Present Simple Present Continuous FORM FORM You work. — He / She / It works. am ('m) / You are (te) / He is ('s) working, Do you work? — Does he work? Yes, | do./No, he ‘Are you / Is he working? Yes, | am./No, he isn't doesn’t lam ('m) not / He is not (isnt) / They are not (aren't) | do not (don't) work. ~ He does not (doesn't) work. working. ‘The present simple is use The present continuous is used: ‘ for permanent states, repeated actions and daily | @ for actions taking place now, at the moment of routines. ‘speaking, or for temporary actions; that is actions that are going on around now, but not at the actual He works ata hotel. " nt of speaking. fr (permanent state) mome soy ea He lays the tables and Helen is working hard serves dinner every day these days. Fightrow = (Cai routine repeated she's reading newspa- = actions) per. (She is not working at th speak for general truths and laws of nature. ea trav rane inthe with always when we want to express our itation dieser. forgetting to pay for timetables (trains, the bills planes, etc.) and pro- grammes. {for actions that we have already arranged to do in ‘the near future, especially when the time and place The plane to London takes off at 6:50 am, ee et cece Melanie is getting married at 3 this afternoon. + for sports commentaries, reviews and narration. | Fe tne ar me place for OT) the weclng ceremony have IIE passes it to Dawson, mares : (sports commentary) {for changing or developing situations. ) Lavra Hunt acts ‘superbly inthe film. More and more forests are (review) disappearing because of 6) So, the prince tells fires. her. (narration) The present simple is used with the following time expressions: always, usually, etc., every dayiweek! | The present continuous is used with the following time expressions: now, at the moment, these days, at ‘monthiyear, etc., on Mondays /Tuasdays, etc., in ‘morning /aftenoonievening, at nightithe weekend, etc. | present, tonight, nowadays, still, ete.Look at Appendix 1 and put the follow: Ing verbs Into the correct box In the 3rd person singular, scratch, say, try, Set, play, do, stop, miss, stay, tty, orive, fix, cry, treeze, teach, pray, crash, fy, Look at Appendix 1, add -ing to the following verbs and put them inte the correct box. raw, lie, dive, put, drink, run, tie, write, type, throw, die, apply, cancel, sit Expand the following Into sentences in order to make true statements with doesnt or dont where necessary. 1. water / boil / at 100°C Water bolle at 100°C. rice / grow / on trees Rice doesn't grow on trees. 3 chicks / hatch / trom eggs. 4 kangaroos / live /n Spain 5 plants / need / water to grow 6 ain fall / from clouds 7 8 ® astronauts / travel / in submarines ‘cows /lay / eggs pandas / lve in taly 10 elephants / eat / meat 11 fish / walk / on land 12 the sun / set /in the east 13. bees / give milk 14 caterpillars / turn / into butterflies 1 wool / come / from sheep Presen' How is our world changing? Look at the pictures and the prompts and make ‘sentences using the present continuous. ‘e.g. More people are recycling rubbish nowadays. 1 # 2 ‘more people / recycle / the climate / get / rubbish nowadays warmer every year , ee ‘more wild animals / become| more young people /_/ extinct these days buy / cars nowadays. = ‘computers / become / faster every year cities / grow / bigger every year Read the following extracts and put the verbs in brackets Into the present simple (or the present continuous. Then, say what use of these tenses each extract shows. ‘A. These days, t seems everything 1) [6 changing... (change). Cities 2) (become) bigger and busier every year. technology 3) (Gevelop) taster than ever betore, and scientists 4) vex / ‘more about the way things work Ye way things wor ; (B Water) ‘oi at 100" Cand 2) (treze) when the temper. "ature 3) (drop) below 0°C. Sait water 4) (Ge) diferent, however. H © This fim 1) (be) great! 2) (rave) an allstar cast and the script 3) (be) very funny. The action 4) (begin) when two young men 5) (try) to rob a bank, D Rogers 1) {kick the ball ana , 3 {pass tt Jones Jones 3) (ran) down the pitch. He . 3 (pass) the bal to Smith who 5) (shoot) and 6) (score)!Adverbs of Frequency ‘© The present simple is often used with adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes, ‘seldom/rarely, never, etc.) to show how often ‘something happens. The adverbs of frequency answer the question How often...2. e.g. How often do you go to bed early? 1 always! usually go to bed early. 100% 75% 50% 25% 10% 0% ‘aways usually offen sometimes rarely/ never seldom ‘# Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb (listen, watch, etc.), but after the verb to be and auniliary or modal verbs, such as do, can, ‘must, etc. The adverbs rarely, seldom and never hhave a negative meaning and are never used with the word not. e.g. Emily never watches horror films. You must always behave yourself at schoo! Does Roger often call you during the week? Adverbs of frequency always go before the auxi- liary verb in short answers. e.g. Do you buy expensive clothes? No, | never do. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example. $A: Do you often go to the cinema? SB: Yes, Ido. | usually go to the cinema at the weekend, 1 goto the cinema 4 listen to the radio 2 buy magazines 5 phone your friends 3. watch quiz shows 6 play computer games Put the adverbs of frequency in the correct Position. Do you often go to parties, Keith? Yes, 10 to parties at the weekend. (often) Yes, | often go to parties at the weekend. Do you wear sports clothes at work? No, Ido. (never) Jack is late again! | know. He arrives on time. (never) When do you go shopping? |1do my shopping on Fridays. (usvally) Does your boss often ask you to work overtime? No, he does. (seldom) You should listen to your parents’ advice. (always) That's exactly what | do. ee BRBRBPerar bout Celine’s dally routine and snces, as in the example. 10n, talk about your daily routine using adverbs of frequency. $1: Celine usually wakes up at 7 In the morning. 2: She always drives to work in the morning. $1: | always wake up at 7:30 in the morning. ‘$2: usually go to school on foot in the morning oe ) Michael Metntosh 1) Michael! Mcintosh is a politician. Read the text and put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present con- tinuous. J. (be) a very busy man, Every morning, he 2) (eave) home at o'clock, and 3) (G0) ois ofc. He So (usualifhave) meetings 55 uni unchtme, and in the aterncon, he) 5 (ote) the people of Madewel. He veally ©) (eros taking to people ‘tthe moment, he and his team 7) 5 (organise) his election campaign. There lar elections in June and he 8) (rope) to persuade as of peopl to vote fr him 5. Nexen ne 9) (@9)toLondon 2 tomeettne Prime Minister. They 1) rave) a meeting to discuss future plans for Madewel Read the information about the people and make sentences, as in the example. 1: Alex Is a photographer. $2.He works from 9 to 6.State verbs are verbs which do not normally hhave continuous tenses because they describe ‘a state rather than an action. These Include: ® verbs which express likes and dislikes: like, ove, hate, dislike, enjoy, prefer, etc. eg. Cathy likes romantic fms. ¢ verbs of perception: believe, know, notice, remem- ‘ber, forget, recognise, understand, realise, seem, think, ete. e.g. don’ believe a word he's saying. verbs of the senses: see, hear, feel, taste, look, ‘smell, sound. We often use can or could with these verbs when we refer to what we see, her ‘tc. at the moment of speaking. 