to transfer acid from tank to tank, from tank to
transporter, or from tank to acid blender.

Note
All tanks and equipment used in the transfer of acid using compressed air, such
as tote tanks, acid tanks, and transfer lines, must be designed, built, and tested
as pressure vessels with working safety pressure relief valves (PRVs).

Safety risks are inherently associated with using air pressure to transfer acid.
Well-documented operating and maintenance procedures must be in place
and a HARC should be performed to address the added risks involved using
acids under pressure. Ensure that the SSS-111 and SSS-121 transport vessels
are properly inspected prior to use. Refer to the Well Services STEM-I Forms
(InTouch content ID# 4972546).

6.9.2 Transfer Pumps

Several acid-resistant pumps from different suppliers are used to transfer acid.
These pumps must be well maintained to ensure good performance and help
prevent leakage of hazardous materials. The most commonly used pumps are
described in the following sections.

6.9.2.1 Delasco Pump

The skid-mounted, diesel-driven Delasco pump, also known as the SUS-239,
(refer to Figure 6-56 and Figure 6-57) is a peristaltic pump, in which a pressurized
fluid flow is created by the rotation of stainless steel rollers pressing against the
outside of a special flexible tube in a housing called a stator.

The advantages of peristaltic pumps are that the fluid does not come into contact
with any internal parts and seals and valves are not needed as in other pumps.
Peristaltic pumps are also reversible and can be flushed to clean out the tubing
or hose. Self priming is automatic on startup and does not require any special
equipment. A flooded suction is only required for viscous products. Occasional
dry running is possible without damage occurring.

Figure 6-56: Delasco Pump (SUS-239)

Figure 6-57: Delasco Pump Schematic.

1. Pump hose: EPDM injection moulded tube with spine

2. Stator

3. Rotor

4. Connecting sleeve

5. Rollers (stainless steel)

6. Counter

Always have a spare tube available and lubricate the tube regularly. Do NOT
leave the tube full of acid or other chemicals. In cold weather the fluid will freeze
and you will risk breaking the clutch when you try to restart it.

6.9.2.2 Air-Over-Fluid “Chugger” Pump

The Air-Over-Fluid “Chugger” pump is used widely to pump acids, acid additives,
and other fluids used in Schlumberger (refer to Figure 6-58 and Figure 6-59).

Figure 6-58: Wilden Pump (SUS-271), Example of Chugger Pump

Figure 6-59: Wilden Pump Schematic.

1. Diaphragms

2. Common shaft

3. Inlet

4. Discharge check valves

5. Pump chambers

6. Air distribution system

7. Air inlet

8. Suction inlet

9. Discharge

The Wilden pump is a positive displacement, reciprocating, air-operated,

double-diaphragm pump. Two diaphragms are connected to a common shaft
and act as a separation membrane between the compressed air (white) and the
liquid (blue). Two inlet and two discharge check valves open, and then close to
direct liquid flow into the pump chambers. The air distribution system alternately
supplies air from the air inlet to the right side and then to the left side of the pump.

Note
For maintenance, the pump should be well cleaned and emptied after each job,
and the air filter and lubricator should be checked regularly. Spare diaphragms
should be kept in the location and ensure the correct diaphragms are used for
the fluid(s) pumped.

The suction pipe size should be at least as large as the suction inlet. The suction
hose must be noncollapsible, reinforced type because these pumps are capable
of pulling high vacuums. All fittings and connections must be airtight, or a
reduction or loss of pump suction capability will result.

6.9.2.3 Other Pumps

Many other pumps are used to pump acid and other hazardous materials. Some
of the most frequently used ones are described in the following:

• Flowserve GRP centrifugal pump. This pump is used on the BIGORANGE

XVIII (BOXVIII) stimulation vessel. It produces approximately 300 galUS/min.
The GRP pumps have mechanical seals that are water flushed and require
very little maintenance.
• Ramparts centrifugal pump. The Ramparts centrifugal pump is an
elastomer-lined (Nordel™) centrifugal with an 80 Durometer impeller used for
transferring acids (refer to Figure 6-60).

Figure 6-60: Ramparts Acid Centrifugal Pump

• March Mfg. Comp: TE-10K-MD Centrifugal Pump (Series 10 - 210

gpm - AC Electric Motor). This pump (Figure 6-61) is used as a transfer
pump in acid bulk plants for 5 to 35% HCl and other chemical solutions.
The casing and impeller are made of carbon-filled Kynar plastic (PVDF) and
pump gaskets from Teflon.

Figure 6-61: March Series-10 Centrifugal Pump

6.9.3 Standalone Centrifugal Pumps

A series of larger centrifugal pumps are used on location to transfer, circulate, and
pressurize triplex pumps with inhibited acids. Several models are available that
use either the standard Well Services RA5x6 or the RA10x12 centrifugal pump.

Maintenance of these centrifugal pumps is described in JET Manual 04 – Basic

Oilfield Equipment (InTouch content ID# 4127828).

Note
It is important to perform STEM-1 maintenance checks on the pump and motor
before and after every job. Pay particular attention to lubricating the pump to
ensure no acid or air leaks into the pump suction. Regular checks should be
made on the impeller, impeller lock, and the volute for corrosion.

6.10 Liquid Additive Pumps

The SUS-533 liquid additive skid is a Waukesha metering pump (Figure 6-62).
It is used for pumping corrosive liquid additives from remote or day tanks. The
pump speed is adjustable to obtain the variable flow rate required (0 to 0.06
galUS/rev).

Figure 6-62: Liquid Additive Skid (SUS-533)

Before every job, a bucket test should be performed to test the accuracy of
the liquid additive pumps. If you don’t know how to do a bucket test, ask your
supervisor.

There are various other liquid additive pumps on some equipment. Some of
these are progressive cavity pumps, some are gear pumps, and others are piston
or plunger pumps. Various piping arrangements are also used, some of which
do not allow the use of a bucket test.

6.11 Transfer Hoses and Connections

Incorrectly used, poorly maintained, or damaged hoses and hose connections
used to transfer acids are the main causes of acid leaks and related incidents.

The following sections describe important information and procedures to correctly

use, maintain, and inspect hoses and hose connections:

Note
Be sure to frequently review WS QHSE Std 05: Wellsite Operations (InTouch
content ID# 3313681) for updated information.

6.11.1 Connections

Follow Schlumberger standards for Camlok fittings as described in WS QHSE

Std 05: Wellsite Operations (InTouch content ID# 3313681). Camlok fittings
are ONLY approved for use when crossing over to a vendor fitting, NEVER in
Schlumberger equipment.