24g, The soup tastes delicious. John must be in the atc. | can hear his footsteps. ‘© some other verbs: be, contain, fit, include, mat- ter, need, belong, cost, owe, mean, own, appear, want, have (=possess), etc. ‘2.9. This book is mine. It belongs to me. ‘Some state verbs have continuous tenses, but there Is a difference in meaning. ‘Study the following examples: 1) Ithink she's Malian, (believe) 'm thinking about my holiday. (=am considering) 2) The soup tastes awful. (=has an awful flavour) ‘She's tasting the soup. (=is testing the lavour of) 3) I can see an aeroplane in the shy. with my eyes) 1m seeing Jil tonight. (=am meeting) 4) Susan looks tired. (=appears) ‘Susan Is looking at some photos. (=is studying) 5) The room smells of perfume. (=has the smell) The cat is smelling its food. (=is sniffing) 6) This towel feels sof. (=has a soft texture) Jill is feeling her son's forehead. (=is touching) 7) He Is selfish. (character — permanent state) He ls being selfsh. (behaviour — temporary situation) 8) He has a sports car. (=possesses) He's having lunch now. (=Is eating — idiom) ‘Some Idloms with have include: breakfast /unch / dinner, et. ‘a bath / shower J swim / party, et. ‘a(n) accident / experience / dream, etc. a baby dificutty | fun | trouble, etc. have 10 1" 2 18 1“ 15 16 7 18 9 20 a> ere POe BPOe BOE Br Oren > Pe POR BPOr BRere Presen' Put the verbs In brackets into the Present simple or the present continuous .Do you know... (youlknow) that man over there? Actually, Ido. He's Murie’s husband, ‘Are you doing anything tomorrow evening? Yes. (s0¢) Jack at nine o'clock. ' (see) you're feeling better. Yes, | am, thank you. What's that noise? The people next door (have) a pany. Graham (have) a new computer. | know. I've already seen it. This dress (notft) me any more, Why don't you buy a new one? Your perfume (smelt nice, What is it? I's a new perfume called Sunshine. ‘What is Jane doing? She (sme) the flowers in the garden. What (yourlook) at? ‘Some photos | took during my holidays. They aren't very good, though, You (look) very pretty today. Thank you. I've just had my hair cut. 1 (think) we're being followed. Don't be silly! I's just your imagination. Is anything wrong? No.t ustthink) about the party tonight. This fabric (feo) like sik Itis sik, and it was very expensive, ‘What are you doing? 1 (tee) the radiator to see i i's getting warm, She (be) generous, isn't she? Yes, she has never been a mean person. He (be) very quiet today, isn't ne? Yes, | think he has some problems. Would you like some cherries? Yes, please. | (love) cherries. They're my favourite fruit. 1'm sorry, but | (not understand) what you mean. Shall | explain it again? ‘The children are making lots of noise today. know, but they (have) fun, This cake (taste) awl | think | forgot to put the sugar in it!You have (‘ve) left/arrived. HeyShert has (’s) left/arrived. Have you leftarrived? Yes, | have./No, | haven't. You have not (haven't) leftarrived HeySherlt has not (hasn't) left/arrived. Use cassie Present Perfect Continuous FORM luYou have('ve) been reading He/Sherit has(’s) been reading Have you been reading? Yes, | have./No, | haven't. Has he'she it been reading? You have not (haven't) been reading. He/She/It has not (hasn't) been reading. ‘The present perfect and the present perfect continuous connect the past and the present. That Is, they describe actions which started in the past and continue up to the present or actions which were completed in the past but whose results affect the present. ‘@ The present perfect is used to describe an action which started in the past and continues. up to the present, especially with state verbs ‘such as have, like, know, be, etc. In this case, we often use for and since. They have been friends for twenty years. (They met ‘each other twenty years ago and they are stil friends.) ‘© The present perfect is also used for an action which has recently finished and whose result is. visible in the present. ‘She has picked a lot of apples. (The apples are in the basket, so the action has finished.) ‘© The present perfect continuous is used to put ‘emphasis on the duration of an action which ‘started in the past and continues up to the present, Sarah has been picking vegetables for two hours. (She started picking vegetables two hhours ago and she is stil picking them now) ‘The present perfect continuous is also used for an faction which started and finished in the ast and lasted for some time. The result of the action Is visible Im the present. He is lity. He has ‘been playing football (He is no longer playing football, but the fact that his clothes are diy is visible now.) Note: With the verbs fee! (have a particular emotion), live, work and teach we can use the present perfect or present perfect continuous with no difference in meaning. e.g. He has feltihas been feeling unwell all morning.The present perfect is used for an action which hap- ened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is. ‘not important, so it is not mentioned. The emphasis is placed on the action. 2) He has broken his arm. (The exact time is not mentioned. What is important isthe fact that his arm is broken.) ) Peter has been to Paris four times. (The exact time of each Cf his visits is not mentioned. What is important isthe fact that ‘he has visited Paris four times.) @ The present perfect Is also used for an action which has happened within a specific time period, which Is not over at the moment of speaking, such as today, this morning/ aternooniweek/monthiyear, etc. ‘She has received three faxes this morning. (The action has been repeated three times up to now and may happen again because the time period - this morning - is not over yet) ‘She recelved three faxes this morning. (The time period - this, ‘moming - is over. Its now afternoon or evening). © The present perfect continuous Is used to express anger, annoyance or irtation. Who has been reading my business papers? (The speaker is inntated.) Both the present perfect and the present perfect, ‘continuous are used with the following time expres- sions: ‘* how long e.g. How long have you known Jack? How long have you been learning English? '* for (duration) e.g. | have known Jack for five years. have not seen Emily for along time. ‘She has been working here for twenty years. ‘© since (starting point) 2.49. They have been married since last Apri We have been living here since 1980. have not talked to Ann since last Sunday. « latelyirecently e.g. Have you seen any good films lately/recently? ‘She has been going out a lot lately/recently. Q} cwineror ce 1 Ihave lived in tis vilage ....2ince..... | was born, 2 thas been raining hours. | wish it would stop. 3. My father has been the manager of ths frm ten years, Presen' ‘The present perfect is usually used with the follow- {Ing time expressions: © already e.g. We have already seen this fim. Have you finished already? * yet @.g. Has Roger left yet? Simon has not finished yet. ‘© lust e.g. / have just phoned Jil. © always e.g. She has always loved animals. © ever e.g. Have you ever been abroad? * never 2.9. She has never been to France. © sofar 2.9. [have sent twenty invitations $0 far. What have you done so far? 4 | moved to York, | have been much happier. 5 Have you been waiting a long time? 6 Ihave been waiting for you four o'clock 7. She hasn't bought a new coat three years. 8 Karen has been on the phone ages! 9 I have known Neil 1994 10 Jane has been my bestfriend many years.In pairs, make up short exchanges using the prompts below, as in the example. ‘SA: The water is cold. Haven't you turned on the water heater? $B: No, | haven't tured it on. ‘The water is cold. (tutn on | the water heater) The fridge is empty. (do / the shopping) There is no electricity. (pay the bil) W's raining. (oring / your umbrella) The cat is hungry. (feed fit) The bedroom is a mess. (tidy it) The landlord is on the phone. (pay / the rent) I can't see anything. I's dark. (bring / your torch) ‘The Parkers have recently won the lottery. AS 4 result, their Ife has changed. Look at the pictures and the prompts and describe the changes, as in the e.g. Mr Parker hae put on weight. put on weight grow a beard take up tennis all buy new clothes hire a butler join the pony club lose weight buy some nice furniture move to a bigger house 2 The people below are on a cruise ship. What ‘have they been doing since 10 o'clock this morn- ing? In pairs, make up exchanges using the prompts below, as in the example. SA: Mre Peters is sunbathing. SB: Yes, she’s been sunbathing since 10 o'clock this morning. 1 MrsPeters /sunbathe —§ Mr Burrows / walk on 2 Tom and Jerry / swim the deck 3 Miss Houston fread 6 ‘Tim and Alan/ play hher book chess 4 Sandra and Helen / talk Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs from the list in the present perfect continuous. tty, snow, jog, play, work, walk 2 He's tired. He: — 1] 9 She's cold Sho .... | | 4 Everything is white, 1 enn TN z snow for three hours. i “all night. 6 He's confused. He. to solve the problem all momingItis 11 o'clock. The following people al started work earlier this morning. Look at the infor ‘mation and say how long they have been working and how much work they have done so far, as in the example. St: Sandra's been typing since 9 o'clock / for two hours. ‘82: She's typed twenty letters 60 far. Sere ey ore) Fill in the gaps with recently, how long, Yet, for, always, ever, already, since, so far or Just. Sometimes more than one answer Is possible. 1. A: Has Tom finished his exams ..yet...? B: No, He finishes next Thursday. 28 has Janet been working at the hospital? B: She has been working there she left ‘school 3. A How are you finding your new job? B: Great. | haven't had any problems 4 A: Is John at home, please? B: No, I'm afraid he's gone out 5 A: Have you been waiting long? B: Yes, I've been here two hours. 6 A: Has Martin been to Spain? B: No, I don't think so. 7 A: Have you spoken to Matthew 2 BB Yes. | phoned him last night, 8 A: Can you do the washing-up for me, please? B: Don't worry. Mike has som One it. 9 A Lucy has been musical, hasn't she? B: Yes, she started playing the piano when she was five years old. 10. A: Shall we go to that new restaurant tonight? B: Yes. Ihave been there. I's really nice 11. A: Your dog's been barking «three hours! B: {'m sorry. Ill take him inside, 12 Have you fished racing nat book yer? B: No, Ive started it. Presen' Put the verbs in brackets into the Present perfect or continuous, using ‘short forms where appropriate, 1. A: Howlong.. have you known... (you/know) Alison? B: We (be) friends since we were children. 2A: Who (use) the car? B: Iwas. Is there a problem? 3. A: What are Andrew and David doing? B: They (work) in the garden for three hours, 4A: Why is Sally upset? B: She (lose) her bag. SAL ssnusalaysybelieve) that exercise is good for you B: Of course, i's good to keep fit 6 A: Emily (teach) maths since she left university B: Yes, and she's a very good teacher, too. 7A: Fred (open) a new shop. B: Really? Where is it? 8 A: This pie is delicious. B sit? (notiaste) it yet 9A: Have you found your umbrella yet? B: No.1 (look) for it for an hour now. 10 A: You look exhausted, B: Well (clean) the windows since 8 o'clock this morning, 11 & Can! have some more lemonade, please? B: Sorry. your brother (usvarink) it all. 12 A: Have you got new neighbours? B: Yes, they (just/move) to the area. Put the verbs in brackets Into the present Perfect or the present perfect continuous. Dear Conni hope you are enjoying yourself at university, m you 1)...ve been studying... (study) hard. Everything is, fine here at home. Billy 2) (ustreceive) his schoo! report. It was bad, as usual : 3) - (decide) to leave school next year and find a job. Fiona 4) (G0) to the gym every day for the past two woeks. She 5) sone {try) to get in shape for the summer. She 6) (aready/plan) her hoiday in the sun. Your father ” (sal the old car and he ) (buy) anew one. I's lovely — ‘much nicer than the old one. ‘Anyway, write soon. Love, Mum Bara They have gone to the theatre. (This means they have not come back yet. They are stil at the theatre,) © He has been to Japan. (This means that he has visited Japan; he is not there now. He has come back.) Fill in the gaps with havejhas been (to) or hhavelhas gone (to). Jack: Hi, Jil. Where's Paul? ull: Oh, he 1) ../as gone to... London for a few days. Jack: Really! |2) London recently. came back yesterday. 8) wo. YOU nn. there? Jit: No, Lhaven't. Paul 4) twice ‘before, though. Where's Sarah? Jack: She 5) Spain for two ‘weeks with her parents. They 6) there to visit some friends. ull: When is she coming back? Jack: They'll all be back next weekend, crm crete 1. ‘What time does the train leave?” think it A... at 2 o'clock.” A leaves B has been leaving C has lett 2. "Where are Tom and Pauline?’ ‘They to the supermarket.” ‘A have just gone B have been going © go 3. "Whats ill doing these days?” ‘she {or a job for six months." A islooking —B hasbeen looking © looks 4 “Is Mandy watching TV?" YN. She wsonn HF homework right now.” Aisalways dong B isdoing © does. 5 ‘Have you been for a walk?” "Yes. l often for walks in the evenings” Arhave gone Bamgoing —C go 6 ‘Have you seen any fms lately?” “Yes. Actually, | two this week.” A-haveseen Bamsecing —C see 7 ‘What ” "W's a piece of cherry ple, Mum made it yesterday.” A are you eating B do youeat © have you eaten. 8 ‘Are you going on holiday this summer? "Yes. 1 ‘enough money.” ‘Aamsaving B have already saved C save 9 'ls Todd reading the newspaper?” INO. HE varuinom dinner at the moment.” ‘A-has been making 8 makes — ¢ is making 10 ‘Have you bought any new CDs recently” "Yes. Actually, |. two this week” ‘A have bought 8 have been buying C am buying 11. “What time does the play star?" “Think it at 8 o'clock.” ‘A has been staring B starts C has started 12 ‘Where is Mark?” ‘He to the library to return some books.” Avhas gone —B hasbeen —C is going 13° "What 2 ‘its a letter to my pen-riend. I'm teling her my ‘A have you written, B do you write Care you writingQQy encore ne correct tense, 1 2 10 " 2 3 “ 8 Liz and | are good friends. We know/have known ‘each other for four years, Sarah is very ied. She has been workingiis work- ing hard all day. ‘Where is John?’ “He's upstairs. He doesiis doing his homework. | can't go to the party on Saturday. | am feaving/ have been leaving for Spain on Friday night. Jane has finishediis finishing cleaning her room, and now she is going out with her frends. | didn't recognise Tom. He looksiis looking so ait ferent in a suit don't need to wash my car. Jim washe washed it for me already. lan has been talkinglis talking to his boss for an hour now. Claire's tvain arrivesihas arrived at 3 o'clock. | ‘must go and meet her at the station. ‘Would you lke to borrow this book?” ‘No, thanks. have readihave been reading it before. ‘Where are you goingido you go?’ ‘To the cinoma Would you like to come with me? Have you seen my bag? | am searchingihave been searching fori al morning, ls Colin here?’ ‘I don't know. | haven't seni haven't been seeing him all day. Sophie is very clever. She is speaking/speaks seven different languages. We are movingihave moved house tomorrow. Everything is packed. as Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. ‘A: What ..are you doing... (youldo)? B: Nothing. | ustiinish) my lunch, A: Where (yourbe) all morning? BI (clean) my house since 8 o'clock A (you'do) anything next weekenc? B: No, (notimake) any plans yet. A: Jane looks great. (sheflose) weight” B: Yes, she (exercise) a lot recently. & (beiyou) busy right now? B: Yes. ust/stan) typing this report. A: Where is Peter? B: He (wash) the car at the moment. A: Who (be) your favourite actor? BI (lke) Sean Connery since | was a child (you/do) your homework yet? (do) it now. @> Almost: | Present Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 4 Who ...hats been using... (use) my toothbrush? 2 ‘What (you'soy? H (write) a letter.” 3. Samantha (piay) tennis with friends every weekend, 4 Tim and Matilda (be) married since 1991 5 Uncle Bill (justidecorate) the bathroom. 6 Pauline and Tom (sing) in the schoo! choir twice a week 7 Wo (youlspeak) to? 8 Sarah is very happy. She (win) a poetry competition, 9 He (Grink) two cups of cottee this morning. 10 My friend (ive) in America at the moment 11 They {(usually/change) jobs every five years. 121 (oormallyicut) my hair myset 43. Linda (study) in the library for three hours. 14 We (play) ina concert next weekend. 15. Who (r0ad) my diary? 16 Tim (leave) the house at o'clock every morning 7 (your mother/wotk) in a bank? 18 (youldrink) coffee with your breakfast every day? 19 We (make) plans for our summer holidays right now. 20 They (move) house in September Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Dear Nick, J This is just a short note to tell you 1 1). arriv= Ing/arrive.. (ative) tthe airpor at § pm on Saturday, 10th December. 1 2) (be) very busy recently, and that's why 1 3)... (notwrite) to you for a while. 1)... (plan) this trip for months, so now | 5) (look forward) to spending some time with you and your family. 6) (hope) you willbe able to meet me at the airport. Please give my love to your wie and the children. ‘See you soon, James vpa) Put the verbs in brackets into the ‘correct tense. Molly: Hi Peter. 1 1) ..haven't seen... (notisee) you for along time, Peter: Hi Molly. 12) (travel) for the past two months. Molly: Really? 13) (plan) Peter: Molly Peter: Molly attip at the moment. 14) (leave) next month for Australia, ‘That's great. 5) (yourarrange) a place to stay once you get there? Yes, a campsite. It 6) (be) a very nice place. And 7) (yourbuy) your ticket yet? No, not yet. Actually, | 8) (go) to the travel agent's this afternoon to buy it. Peter: On. 19) {g0) into town later today. You can come with me in my ca. Molly: Thanks. | 10) (meet) Peter my brother for lunch at 1 o'clock, s0 I'll come to ‘your house at 2 o'clock. Great! See you then. By, creose ine corectanawer 1 3 4 C.. your sister recently?” ‘Yes, she came to visit last weekend. A Have you been seeing —B_Youhave seen © Have you seen ' didn't know Sarah could drive. ‘Oh yes, she since last April” A has been driving B has driven © is driving ‘Where is Jason?” He at the swimming pool A is being Bis “This is a great book. ‘Tknow. | ittwice already.” ‘A have read B amreading © have been reading Hello, Jane. I'm home.” "Where have you been? | for you all day!" A have been looking B look Cam looking “Are you having a holiday this year?” “Yes, | to Hawai” ‘A amgoingB have been © has been C have gone ‘Who does your hair for you? ‘My mother usually it Aviscutting B cuts C hascut "Your socks are all wet! ‘Don't worry. another pair with me. ‘A am bringing B bring © have brought oe QB, correct ne mistanes 1. They have been to the shops. They'll be home ‘Joe plays in the garden at the moment, lam going to work by car every day. ‘The builders finish the block of flats already. He has been breaking his arm, Sam have just finished reading a very interesting book. Water is boling at 100°C. John i living here since 1986. | study this subject for fve years, Who has use my scissors? es Study these examples. The second sentence| has a similar meaning to the first sentence. 1. I've never had such a good meal. fever I's the best meal | have ever had. 2. She started collecting postcards four years ago. been She has been collecting postcards for four years, 3. They haven’ finished painting the house yet. still They are stil painting the house. 4 I've never ridden a camel before, first I's the first time I've ridden a camel ‘Complete each sentence with two to five words, Including the word In bold. 1. She hasn't finished cooking the meal yet. still She ......i6 still cooking 2 Ive never met such an interesting person. the meal. fever He's the most interesting person | met 3. He started repairing the roof three hours ago. been He the root for three hours. 4 They've never visited an old castle before. first it's have visited an old castle. 5. Robert is still decorating the fat. finished Robert the fat yet. 6 It's the most boring book I've ever read, never | such a boring book 7. He started playing rugby four years ago. been He .. rugby for four years.belong to sb look at sbisth come from (a plac stay at (a place) listen to sbisth wait for sbisth live In (a place) work for sbisth Qa ret set 1. What are you waiting ..for.? 2 Why are you looking yourself in the mircor? 3. How often do you listen the radio? 4 My parents live ‘a small cottage. 5. My brother works, ry father. 6 Those books belong John Smith, 7 We aren't going out tonight. We're staying home. 8 My father comes Ireland, ‘break down: 1) stop working (of cars, etc.) 2) lose control of feelings (ot people) break in/break Into a building: enter by force break Into: start singing, smiling, etc. suddenly break out: 1) begin suddenly (war, fire, etc) But: a storm breaks 2) escape break uy stop for holidays (of schools, etc.) By suite conoct partici. 1 War broke ..0ut.. in 1992 and it lasted until 1995. 2 Children are always happy when school breaks for the holidays. 3 The burglars broke the house in the middle of the night and stole all the jewellery 4 His serious face broke @ arin when he read the joke. 5 The bus broke . s0 all the passengers had to get off and wait for another one to come. 6 The ite girl broke and cried when her dog died 7 The dog broke ‘chased the cat down the street of the garden and Life on earth is changing. Look at the Information given In the chart and make sentences, as in the example. 2.9. $1: Trees provide oxygen and homes for animals. 2: However, trees are disappearing because of fires and logging. $1: But many governments have started to plant new tees. The Facts.. 1 Trees / provide / oxygen and homes for animals. 2 Many diferent species of fish / lve on coral reefs. 