• Various dry break couplings are being used on additive piping systems.
Some of these are metallic and some are plastic. The advantage of these
connections is that they do NOT drain the materials in the hoses when the
hoses are disconnected, and they also work as a secondary closure. These
connections need to be clean to properly latch and seal.
• The WECO Figure 206 union shown in Figure 6-63 is the standard union for
use in low-pressure acid transfer and liquid additive hoses. The 206 union
provides a measure of safety that the Camlock union is unable to provide.
When breaking a Figure 206 union, the union can separate and relieve
pressure while the threads of the union are still engaged.

Figure 6-63: 2-in WECO Figure 206 Union

• King nipples using bolt-on clamps should be used to secure connections to

hoses. They should not be made from aluminum or other materials that
react with acid.

Note
The condition of the king nipples and connections should be checked
regularly for excessive corrosion.

6.11.2 Hoses
• 2-in hoses: Various hose types are used to transfer acid and acid additives
(refer to Figure 6-64 for an example). Some types used with Delasco and
Wilden pumps are a PVC hose or layered hose with UHMW/PE inside and
EPDM outside, and with wire reinforcement.

Note
Care should be taken to ensure these hoses are not crushed and that they
are well flushed with water and then emptied after each use.

Figure 6-64: Hose for Wilden and Delasco Pumps

• 4-in hoses: Suction and discharge hoses with 4-in Figure 206 unions are
recommended by Schlumberger for use when transferring acids on location
using the standard centrifugal pumps.

Note
Regular checks must be performed on the condition of the hoses and
connections for wear and corrosion. They must be well flushed with water and
stored correctly after use.

Hose covers (Figure 6-65) on the discharge hoses are recommended for acid
treatments. These will prevent acid or other hazardous fluids from being sprayed
all over the location if a hose or connection failure occurs.

Figure 6-65: 4-in Orange Hose Covers on Discharge Lines

7 Acid Transport Equipment

7.1 Mobile Acid Transporter ________________________________________ 7-1
7.2 Acid Transport Tanks ___________________________________________ 7-3
7.2.1 SSS-111 and SSS-121 Acid Transport Tanks __________________ 7-3
7.2.2 Containerized Transport Tanks ________________________________ 7-5
7.2.3 Safety Devices on Transport Tanks ____________________________ 7-5

7 Acid Transport Equipment JET 10,

Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

Acid is transported to the job site from the Pressure Pumping Services (PPS)
district in the concentrated form or premixed with water and additives added.
This is done in mobile transporters dedicated to hauling acids or in skid-mounted
transport tanks.

The standard equipment used in Schlumberger is described in the following

sections. Filling and discharge procedures are detailed in the equipment’s
operations manual. Refer to Section 4.5 for safety considerations regarding
transportation.

7.1 Mobile Acid Transporter

Schlumberger uses different models of acid transporters (e.g., Figure 7-1 and
Figure 7-2). The trailers store liquid additives or acids for transportation or use
during treatments.

Figure 7-1: STF-151 Acid Transporter

Figure 7-2: STF-144 Acid Transporter

Note
The transporters have linings that are NOT designed to store concentrated acids
for long periods of time.

Many transporters are also used that are lined with rubber. Care should be taken
NOT to use them for transporting inhibited acids (the acid inhibitor will degrade
the rubber lining), and solvents such as xylene, U66, and diesel.

Refer to the lining manufacturer’s recommendations for compatibilities of fluids.

The gravity-flow discharge outlets are located at the bottom rear of the tank.
Discharge line butterfly valves are remote air-operated and the tanks are
equipped with a spring return relief valve. A fill and recirculation manifold
connects at the rear. A vacuum breaker equalizes air pressure during unloading
operations. Manways are located at the top of the tanks for performing
maintenance operations.

Acid transport vehicles MUST have the following:

• valves on all openings — open vents are not allowed

• rollover protection to protect top valves and piping
• shear groves on piping protruding outside of the rollover protection
• PRV and vacuum breaker on each compartment.

7.2 Acid Transport Tanks

Many different types and sizes of tanks are used to transport acid in smaller
volumes (500 to 2,000 galUS) to offshore and remote locations or when smaller
acid volumes are required on location. Various names are used for these tanks:

• safraps
• carboys
• intermodal tanks
• IMO/IMDG tanks (conforming to the International Maritime Organization and
International Maritime Dangerous Goods shipment requirements)
• acid transport tanks or container tanks.

The smaller-volume tanks can be made from fiberglass or PVC mounted in a

protective lifting cage. Steel tanks can be lined with rubber, a vinyl ester coating,
bonded polyethylene, or pluralistic linings in a protective transport skid or the
intermodal type of tank-in-a-tank design.

7.2.1 SSS-111 and SSS-121 Acid Transport Tanks

The SSS-111 and SSS-121 are two types of Schlumberger acid transport tanks.
These are corrosion-resistant, tank-in-a-tank construction with a 3/16-in carbon
steel outer skin and a 1/2-in crosslinked polyethylene inner liner. The annulus
between the tank and the liner is filled with high-density polyethylene foam.
More recent tanks are built with bonded polyethylene linings. These can be
manufactured from approved suppliers on several continents.

The fill and discharge outlets are located at the top of the tanks. An air unloading
system pressurizes the tank for discharging material. Working pressure is 25
psi with rupture disc and relief valve pressure protection devices. A manway is
located at the top of the tank for performing maintenance operations.

The heavy-duty skid has forklift slots and lifting eye connections on the top. The
1,000-galUS skids are designed to stack on top of each other.

The SSS-111 and SSS-121 acid transport tanks are shown in Figure 7-3 and
Figure 7-4.

Figure 7-3: 1,000 galUS Acid Transport Tank (SSS-111)

Figure 7-4: 2,000 galUS Acid Transport Tank (SSS-121)

Versions of these acid transport tanks are also made using vertical tanks instead
of horizontal tanks.

7.2.2 Containerized Transport Tanks

Acid tanks in a container frame (Figure 7-5) are used for transporting acid
offshore in large volumes.

Figure 7-5: Containerized Acid Transport Tank

7.2.3 Safety Devices on Transport Tanks

Note
Tombstone design and valve actuators must meet requirements as specified in
Technical Alert, Must Do Maintenance Bulletin 1357-A: Acid Transport Trailer
Roll Over Protection Improvements (InTouch content ID# 5857293), to prevent a
possible spill in the event of a rollover.