3. Many people / use / coal and ol as fuel for heating in their homes, 4 Ocean Iie / produce / 90% of our oxygen. ‘The Changes. 1 Trees / disappear / because of fies and logging 2 Fish /die / because fishermen / destroy / coral eats. 3 Coal and oll supplies / decrease. 44 We / polute/ the oceans with rubbish. The Action Taken... 1 Many governments / start / to plant new trees. 2. Some fishermen / stop / fishing near coral reels. ‘3. Many people / change / to other sources of fuel for heating 4. We / begin /to recycle rubbish instead of throwing itall away. ‘Complete the article below using the information from the Oral Activity. PLANET EARTH Are you aware of the damage being done to our planet? We all S.OL Se iow nat know that trees provide oxygen ‘and homes for animals, However, trees are disap: ing because of fires and logging. Fortunately, fmany governments have started to plant new trees. We also know that We must stop the destruction now, before tis too tate 7rms eM taal olc FORM I /He / She / We returned / left Did he return / leave?/Yes, he did./No, he didn’t. He did not (didn’t) return / leave. ‘The past simple is used: # for an action which happened at a definite time in the past. The time is stated, already known or implied. They spent their holidays in Switzerland | last winter. . (When did they go to ) Switzerland? Last winter. The time | is stated) \ They had a great time. ~~~ (The time is already known.) ‘ for actions which happened immediately one after the other In the past. First, he read the message. Then, he called his boss. © for past habits or states which are now finished. In such cases we can also use the expression used to travel by carriage in those. a Se days. The past continuous is ust for two or more Past Continuous FORM LHe / She was / We / They were watching, ‘Was he / Were they watching? Yes, he was./No, they werent. He was not (wasn') / They were not (weren') watching ‘@ for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. We do not mention when the action started or finished. At three o'clock yesterday aftemoon, they were sitting at ‘an outdoor café, (We | do not know when ‘they got to or when they left the café.) 4 for an action which was In progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action in progress (longer action) and the past simple for the action which interrupted it (shorter action). simultaneous past actions. ‘She was steering the boat while he was playing the guitar.totalk about the lives of people who are no longer | # to describe the atmosphere, the setting, etc. in alive. the Introduction to story betore we describe the . main events. Mariyn Monroe Tod and Emily starred in a number wore riding trough of successful fms. a eainecn was shining and tho | birds ware singing. ‘The past simple Is used with the following time ‘expressions: yesterday, last night/week/month/ year/Monday, ec. two days/weeks months, etc. ‘ago, then, when, How long ago...?, In 1982/1845, etc. ‘The past continuous Is used with the following time expressions: when, while, as, all day/night) ‘morning, etc. Look at Appendix 1. Write the past rst, fill In the table. Then choose five simple of the verbs In the list In the ‘and make sentences using the correct box. past simple. bake, try, stay, stop, complete, try, hire, rub, or travel, cry pray, play, promise, refer, tidy, destroy +d baked double consonant stopped +00 ‘consonant ++ led fried vowel +y + ed stayed a Look at Appendix 1. Write the past imple of the verbs in the box, then read thom out. land, book, dive, attach, present, start, jump, Crash, need, look, prefer, attract, kiss, arrange, 1. protest, pretend She 1) ..va lying... ie) in bed when she 2) Id) landed {hear) a sudden noise. She 8). (open) (alter /t 4.18.0 her eyes in horror. Someone 4) (open) a downstairs window; they 8) ty) to get into her house. She 6) (imo) slowly out ity ee of bed and 7) (creep) to the door. She (after | /, 18/1 8) (stand) very still and listening carefully Thi PD ‘when she 9) (ee) alight downstairs. fey ht 10) (move) about as it someone 1 monarereats.1 "4 41) ssn (MOKA) a YOFeh and searching for someting She 12). ss (KNOW) that they 13) 0 “(lOok) for he.The following people were in the living room at nine o'clock last night. What were they doing? In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example ‘SA: What were Mr Scott and Grandpa doing? ‘SB: They were playing chess. Maar Mr Scott and Grandpa / play chess Mrs Scott / watch TV Grandma / knit Usa / write a letter Tom and Paul / play with their toys The cat /sit by the fre Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous. Then, say which uses of these tenses are shown in each extract. ‘A. Charlie Chaplin 1) ..became... (become) one of the | best known personatesn Amarca within wo years of his fist appearance in mation pictures. He 2) (be) 0 famous that no studio could atford to pay him, sohe3) (appear) only in films which hed 4) (produce) himsett ) —_ Bitty (happen) at ten o'clock ast right. John 2) (si) in his cosy living + room with his wife and children. They 3) (watch) the evening news on TV when suddenly, the ights 4) (go out) and every-/ thing in the house 5) (become) quit © The boys 1) fiver bank while the girs 2) Everyone 3) (enjoy) tre picne | 1 when suddenly they 4). (hear) aloud cry | ‘rom further up the river. They all 5) J (tush) to see what was wrong. (vey in (runt) animals which, (use for food and clothing (make) everything by themselves. (have) very simple Ives. (play) football on the | (tak). | 'D_ In prehistoric times, people 1) caves. They 2) they then 3) They 4) and they 5) a St: Firet, Rick got up at seven. $2: Then, he had breakfast. A Look at the notes below and say what Rick did yesterday, using the linking words from the list. first, then, next, after that, finally 57am 5 getup ) 7A5-6:15 am have breaast 820-9.am dive to work | Dt1am- 11pm ialkto some cients | 5 '50-2pm hav lunch beak | 4-5 pm prepare a speech 580-630 drive home B_ Now, in pairs, ask and answer questions about what Rick wi doing at the times in the list below. SA: What was he doing at half past seven in the morning? SB: He was having breakfast. 7:30 am 8:45 am 11:90 am 4:45 pm 4:30 pm 6pm when/whilefas + past continuous (longer action) when + past simple (shorter action) a 1. kim was looking out of the window. She saw Mike, As / When / While Kim was looking out of the win dow, she saw Mike, Kim was looking out of the window when she saw Mike. Cathy was washing the dishes. She dropped a glass. ‘The children were playing. Their father came home. Robert was driving home. He got a flat tyre, Mick and Charlie were leaving the bank. The police surrounded them Join the sentences using as, when and while, as in the examples.Put the verbs In brackets Into the past ‘simple or the past continuous. Which was ‘the longer action In each sentence? 1. They ..Wwere cleaning... clean) the windows when it etarted... (star) to rain. Gleaning the windows wae the longer action 2 Ashe (deve) to work, he (remember) that his briefcase was stl at home. 3. Melanie (cook) dinner when her husband (come) home. at (hear) a loud crash as | (sit) in the garden, 5 She (type) a letter when her boss (arrive) 6 While the dog (dig) in the gar den, it (find) a bone. 7 Mary (ride) her bicycle when she (cotice) the tiny kitten 8 While | (do) my homework, the phone (cing) A policeman is asking Mrs Hutchinson about a car accident she happened to see yesterday. Put the verbs In brackets Into the past What 1) ..Were you doing... (you/do) when you 2) (see) the accident, madam? 