Figure 7-6 shows examples of the safety devices that should be present on
acid transporter and tanks to help prevent the unplanned discharge of acid and
damage to equipment and/or the environment.

Figure 7-6: Top Hatch of SSS-111 Acid Tank with Safety Devices.

1. 2-in butterfly valve (Teflon cover with 316 SS disc and Viton sear)

2. GITS pop-off valves (12-psi) and gauge

3. Air regulator and gauge

4. Air input

5. Air vent (1-in ball valve)

6. 3-in Girard GE-IMF44 relief valve (64-psi) and gauge with rupture disc 70-psi)

7. 3-in butterfly valve

8. 3-in discharge line with cap

9. 20-in manway with Viton gasket

10. 8-in hatch

The following are descriptions of these safety devices:

• protective frame: Tanks are skid-mounted with a crash frame to prevent

damage to the tank.
• dome guard and drain hose: The hatch and manway area is protected with
a rubber-lined, raised lip that acts as a containment area for acid spills. A
drain hose is normally connected to this area, allowing acid to fall to the
ground. This area must be cleaned with fresh water when contaminated.
• blind caps: All discharge and fill lines must be equipped with blind caps,
which must be attached to the line with a chain.

Use caution when opening the cap because hazardous vapors or mist may
be expelled.

• vent lines: Tanks must be equipped with a vent line for the air supply and
to relieve any pressure that may build up inside the tank during storage and
transport.
• pressure gauges: A pressure gauge must be included, to monitor air
pressure supplied when unloading the tank and a pressure gauge to monitor
vapor pressure inside the tank.

Before opening the cap, verify that there is no positive pressure indicated
on the relief valve gauge. Any positive pressure reading indicates that the
rupture disc has failed and needs to be replaced. STOP and notify supervisor
before continuing.

• relief valve: This valve will relieve pressure that builds up inside the tank into
the vent line. The type of valve and its setting will depend on the tank type.

Note
The relief valve must be checked regularly as described in WS QHSE
Standard 04, Guideline 01: Low-Pressure Vessel, Relief Valve, and Gauge
Inspection and Test Procedure (InTouch content ID# 3313678).

• rupture disc (also known as a burst disc): This disk is a non-reclosing

pressure relief device, which provides a leak-tight seal. If a vessel’s internal
pressure rises to a predetermined level, the rupture disc bursts, providing
an instantaneous, unobstructed full relief of pressure. The disc must be
replaced after such a relief.

The settings of the relief valve and burst disc type and rating must be
according to the tank manufacturer’s recommendations. DO NOT change
them.

8 Acid Tank and Transport Equipment

Maintenance
8.1 Tank Maintenance ______________________________________________ 8-2
8.1.1 External Vessel ______________________________________________ 8-2
8.1.2 Pipe Work and Acid Hose Fittings _____________________________ 8-4
8.1.3 Instrumentation ______________________________________________ 8-4
8.1.4 Tests and Inspections ________________________________________ 8-4
8.1.5 Tank Linings and Interior _____________________________________ 8-5
8.1.5.1 Lined Tanks ______________________________________________ 8-5
8.1.5.2 Unlined Tanks ____________________________________________ 8-6
8.1.5.3 Polyethylene Tanks _______________________________________ 8-6
8.1.6 Crash Frame, Skid, and Lift Points ____________________________ 8-7
8.2 Trailer and Tractor ______________________________________________ 8-7
8.3 Additional Testing and Inspection ______________________________ 8-9
8.4 Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance _____________________ 8-9

8 Acid Tank and Transport Equipment

Maintenance JET 10,
Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

Many different kinds of tanks are used to store and transport acids. Proactive
maintenance on the tanks and all related equipment is necessary to prevent
failures and the possible catastrophic consequences of failure, and to increase
their useful lifespan.

This section covers the basic maintenance checks that should be performed.
Many locations will have location-specific maintenance checks that must be
performed. Check with your local Maintenance Department.

Note
Make sure that you review WS QHSE Std 04: Equipment (InTouch content ID#
3313678) and WS QHSE Std 12: Permit to Work (InTouch content ID# 3313688)
before performing any maintenance.

Before starting any work or inspection remember the following:

• Wear all required PPE.

• Review previous STEM 1 inspection reports.
• Be sure that tanks are empty and isolated from any delivery systems, which
could fill or pressurize, the tanks.
• Be sure that tank manways or entrances are clear at all times.
• Before entering the tank, ensure that all requirements of confined space
entry have been met.
• Before performing any hot work inside the tank, confirm that no gases or
flammable fumes are present.
• Relieve all pressure from equipment and lines before attempting repairs.
• Do not tamper with safely valves.
• Repair all leaks as soon as possible.
• Be sure that all replacement parts and accessories are clean and suitable for
use at the temperature and pressure of the intended service.

Note
Because hazardous materials are stored and transported in these tanks and
some tanks are defined as pressure vessels, some inspections and certifications
will need to be performed by approved third-party inspectors in compliance with
local regulations (e.g., DOT or IMDG/ADR).

8.1 Tank Maintenance

All acid tanks must be inspected and tested in accordance to WS QHSE Std 04:
Equipment, Guideline 02, InTouch content ID# 3313678, in addition to any client
or local regulatory requirements. The following sections provide a high-level
overview of tank maintenance procedures. Refer to the tank’s maintenance
manual for detailed instructions.

Note
All acid storage tanks must be completely drained, neutralized, and have all lines
flushed, including those lines that are not regularly used during operations. This
must be done whenever feasible and when the tanks are back at the base or
when it is safe and acceptable to do so.

8.1.1 External Vessel

The external vessel must regularly be checked/maintained as follows:

• Regularly check the cleanliness of the vessel. Wash and clean as required.
• Check for obvious signs of damage to the outer jacket, such as dents, pitting,
or rust. Damage, such as this, could indicate that the internal lining of the
tank has been damaged.
• For polyethylene tanks, check for cracking, crazing, and brittle appearance.
Check carefully the areas around fittings where different planes of the tanks
join.
• Check the condition of the paint on the vessel and pipe work. Clean, repair,
and paint as required.
• Check hazardous warning and capacity labels/signs.

• Check for rust, pits, and leaks in welds (refer to the example in Figure 8-1).

Figure 8-1: Crack in Weld on Bottom Suction of a Transport Trailer

• Check welds on the tank’s cradles or tank supports, which could crack
because of fatigue, and check any tie-down bolts to ensure they are tight.
• Check the manway hatch and ensure it seals properly. Inspect the lid gasket
for tears, rips, or worn spots.
• Check to ensure the dome guard drain hose is not blocked or damaged. This
hose is fitted to a hole in the side of the guard around the dome lid. The hose
runs down the side of the tank to the bottom. Any spills around the dome lid
are confined and fall through this hose.
• Ensure that the tank is neither venting excessively nor has a pressure buildup.
• Ensure all pipe work is secure on the tank. Ensure drip trays, if present,
are fitted and secure.
• Ensure that level indicators, if present, are clean, working, and leak free.
Repair any leaks.

8.1.2 Pipe Work and Acid Hose Fittings

The pipe work and acid hose fittings must be very carefully checked as follows:

• Ensure that acid is not trapped in any hoses or connections.

• Check all valves for leaks. Check the valves for ease of operation and that all
handles are fitted and indicate the correct flow path. Ensure handle stops
are in place.
• Ensure that caps are fitted to connections.
• Check hoses, flanges, and gaskets for leaks.
• Check hose barbs used on acid transfer hoses for corrosion. Replace as
needed.
• Check supports for external piping and plumbing.
• Check the condition and stability of independent supports for pipe work and
valves to ensure some flexibility is possible.

8.1.3 Instrumentation
Instrumentation must be checked before each use.

• Check the operation and condition of pressure gauges, if the tank is fitted
with them. Ensure that connections are not leaking and the glass face is
not broken.
• Check the operation and condition of gauge manifold valves.

8.1.4 Tests and Inspections

The following checks should be performed regularly.

• Confirm that the pressure relief valve’s last certification/test date is less than
12 months old. Also check the set pressure of the pressure relief valves to
confirm that they are suitable for the application in which they are being used.
• Check the date of installation and rating of rupture disc.
• Check any certification of tank (if required). Is certification date still valid?

8.1.5 Tank Linings and Interior

The integrity of acid tank linings must be verified and tested. The internal
inspection and testing of the lining must be completed on all compartments of
the tank in accordance with the tank manufacturer and lining manufacturer’s
recommendations, local laws and regulations and WS QHSE standards. Any
acid tank where you cannot gain access to all compartments to verify the integrity
of the tank and perform the required internal inspections and testing of the lining
must be removed from service. The linings and interior of the tanks should be
maintained as described in the following guidelines.

• Test acid tank internal linings in accordance with the Well Services QHSE
Standard 04 Guideline 02: Acid Tank Inspection and Test (InTouch content
ID# 3313678). The date of the test and the next test date must be stamped
onto the tank test plate. The test results must be documented in a STEM
report and filed in the equipment file.

Note
The integral linings test must be performed once every 30 months.

• Follow the procedures detailed in WS QHSE Std 12: Permit to Work (InTouch
content ID# 3313688) before any internal inspections of tanks are performed.
• After each venting and cleaning, visually inspect the internal condition of
the tank.

8.1.5.1 Lined Tanks

The majority of lining failures occur because of

• storage or transport of incompatible fluids. Check the manufacturer’s

recommendations.
• striking of the lining with metal gauge sticks and dropping hammers.

Perform the following inspections and maintenance on lined tanks.

• Check all lap seams and lining for defects caused by physical damage.
• Inspect the lining surface for blisters and looseness by sighting down the
surface with an explosion-proof drop light. These defects will be seen as
shadowed areas on the lighted surface. For an example of a blister, refer
to Figure 8-2.

Figure 8-2: Blister in Rubber Lining Wrongly Used to Transport Solvents

• Look for cracks and check for possible contamination to the lining by oil,
extreme hardness or softness, and loss of resilience of the lining.
• If failure of the lining is suspected and/or if major repair work has been
carried out on the vessel, conduct the Holiday Spark Test. The procedures to
do this are described in the Well Services QHSE Standard 04 Guideline 02:
Acid Tank Inspection and Test (InTouch content ID# 3313678). These tests
must be performed by trained personnel.
• Check for spot patching. Spot patching is inadequate to seal a modified
section of the rubber lining.
• Check the lining in vinyl ester-lined tanks. The lining in some vinyl ester-lined
tanks can be repaired using special repair kits from approved suppliers. In
some cases, these repairs must be performed by trained personnel. Check
with your maintenance supervisor when in doubt.

8.1.5.2 Unlined Tanks

Check for rust, pits, and cracks in and near welds.

8.1.5.3 Polyethylene Tanks

It is important that the inside and outside of the tank are clean. Use a bright light
source to inspect the interior of the tank for cleanliness, from the manway cover.

8.1.6 Crash Frame, Skid, and Lift Points

The following describe minimum maintenance requirements for the crash frame,
skid, and lift points.

• Check skid or frame for damage.

• Wash, repair, and paint as necessary.
• Ensure that drainage plugs are fitted and that plugs are closed before filling
the tank.
• Check access ladders and roof for damage. Ensure any handrails are
stowed for transit.
• Replace Haz-Chem stickers as necessary.
• Ensure that ground (earth) bosses are fitted and in good condition.
• Inspect forklift lift points for damage.
• Make sure that all slings and shackles, where fitted, are in place and that the
test date shown on the frame stamping plate shows that testing will remain
valid during the entire period of the tanks’ upcoming use.
• Ensure that the safety and inspection certification is complete and current.
• Ensure that fixed asset number stenciling is legible from all sides.
• Ensure that tare, pay, and gross weight stenciling are clearly visible.

8.2 Trailer and Tractor

The trailer and tractor hauling the tank need to be well maintained.

• Check previous STEM 1 of tractor and trailer.

• Perform STEM 1 check on the tractor (Figure 8-3): Check oil and water
levels; fan belts; condition of air, fuel, and oil hoses; air and electrical
systems; cleanliness; and fuel tank level. Correct any discrepancies.

Figure 8-3: Check the Tractor

• Check trailer hook-up and condition (Figure 8-4): Check hoses, glad-hand
connections, fifth-wheel connection, and trailer lights.

Figure 8-4: Prejob Check of Trailer

• Check tires: Check the air pressure and condition of the tires of the tractor
and trailer. Are chock blocks available and used when the unit is parked?
• Check that all lock nuts are in place and tight.
• Ensure that all safety and regulatory paperwork is available.
• Ensure that all safety equipment is available and in good condition.
• Ensure that correct transport decals, placards, and labels are properly used
and clearly visible.

Note
Any modifications to equipment must be done via an Equipment Modification
Request (EMR) and properly approved.