13) sas (walk) down the street. What exacty 4)... (you'see)? Well, the driver of the car)... (rive) down the road when suddenly the old man just 6) (te) ont ot in 1] n (be) terble! 8) (the dverspeedy? | No, not really, but the old man 9) (notook) both ways before (try) to cross the road, .. (anyone else/see) H: Yes, the lady in the post offic. P:_ Tank you very much. Put the verbs in brackets into the past ‘simple or the past continuous. ‘AAs soon as Margaret 1) ..got... (get) off the train, ‘she 2) {pull her coat around her. Rain 3) (fai) heavily and a cold wind 4) (blow) across the platform. She 5) (look) around, but no one 6) (wait) to meet her. She 7) (Qu) to leave when, she 8) (hear footsteps. Aman) (walk) towards her. He 10) (smile) at her, then he 1) (cay), ‘You'e finally here B George 1) (pick) up his bag then, 2) (throw) it over his, shoulder. It'3) (get) dark and he 4) have) a long way to go. He wished that he had let someone know that he was coming, It) (start) to rain, and he was feeling cold and tired from the long journey. Suddenly, he 6) (hear) a noise, then he 7) (see) two bright lights on the road ahead. A car 8) (head) towards him, It slowed down and finaly 9) (stop) beside him. A man 10) (sit) at the wheel. He 11) (open) the door quickly and 12) (say) ‘Get in, George. © Andy 1) {step) into the house and 2) (close) the door behind him. Everything 3) (be) quiet. His heart 4) (beat fast and his hands 5) (hake) as he crept silently into the empty house, but he was trying not to panic. He soon 6) (find) what he 7) (look) for. He smiled with relief as he put ‘onthe clothes, The men who 8) (follow) him would never recognise him now Imagine that you were present when ‘these things happened, then, in pairs, ask and answer questions, as in the example. ‘$A: What were you doing when the buralar broke In? ‘$B: | was watching TV. SA: What did you do? SB: | called for help. ‘The burglar broke in ‘The storm broke. The lights went out The boat overturned. The earthquake hit, The building caught fr.Used to/Be used to/ (CCEUREG! to We use used to + infinitive to refer to past habits or states. In such cases, used fo can be replaced by the past simple with no difference In meaning. e.g. He used to go out/He went out a lot when he was younger. (He doesn't any more.) Did she use to spendiDid she spend a lot of ‘money when she was single? We use the past simple, and not used to, tor actions which happened at a definite time in the past. ‘2.9. He visited Paris last month (NOT: He ewed-te-visi Paris last month.) Look at the following examples of how we can use be/get used to: bbe/get used to + noun/pronoun/-ing form £9, ) They are used to hot weather. (They are accustomed to hot weather. -presert) ») 'm used to getting up early. (’m accustomed to geting up ear. - present) ©) She wasn't used to working at night (She wasn't accustomed to working at night ~ past) ) Mary's getting used tote inte cy (Mary is becoming accustomed to lie in the «ity. - present) ‘) Simon had never ved in a tropical county before, but he quickly got used to it (He became accustomed tot. - past) 4) They will soon get used to cooking their ‘own meals. (They will become accustomed to cooking their own meals. - future) Rewrite each person's comment using Used to oF didn't use to. Sally = 'Idon’t walk to work any more. used to walk to work. Gordon - ‘Ive got a dog now. Lisa -'I don't eat junk food any more. Jane -'1go to the gym every night now. Paul ‘I'm not shy any more. Edward - live in a big house now. Helen - I haven't got long hair any more, Frank -"l eat lots of vegetables now. By creore me comact answer. 1 ‘Hind it hard to get up eatly ‘You... to getting up early once you star working.” A aroused —B will get used © were used 2 ‘Do you often exercise now?” 'No, but | to exercise a lot when I was at school.” A used B will get used C amused 3 “Aren't you bothered by all that noise?" ‘No, we to noise. We live in the city centre. A wereused —B will getused Care used 4 ‘Does your sister travel a lot?” ‘No, but she to belore she got married.” A didnt use B used ‘© wasn't used 5 ‘I don't like wearing a suit every day.” ‘Don't worry, you to it very soon. A aroused —B will getused © were used 6 ‘Sandra to using a computer, but now she enjoys it. ‘W's a lot easier for her now. A isn'tused —B willgetused C wasn't used 7 ‘Do you remember the things we to do when we were kids? “Of course I do. How could | forget what fun we hadi’ A used B were used —C gotused 8 ‘Do you like living in the city?” ‘Well 1 to ityet, but i's okay.” ‘A amnotused B wasn'tused C amused Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs ‘om the list in the correct form. Use ach verb twice. wash, walk, play, work 1 usedto..work..ina shop, but now work in an office, 2 Ican't concentrate. I'm not used to in such a noisy office 3 Tom lived in the country for years. He used to miles every day. 4 I'm exhausted. I'm not used to ‘such long distances. 5 Mary used to her clothes by hand, but now she uses a washing machine 6 We haven't got a washing machine, so we're used to ‘our clothes by hand. 7 The children are bored with the bad weather, They're used to outside, ‘8 When we were younger, we used to cowboys and indians,Past Simple versus Present Perfect © We use the past simple for an action which | @ We use the present perfect for an action which happened at a definite time in the past. The time happened at an unstated time in the past, that Is, is stated, already known or implied. when the exact time Is netther mentioned nor Kate Steele wrote her frst novel in 1970. (When? in 1970, The time is stated.) ‘* We use the past simple to talk about the lives of people who are no longer allve, even if the time Is not stated. e.g. Wiliam Shakespeare wrote ‘Romeo and Juliet.’ (Shakespeare is no longer alive. We do not mention when he wrote the play, however, we use the past simple.) # We use the past simple for an action which | @ We use the present perfect or the present perfect began and finished in the past. continuous for an action which started in the past and continues up to the present. slim Presley has workedihas been working as a waiter Gorge Bams was a basketball player for ten years. | for fiteen years. (He began working as a waiter fiteen (He is no longer a basketball player. He is @ coach) | years ago and he is stil a waiter tod.) ‘© We use the present perfect to announce a piece of news, and the past simple or past continuous to give more details about it. e.g. ve ust seen the new boss. | was talking to Carol on the phone when he came in. Put the verbs in brackets into the past CA: Who was on the telephone? ‘simple or the present perfect. Bt) (be) Jane, A: Who is Jane? ‘A :Do you know that man? B: Someone who 2) (work) B: Oh yes. He's a very good friend of mine. 1 in my office for a few years, She's got anew job 4)... ve known. know) him for about ten years. ‘now, though. A: Uthink 12) (meet) him at DA: Who is your favourite singer? a business meeting last month, B: Freddie Mercury. He 1) BA Mum 1) (lose) her purse. have) a wonderful voice. B: Where 2) (shellose) i? A: Yes, lagree. He 2) (erioy) B: [At the supermarket while she was shopping, performing live, too.Rad FORM ‘She had arrivedigone. Had she arrivedigone? Yes, she had /No, she hadn't. ‘She had not (hadn't) arrived/gone. The past perfect is used: for an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past. They had already reserved the table when they went to the restaurant. (They ‘made a reservation first and then they Went to the restaurant) They had already sat down for dinner by 8 pm. for an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past. 2% Bill had injured his legs ina car acciaent, so ne had to use a wheelchair for sic months (The action finished in the past and its result was visible in the pas, t00,) Note: ‘The past perfect s the past equivalent of the pres- ent perfect. 4) He had broken his leg, so he couldn't walk, (The action ‘had broken’ happened inthe past, and the resut ‘couldn't walk’ was visible in the past, t00,) b) He has broken his feg, so he can't walk. (The action ‘has broken’ happened inthe past, and the result ‘can't walk’ i stil visible in the present.) Past Perfect Continu FORM He had been crying, Had he been crying? Yes, he had./No, he hadn't. He had not (hadn't) been crying. ‘The past perfect continuous is used: ‘to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past before another pi ‘action or a stated time in the past, usually with since or for. They had been ‘skating together for five years: before they entered the competition. for an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past. ‘She had been work- Ing hard that day, so she was tired. (She spent all day working ‘hard and the resutt of the action was visible in the past, too.) Note: The past perfect continuous is the past equiva- lent of the present perfect continuous. 2) He had been waiting for hours, so he was bored. (The action ‘had been waiting’ lasted for some time in the past, and the result was bored’ was visible in the past) ) He has been waiting for hours, so he Is bored. (The action ‘has been waiting’ started in the past, and the result 's bored'is stil visible inthe present) We can use the past perfect or the past simple with before or after without any difference in meaning. e.g. She left after she had finished her work /She lef after she finished her work. The past perfect Is used with the following time expressions: before, after, already, for, since, just, tilfuntil, when, by, by the time, never, etc. 24 ‘The past perfect continuous ig used with the follow- Ing time expressions: for, since, how long, before, until, etc.the list in the past perfect continuous. ‘read, scream, argue, try, eat, watch a % 1. Emily was angry. 2 Hannah felt sick ‘She had been arguing, She with her parents for an hour. 3. Allan had a headache. His baby sister for half an hour. ace 5 Simon was confused. He to win the game for hours 4 Emily was frightened She film for half an hour. 6 John was very tired, He all night, Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past tense. A. OnMonday morning, Jo 1) missed, ‘and had to walk to school. When she 2) (oriss) the bus. (arrive), the bell 3) (alreadyiing) ‘and lessons 4) (stan). The ‘children 5) (work) quietly when Jo 6) (walk) into the classroom, Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs trom chocolates all after- a horror 1 G0, (get) to the party, a (dance) to pop (wear) jeans (buy) anew (wear) (eel) quite sily (look) at him. ‘When Jamie 1) lot of people 2) music. Everyone 3) land T-shins. Jamie 4) sui for the party and he 5) that. He 6) because everyone 7) First, say which action happened first, then join the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example. He saved a ot of money. Then, he bought a car. (when) ‘saved a lot of money: happened frst When he had eaved a lot of money, he bought a car. ‘She hung out the washing, Then, it began to rain, (ater) Fiona tidied the house. Then, the children arrived home. (by the time) The guests left. Then, she started cleaning. (when) The girls put on their uniforms. Then, they went to school. (before) ‘The meeting started. Then, the lights went out. (already....when) Put the verbs in brackets Into the past perfect or the past perfect continuous. Did you do anything last night? went tothe gym and |. had Just arrived... just! artive) home when Michael called me. He said he (try) to call me for ten minutes before | finally answered the phone. A: Did you catch any fish on your fishing tip today? B: Yes. | (st) in the boat for two hours when | caught @ huge fish A; Did you enjoy the open-air concert yesterday? B: The music was good, but the weather was terrible. The concert ust/start) when suddenly. it began to rain. The musicians (only / play) for ton minutes. o> ‘A: What a shame! ‘A: Was the house tidy when you got home? B: Yes, the children (dust) the furniture and they (put away) al oftheir toys. ‘A: Why were you so upset this morning? B: Well, 1 (clean) the hhouse for hours when the children came in with muddy shoes. ‘A: Why are you so late for work this morning? B: Im sorry. | (wait) for the train for over an hour before it eventually arrived. DB26 Past Simple - Past Continuous - Past Perfect © The past simple is used for actions immediately one after the other in the past. which happened Last Tuesday, isa wes feeding the children when her husband came ‘home. (She was sil feeding the chidren when her husband came home.) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1 2 Be @Per > 2 @>o ze Why was Tim so tired last night? Of, head boon working. (wo hare a ay, (go) to the cinema lastnight. Rey? Wat (youlsee)? Did you have enough to eat at the party? Yes. Sarah (make) allot of food. What (youldo) at eight O'clock last night? ' (watch) television. Why? Colin! Look at yourself! You are fithy! know. motorbike. soni cons (80) Something realy silly yesterday. Really, what? 1 sosisesens (QeL) UP ANd .. (set off for work 86 USUAL. I no (chive) for an hour before I. (realise) it was Sunday. 1 (justinear) some incredible news! What?” Jason and Emily (et) married last weekin Las Vegas. fs’ that amazing? (repain my ‘© The past continuous is used for ‘a past action which was in progress when another action interrupted it ‘© The past perfect is used for an action which happened before Last Friday, Lisa had already fed the children when her husband came home. (She fed the children first. Her ‘husband came home afterwards.) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. A: 8: What 1) ..were you doing... (fo) when | 2) (cal) at eight, Burt? 13). (work) in the garden because the wind 4) (blow down) the fence during the night, On, §) (youlmanage) to fix it? Yes, | 6) (do) it eventually, but it 7) (be) very hard work. 18) (ask) my neighbour to help in the end. Why 9) (yourcal) me? 110) about the factory. It 11) (close down) yesterday. know. The company 12) (have) problems for a long time before they finally (want) to tell you 13) (decide) to close down the factory. 