8.3 Additional Testing and Inspection

Additional test requirements and procedures for tanks or transporters used to
store and transport hazardous fluids are detailed in the following documents:

• WS QHSE Std 04: Equipment (InTouch content ID# 3313678), including

– WS QHSE Standard 04 Guideline 01: Low-Pressure Vessel, Relief Valve,

and Gauge Inspection and Test Procedure
– WS QHSE Standard 04 Guideline 02: Acid Tank Inspection and Test
– WS QHSE Standard 04: Access Guidelines.

• WS QHSE Std 05: Wellsite Operations (InTouch content ID# 3313681)

• Low-Pressure Hose Inspection and Test (InTouch content ID# 5658493).

8.4 Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance

Routine inspection and maintenance of the equipment and facilities in the acid
bulk plant should be performed and documented. The frequency and detail
of these inspections should be established by management of the location.
Maintenance procedures should be based on manufacturer’s recommendations.

Whenever a defect is identified, it should be repaired immediately and the repairs

performed should be documented.

A checklist to aid in the housekeeping and maintenance of acid plant equipment

is given in Table 8-1 through Table 8-3.

Table 8-1: Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance Checklist, Page 1

ACID PLANT HOUSEKEEPING & MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

Items Yes No Comments

Liquid Chemical Storage (Totes, Drums, Palls):

Lighting adequate & bulbs protected by guards

Chemical storage separate from mechanical parts storage

Chemicals stored separate from empty drums and waste

chemicals

Chemical storage neat & orderly. Pallets stacked safely.

Chemicals containers stored closed & in good condition

Chemicals properly segregated (flammable, corrosive, reactive)

Proper labeling on each container (Name, Hazard, etc.)

MSDS information available for chemicals in area

Secondary containment & weather protection for chemicals

Storage area maintained free of leaks & spills

Fire extinguisher accessible & inspected monthly

Operational eye wash station and safety shower

Hand dollies in good repair

Electrical panel labeled with voltage

Electrical panel switches labeled with no “Open” slots

Floor free from slipping/tripping hazards & spills

Adequate verfication

Tote tanks used only for designated chemicals

Spill kit available and complete

Signs:

a) “Goggles Must be Worn When Handling Chemicals”

b) “Watch Out For Fork Lift Trucks”

c) Proper type of hazard warning poster

d) “No Smoking”

e) Individual ID signs for stored chemicals with PPE pictograms

mounted by the chemical

f) Exit/No Exit

Table 8-2: Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance Checklist, Page 2

ACID PLANT HOUSEKEEPING & MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

Items Yes No Comments

Chemical Transfer Area:

a) Designated area for chemical repackaging identified

b) Area free of leaks and spills

c) Sump routinely pumped

d) Grounding and bonding straps available for use during

transfer of flammables; explosion proof transfer pump

Slurry/Bulk Gel Loading and/or Storage Area:

All tanks labeled with contents and hazard label

Ladders: good condition, free of slip hazards, locked

Acid and Other Liquids:

Storage Tanks:

a) Clean painted, in good repair. No rust spots & No visible

leaks

b) Vent line hooked up & fume scrubber in use

c) Fume scrubber routinely inspected & maintenance

documented

d) Return acid tank identified & independent from main bulk

system

e) Ladders & cages in good repair & locked

f) Material, vent & load lines properly marked

g) Rubber lined tank test current & marked on tank(s)

h) Check valve installed & operational on water main line

i) All piping and fittings in good condition with no leaks

Secondary containment free of spills & leaks

Floor & revetment wall in good repair, free of cracks & erosion
(acid area coated with proper material)

Sumps maintained empty when not in use & in good repair

Warnings Signs & Systems:

a) All tanks marked with contents and required hazard signs

b) “Safety Shower & Eye Wash+B1017”

c) “Googles Must be Work When Handling Chemicals”

d) Fire extinguisher (above all extinguishers)

e) “Notice: This Tank is Rubber Lined”

f) “No Smoking”

g) “Flammable”

Table 8-3: Acid Plant Housekeeping and Maintenance Checklist, Page 3

ACID PLANT HOUSEKEEPING & MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

Items Yes No Comments

Safety Equipment Available:

a) Operational eye wash stations(s) & safety shower(s) with

easy access in all work areas (Painted Distinguishing Color)

b) Sticker suits

c) Goggles & face shields

d) Respiratory protection properly stored and sanitary

e) Rubber gloves

f) Fire extinguisher(s) (inspected monthly)

g) Spill kit available and complete

h) Secondary containment in good condition and clean. Last

hydrotest documented.

Transfer pumps, piping, and hoses in good repair & labeled

Floors free of slipping/tripping hazards

Explosion proof electrical equipment in use

Adequate lighting

Extension cords have grounding conductors

Grounding system installed for loading area. All tanks or

equipment handling flammables grounded.

9 Acid Mixing Procedures and Calculations

9.1 HCl-Specific Calculations ______________________________________ 9-1
9.2 Acetic Acid _____________________________________________________ 9-3
9.3 Mud Acid _______________________________________________________ 9-4
9.4 Clay Acid _______________________________________________________ 9-5
9.5 Other Acids ____________________________________________________ 9-5
9.6 AcidMIX Formulator ____________________________________________ 9-5

9 Acid Mixing Procedures and

Calculations JET 10,
Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

Before any acid mixture can be prepared, it is necessary to calculate the correct
volumes of water, concentrated acid, and additives.

The basic mixing procedure for all acid systems is as follows:

1. Put required volume of water in mix tank.

2. Add corrosion inhibitor and inhibitor aid.
3. Mix water and inhibitors thoroughly.
4. Add other acid additives and mix thoroughly.
5. Add concentrated acid and mix thoroughly.

Make sure that you ask local management to explain the proper use of local
loading facilities and mixing procedures. In addition, refer to the appropriate
equipment operations manual(s) for detailed operating procedures.

Note
The Matrix Materials Manual (MMM), InTouch content ID# 4013354, is referenced
throughout this section.

9.1 HCl-Specific Calculations

Concentrated HCl is normally supplied at concentrations of 33 to 36%. This
concentration is then diluted to the desired strength by adding to the proper
amount of water and additives (liquid or solid) to strengths of 5 to 28% HCl.

The formula to calculate the amount of concentrated acid that is needed to make
a required volume of dilute acid is

(Vol Dilute Acid ) x (% Dilute Acid ) x (SG of Dilute)

Volume of Conc. Acid =
(SG of Conc.Acid ) x (% Conc.Acid )

Note
The specific gravity of different acid strengths can be found in tables in the
Field Data Handbook and Matrix Materials Manual (MMM), InTouch content
ID# 4013354.

Example
To prepare 5,000 galUS of 15% HCl with 5 galUS/1,000 galUS A262 inhibitor
and 1 galUS/1,000 galUS F104 surfactant, with concentrated acid of 34%,
perform the following calculation:

SG 15% HCl = 1.0749

SG 34% HCl = 1.1709

5, 000 × 15 × 1.0749
Vol Conc Acid =
1.1709 × 34

Volume Conc. Acid = 2,025 galUS 34% HCl

A262 Corrosion Inhibitor = 5 x 5 = 25 galUS needed

F103 Surfactant = 5 x 1 = 5 galUS needed

Subtract the corrosion inhibitor volume and the volume of all other additives
from the fresh water volume.

The volume of mix water should be reduced by the volume of corrosion inhibitor
and other additives to be used, i.e., consider the total volume of water + additives
as the mix-water volume.

Volume water = (5,000 – 2,025) – (25 + 5) = 2,945 galUS = 70.12 bbl

9.2 Acetic Acid

Acetic acid concentrations can be prepared as shown in Table 9-1 using the
indicated amounts of stabilizing agents L400 or L401.

Remember that you use L400 to make glacial acetic acid solution, or L401 to
make a low freezing point acetic acid solution.

All concentrations of acetic acid from 2 to 12% require the same concentration
of inhibitor for a specific temperature.

Table 9-1: Acetic Acid Preparation

Acetic Acid SG at 68 degF To Make 1000 galUS Solution

Concentration
L400 (galUS) L401 (galUS)
2% 1.0012 19 26
3% 1.0025 25 39
4% 1.004 38 52
5% 1.0055 48 65
6% 1.0069 58 78
7% 1.0083 67 91
8% 1.0097 77 104
9% 1.0111 87 117
10% 1.0125 97 130
11% 1.0139 106 144
12% 1.0154 116 157

Note
Subtract the corrosion inhibitor volume and the volume of all other additives
from the fresh water volume.

To mix:

1. Add approximately half the water to the mix tank.

2. Add the inhibitor(s).
3. Add the L400 or L401 and mix thoroughly.
4. Add and mix the remaining mix water.

9.3 Mud Acid

Mud acid can be prepared in one of three ways:

• blending a 20% solution of HF and HCl

• diluting a storage mixture of 25% HCl and 20% HF solution with water
• dissolving intensifier Y001 in HCl acid to obtain the desired concentration.

Follow these principles for mixing mud acid:

• Work at dock level; stay off tracks.

• All chemicals must be pumped through a closed system using a
remote-controlled pump. Do NOT leave the pump unattended while
operating.
• Add ingredients to a stationary mixing tank at the loading dock. Ingredients
and additives must be added through fixed piping. You should install an
eductor in the fill line for adding solids.
• Mixing must be done by jet circulation (no paddle shafts to leak). Do NOT
air lance. Do NOT perform any mixing in the truck tanks. After mixing by
circulation, transfer the mud acid to the truck tank through one hose.
• Acid facilities should be constructed so that all lines can be flushed with
water and emptied by gravity into the truck tanks. Drain all lines and hoses
before unhooking them or knocking unions loose.
• Keep all clothing and equipment dry. Be sure nothing is spilled, but water.
• Use only clean, fresh water for mix water. Do NOT use sea water to prepare
mud acid.

HF is highly corrosive to the skin. Use extreme care when loading mud acid.
Each location should have specific written instructions about mixing and loading
mud acid, taking into account each location’s specific loading dock.

For detailed information about mud acid solution preparation, refer to MMM 3.2 –
Mud Acid in MMM Section 3: Hydrofluoric Acid, InTouch content ID# 4319815.

9.4 Clay Acid

The various clay acid systems can be prepared using one of three methods:

• by mixing concentrated HCl with Y001 (ammonium bifluoride)

• by mixing concentrated HCl with HF 20% (H200)
• by mixing HCl/HF Acid 25/20 H152 as a component with Y001.

For more information, refer to MMM 3.3 – ClayAcid in MMM Section 3:

Hydrofluoric Acid, InTouch content ID# 4319815. Example calculations for mixing
clay acid are also presented in MMM 3.3 – ClayAcid.

9.5 Other Acids

Determination of mix components for other acid systems can be found in the
Matrix Materials Manual (MMM), InTouch content ID# 4013354.

9.6 AcidMIX Formulator

Acid mixing calculations can also be performed using the AcidMIX Formulator
via the Schlumberger Web site at e-Engineering Solutions:

http://e-engineering.sugar-land.oilfield.slb.com/

The acid mixing calculations determine the amounts of the various components
necessary to generate the specified volume of the acid listed, including additives.
The majority of Schlumberger acid systems can be calculated. A maximum of
four fluid systems can be formulated at the same time.

The sequence to perform a calculation is as follows (also refer to Figure 9-1

and Figure 9-2):

• Describe the acid system (HCl, HCl-HF, SXE, etc.) and enter bottomhole
temperature (BHT), type of tubulars to be used, and whether or not H2S is
present.
• Give volume and strength of dilute acid required and the strength of the
concentrated acid to be used.
• Specify the type of acid additives in the system.
• Specify the additive concentrations.

Figure 9-1: AcidMIX Formulator Input Screen 1

Figure 9-2: AcidMIX Formulator Input Screen 2

The results will be calculated and presented on screen or as an Excel

spreadsheet and a load-out sheet.

Using the example for HCl in Section 9.1, the results shown in Table 9-2 were
generated by AcidMIX Formulator.

Table 9-2: AcidMIX Formulator Calculation Output

System 1: 5,000 galUS – HCl – 15

Mixing Instructions
Product QTY per 1,000 galUS Total QTY (galUS)

HCl 405 2,025

Water 589 2,945
A262 5 25
F104 1 5
Total volume = 5,000 galUS
Acid density 9.0 lbm/galUS

Private
JET Manual 10 / Operating Requirements and Procedures

Operating Requirements and Procedures
10-i
WIS T&D, WS T&D\InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP, InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET\InTouch content ID# 4221679\2.0\Release Date:04-Jun-2013\EDMS UID: 1656413344\Produced: 04-Jun-2013 16:13:09 10-1 JET Manual 10 / Operating Requirements and Procedures 10-1

10 Operating Requirements and

Procedures JET 10,
Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

Operating procedures will vary from one district to another, depending on the
equipment used, the acid and additive types, and the location (acid bulk plant or
wellsite).

Acid mixtures can be prepared at the bulk plant and transported to the wellsite,
where they are either transferred to acid storage tanks or remain in the transport
tanks. The acid mixture will then be pumped from the tanks when the job is
performed.

Concentrated acid and the additives may be delivered separately to the job
site, where they are prepared and mixed with water to provide the required acid
mixture.

Note
Make sure that you ask local management to explain the proper use of local
loading facilities and mixing procedures.

All personnel must understand and ensure that the following requirements are
met before any operation is performed:

• Correct PPE must be worn. Safety equipment (shower, eye wash, and so on)
must be available and have been function tested before the operation begins.
Review the MSDSs to determine the PPE required.
Fall protection may also be required if working on top of tanks.
• Spill control equipment must be available, the location should have a Spill
Response Plan, and personnel must have been trained in treating spills. A
supply of neutralizing agent (e.g., soda ash for HCl) must be available in
sufficient quantities to neutralize the maximum possible spillage. A water
supply must be available near the storage or mixing site to dilute and flush
any neutralized spillage.
• All personnel must be up to date in the required Well Services (WS) and Well
Intervention Services (WIS) safety training.

Note
In addition, all personnel must understand and follow the Schlumberger,
WS, and WIS safety standards. The safety standards can be found on the
InTouch Support Web site (www.InTouchSupport.com).

• All personnel must have received operations training and be deemed

competent in the tasks they are required to perform. All trainees will be
assigned mentors.
• A risk assessment must be performed and reviewed with all personnel
involved for each operation. Contingencies must be discussed. Personnel
should sign off attendance at this review.
• Transferring chemicals should only take place through the use of closed
system transfer pumps. Chemicals must NOT be added with open top
buckets. All transfer pumps and equipment shall be flushed with water after
use.
• All personnel involved must be assigned responsibilities for which they are
trained and understand.
• STEM 1 maintenance checks must be performed on all equipment and
the equipment must be green tagged to indicate no maintenance or repair
is currently required.
• Equipment used to store, transport, and mix acid must be clean and rust-free.
Acid from a supplier generally contains <180 ppm iron. Higher concentrations
of iron and other organic and inorganic compounds that can be picked up from
dirty equipment will have a detrimental effect on the stimulation treatment.

For specific equipment operating and maintenance procedures, visit InTouch

(www.InTouchSupport.com). On InTouch, you can search for a product model,
code, or name to locate important documents and manuals, as well as safety
standards and proven best practices, lessons learned, and solutions.

The following are product information examples available on InTouch:

• SSS-111 Maintenance Manual and Parts List, InTouch content ID# 3732497
• Stimulation Vessel — DeepSTEM 1, InTouch content ID# 4996928
• Schlumberger - Health Safety Environment (HSE), InTouch content ID#
3312250
• WS Quality Management System - QHSE Standards, InTouch content ID#
4055049
• STEM-I Forms, InTouch content ID# 4972546

11 Acid Spills and Disposal

11.1 Reporting _____________________________________________________ 11-2
11.2 Spill Prevention and Control Plan _____________________________ 11-3
11.3 MSDSs ________________________________________________________ 11-4
11.4 Spill Kits ______________________________________________________ 11-4
11.5 Disposal ______________________________________________________ 11-5

11 Acid Spills and Disposal JET 10,

Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

Acid spills must be prevented at all costs: clean up and remedial work is very
expensive, the environment is damaged, and Schlumberger’s reputation is
harmed.

Even small volumes of spills cause damage and extra work. Refer to Figure 11-1
for an example of an acid spill (in South America) when it flows over the ground.

Figure 11-1: Acid Spill

Figure 11-2 shows that a little acid can go a long way.

Figure 11-2: Acid Spill from 55-galUS Drums

To avoid spills, all personnel must

• perform proactive maintenance on all acid handling and storage equipment

• establish and follow acid plant operating procedures, which must be updated
with lessons-learned as necessary
• use all necessary safety equipment, which must be operable
• know the procedures and regulations in the country they operate
• have a proactive QHSE attitude.

11.1 Reporting
Spills must be reported to Schlumberger and may also need to be reported to the
client and local regulatory authorities, depending on their reporting requirements.
The details and contact numbers should be included in the site-specific spill
response plan and/or emergency response plan.

Per SLB QHSE Standard 2 (HSE Event Reporting and Management), InTouch
content ID# 3260257, or the Web site http://www.hub.slb.com/display/index.do?i
d=id16324), all spills must be reported in QUEST. Incident severity is classified
by the volume of spill as follows:

• Light < 100 liters

• Serious > 100 < 1,000 liters
• Major > 1,000 < 10,000 liters
• Catastrophic > 10,000 liters.

11.2 Spill Prevention and Control Plan

SLB QHSE Standard S008 (Environment), InTouch content ID# 3605373, states:

“All sites shall establish and maintain a written Spill Prevention and Control
Plan if hazardous substances are used or stored on the site, or if required
by environmental laws and regulatory requirements. The SPC Plan shall
address pollution prevention by identifying potential spill scenarios and
developing procedures to prevent and control them.”

A spill prevention and control plan helps protect the environment in two ways:

• It provides the procedures to prevent oil and chemical spills and waste
releases.
• Should a spill or release occur, it describes the protocols to minimize any
harmful effects, including notification of appropriate government agencies
as required by regulations.

All personnel involved with the handling of acids must be knowledgeable of the
location’s spill response control plan and know what their responsibilities are in
the event of an incident.

Some personnel will require special training in handling spills and also take part
in spill response drills (refer to Figure 11-3 showing a drill in Kazakhstan).

Figure 11-3: Acid Spill Exercise in Kazakhstan

11.3 MSDSs
The MSDS for each product provides details of actions required if a spill occurs.
Table 11-1 shows details from the MSDS of 15% HCl for the “Accidental Release
Measures” required.

Table 11-1: Spill Response Measures on MSDS for 15% HCl

Main physical hazards Corrosive to metals.

Other hazards Gives off hydrogen by reaction with
Personal precautions Avoid contact with eyes. Do not get on skin or clothing. Wash
thoroughly after handling. Ensure adequate ventilation.
Refer also to Section 8: Acid Tank and Transport Equipment
Maintenance.
Methods for cleaning up Dam up. Neutralize with lime milk or soda and flush with
plenty of water.
Flush residual with plenty of water.
Environmental precautions No information available.

11.4 Spill Kits

Each acid storage and mixing facility must have a spill kit. Refer to Section
6.1.6: Spill Kit for more information. All personnel must be trained in the use
of the spill kit.

Note
When materials from the spill kit are used, they must be replaced as soon as
possible.

11.5 Disposal
Disposal of acid waste from spills or from empty and used acid or acid material
containers and drums must also be performed according to proper procedure.

Disposal requirements are detailed in the MSDS sheet. Refer to Table 11-2,
which shows an example of the “Disposal Considerations” from the MSDS sheet
for 15% HCl.

Table 11-2: Disposal Considerations for 15% HCl from MSDS

Waste from residues Dispose of by injection or other acceptable method in

accordance with local regulations.
Contaminated packaging If reusable containers are used, send them back to the
product supplier, after the required rinsing. Triple rinse,
crush and ship to sanitary landfill unless prohibited by local
regulations.
EPA RCRA hazardous waste D002
code

Empty totes and drums should be returned to the location unless they have
become the property of the client. Empty drums should be triple-cleaned
and sent to an approved drum reconditioner if permitted by regulations. If
reconditioning is not an option, empty drums should be sent to an approved
sanitary landfill for disposal.

Note
Check with your location manager or QHSE manager for proper disposal
procedures and regulations at your location.

12 Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements

12 Matrix Key Service Quality

Requirements JET 10,
Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

The Key Service Quality Requirements (KSQR) list a set of specific requirements
that must be implemented on every job to help prevent Service Quality failures
in Service Delivery. All requirements specified in the KSQR are critical and
compliance is mandatory as per WS QHSE Std 01: Service Delivery, InTouch
content ID# 4348728.

The following figure shows the Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements
(KSQR). These requirements are periodically reviewed and updated. Refer to
InTouch content ID# 4147783 for the latest Matrix KSQR.

Figure 12-1: Matrix Key Service Quality Requirements

Private
JET Manual 10 / Check Your Understanding

Check Your Understanding

13-i
WIS T&D, WS T&D\InTouch-CTS, InTouch-OSP, InTouch-Stimulation, PPC-SET\InTouch content ID# 4221679\2.0\Release Date:04-Jun-2013\EDMS UID: 1656413344\Produced: 04-Jun-2013 16:13:09 13-1 JET Manual 10 / Check Your Understanding 13-1

13 Check Your Understanding JET 10,

Acid
Equipment,
Storage,
JETMixing,
Manual
Acid Handling,
Spills
10, WSandAcid
Training
Disposal,
Trans
& portation,
Development,
Acid Acid

1. What is the pH of 28% hydrochloric acid?

a. 7
b. ≥ 12
c. 9 – 10
d. ≍ 0
e. 2 – 3
2. Which three types of safety gloves should you wear when mixing mud acid
(12% HCl + 3% HF)?

a. cotton
b. butyl
c. neoprene
d. PVC
e. leather
f. nitrile
3. What four items would you find in an acid bulk plant?

a. surge tank
b. Wilden pump
c. water storage tank
d. spill kit
e. weigh-batch blender
f. fume scrubber
4. What is the name of the Web-based program that can be used to determine
acid system load-out requirements?

a. i-District*
b. AcidBLEND calculator
c. AcidMIX Formulator
d. i-Handbook*
e. CemCADE*

5. What is a TREM card?

a. trailer repair and equipment maintenance card

b. transport emergency card
c. trailer emergency clutch
d. transport equipment maintenance
6. What safety standard should you know and follow when handling dangerous
goods?

a. SLB QHSE Standard S008

b. WS QHSE Std 18
c. SLB QHSE Standard S003
d. WS QHSE Std 17
e. all of the above
7. Which safety standard should be followed for inspecting and testing
requirements for acid tanks?

a. WS QHSE Std 04, Guideline 02

b. WS QHSE Std 09
c. WS QHSE Std 11
d. WS QHSE Std 22
8. What volume of 34% HCl would you require to mix 10,000 gallons of 28%
HCl?

a. 10,000 galUS
b. 5,527 galUS
c. 8,022 galUS
d. 4,050 galUS
e. none of the above
9. Where would you find details of what actions are required if an acid spill
occurs in the acid bulk plant?

a. product label
b. load-out list
c. MSDS
d. invoice
e. TREM card

10. What is the order of mixing if you have to prepare 15,000 gallons of 15%
HCl with 20 galUS/1,000 galUS A262 + 3 galUS/1,000 galUS W54?

a. ___ Add concentrated acid

b. ___ Add inhibitor
c. ___ Add water
d. ___ Add demulsifier
11. Which WS safety standard should you know and follow if you must inspect
the inside of a 12,000-galUS acid tank?

a. WS QHSE Std 5
b. WS QHSE Std 20
c. WS QHSE Std 25
12. What is the capacity of the STF-143 acid transporter?

a. 5,000 galUS
b. 6,000 galUS
c. 8,000 galUS
d. 7,500 galUS
e. none of the above
13. If a vehicle accident occurs and spill from an acid transporter taking 5,000
galUS of acid to a location, which of the following information must the driver
provide?

a. place or location of incident

b. time of incident
c. damage incurred
d. police and fire brigade informed
e. type of spill
f. all of the above
14. If you have to neutralize a small acid spill in your location, what two products
could you use?

a. cement
b. soda ash
c. calcium chloride
d. caustic soda

15. How often should the revetment of an acid storage plant be hydrotested?

a. every 6 months
b. every 12 months
c. every 24 months
d. not required
16. An acid spill has occurred in your acid bulk plant. You estimate that 200 L of
acid has been lost. How should you report the spill in QUEST?

a. No need to report incident

b. RIR – light incident
c. RIR – serious incident
d. RIR – catastrophic incident
17. What three fluids can you store in a rubber-lined storage tank?

a. 20% HCl
b. water
c. xylene
d. inhibited acid
e. diesel
f. 7.5% HCl
18. What is the standard union for use in low pressure acid transfer and liquid
additive hoses?

a. Camlock mild steel

b. WECO Figure 1502
c. Camlock brass
d. WECO Figure 206
e. all of the above
19. What is the mixing order when preparing 5,000 gallons of mixing HF acid
with Y001 ammonium bifluoride?

a. ___ Add corrosion inhibitor

b. ___ Add 2/3 water volume
c. ___ Add Y001
d. ___ Add 1/3 water volume
e. ___ Add concentrated HCl acid

20. You have to set up an acid storage plant that will be home to the following
tanks:
1 15,000-galUS acid storage tank
2 6,000-galUS acid storage tank
1 6,000-galUS water storage tank
4 300-galUS chemical tote tank

A concrete slab measuring 12 m x 12 m has been built. How high should the
surrounding wall be?

a. 25 in
b. 12 in
c. 39 in
d. 29 in
e. no wall required

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