114) (hope) they would change their minds about it, though. It 15) (be) a part of the town for years. Well, at least everyone who worked there 16) (nowifind) a new job. That's good news.QB, enaertne me correct tense, 10 1" R 3 4 8 ae 1 2 3 | saw Jim this morning. He raniwas running for the bus, Keri was angry. She had been waitingiwas waiting for Sarah for two hours. ‘Andy was relieved to hear that he was passing/had passed the exam was walkingihad walked home when I saw Paul Brian learntihad learnt how to spell his name at ‘school today. They hadn't visitediweren't ‘grandparents for a long time. I watehed/was watching television when the telephone rang Jason had been thinkingihad thought about his new car all day. | bought the dress because | wanted/had wanted something special to wear to the party. The litle boy was crying because he had lostiwas losing his mather. Graham had been working/was working for the company for twenty years before he retires. Pam openedihad opened the present and read the card, Lucy wrote/had written a letter to her sister lastnight It had been rainingiwas raining all day and the roads were very wet ‘Sue was smiling/had smiled as she was reading Mary's letter. Visiting their Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past tense. They ..were walking... (walk) in the park when the storm broke, The man (pay) for his new car in cash ' {alreadyleat) breakfast by the time the others woke up. nt (snow) for three days when suddenly the sun came out. ‘Sam (work) hhere for six years before he lett to go to university. liz (go) to the Bahamas for her holidays last year. We (watch) a film on TV when our guests arrived, They (already/see) the film twice at the cinema when she rented it on video. The teacher (teach) the children a song yesterday. He (sit) on the train at this time yesterday morning, [con ‘Study these examples. The second sentence never She a similar meaning to the first sentence. When did they buy their tickets? since How long is it since they bought their tickets? ‘ago How long ago did they buy their tickets? ‘She didn't begin cleaning until atte all the guests had lett. before She waited untl all the guests had left before she began cleaning We haven't seen Carol for two weeks. time The last time we saw Carol was two weeks ago. It's a long time since | ate out have | have not eaten out for a long time. twas the fist time they had flown by Concorde. never They had never flown by Concorde before, Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. Jack hasn't travelled abroad for years. time The last .. time Jack travelled... abroad was years ago. When did Monica get married? since How long is it married? It was the first time she had visited the National Gallery the National Gallery before, Jessica didn't start cooking until after the children had fallen asleep. before Jessica waited until the children started cooking, The last time I went fo the theatre was months ago, have | the theatre for months. I's two months since she called me. has She for two months. The president waited until all the reporters had arrived before he made his statement making The president didn’t statement unti all the reporters had arrived. We haven't played chess for a month, since I's amonth chess. ‘She waited until Tom had let before she began packing, after me She didn't begin packing let. 27neste eros NN Ae Set coeeeia caas ee sion Box anes eaecearen econ earerae aearcea famous for sth care for sbisth Put the verks In brackets inin the correct tense. dancy. (raised) 1. A: There's a lovely smell coming from the kitchen. Underline the correct preposition. B: Yes,t..ve been cooking... cook) biscuits. 2A (youreverigo) to Australia? 1. | don't believe atin ghosts Ne: Levent 2- Lavon ates care of about ou icon, 3. A: Did you manage to get to the bank yesterday? 3 Spain is famous withifor ts many festivals B: No. it (close) by the 44 I'm afraid offfrom spiders and snakes. time | got there 5 They arved in/at the hotel in ime for lunch 4A: Are you new to this area? 6 I don't care forlof rock music. B: No! (live) in this area 7 We will arrive atiin New York at about two o'clock for three years. 8 The streets were full offwith people watching the § A: | see you finally bought a new video. parade. B: Yes, (ey) to fix the old 9 I'llhave to discuss the party to/with my parents first. ‘one for ages when | decided to buy a new one. 10 He couldn't concentrate on/in his work, so he went 6 A: Is Mr Dixon free yet? for a walk B: No, he (be) in 11 James managed to get atito the bank betore clos- a meeting at the moment ing time. 7. A: Where did you go for dinner on your birthday? a (go) to the new Chinese restaurant in town. 8 A: What are you looking for? bring about: cause sth to happen B: by keye t (ee) thom, bring out: make a new record, book, etc 9 A: Di6 you find the papers you were looking for? available B: Yes. They (06) on my bring sb round: 1) cause sb to regain consciousness desk all the time 2) persuade 10. A: Im tired, We (wat) all bring up: 4) raise a child morning 2) raise a new subject B: Let's stop and have something o ea, then. 11 A: What (you/buy) your rather for Chvistmas? Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal B: | got her a new jumper. verb. 42. A: What time (youlleave) tomorrow? 1. That author... /ias just brought out. a new mystery B: Very early. At 6 o'clock in the morning. ‘novel. (has just published) 13. A: Linda is very good at her job, isn't she? 2 It's very difficult to children B: Yes. She (do) the same nowadays. (aise) job for thy years 3. The changes in the earth's atmosphere 14 A: When did you see Janet? many changes in the weather 8: While | (wat) at the (have causes) bus stop yesterday morning 4 They used some cold water to 48. A: Have you made plans for Saturday yet? the patient (cause to regain B: Yes,1 (go) tthe cinema with Ed consciousness) 16 A: Where were you at 5 o'clock yesterday? 5 Matthew his father at (have) a lesson. to his way of thinking, (has persuaded) 417A. Did you enjoy your fight? 6 The manager the subject of redun- B: Yes, but | was nervous because | (ootity) before\ sion Box eres ns core nee 1. “Are you going shopping tonight?" ‘No, |..A.. yesterday, A went B had gone © had been going 2 Did you see Nathan” ‘No, he by the time | arrived at his house. ‘A was leaving B had been leaving C had left 3. ‘Where is Scott?” He ‘on the phone when I saw him.” A wastaking B talked — © had talked 4 ‘How often do you clean your house?” 1 lean it once a week.” A seldom —B usually © never 5 ‘Did Alan arrive on time?’ "No, | for an hour before he arrived.” A was waiting B had waited C had been waiting 6 ‘Did you go out for dinner last night?" ‘No. | allot at lunch, 50 1 wasn't hungry ‘A had been eating Bhad eaten C was eating 7 ‘What time do you finish work? ‘Actually | A have just finished B finish 8 ‘Did you enjoy your holiday?" “Yes, we in a fabulous hotel. ‘A havestayed B hadstayed C stayed 9 “llike your dress. Is it new?” € finishes ‘No. itfor ages.” A had Bhave © havehad 10. ‘How is John now?" ‘He better slowiy.” A gets B is getting Chas been getting Oy correct ne mistakes 1. They are usually starting work at 9 o'clock. 2 Look! That man is having blue hair! 3 Do you study for your exams at the moment? 4 Lwas being late for work yesterday morning, 5 Dave has planned his holiday since Christmas. 6 Sheila is typing twenty leters so far this morning, 7 The sun has been setting in the west. 8. We were sleeping for an hour when the phone rang. 9 Lydia had been buying a new car last month A ~ ‘Adam had @ terrible day yesterday. Use the prompts ‘and the linking words given to tell the story. 1 he get out of bed / trip ‘over the rug fall and. hurtleg spill coffee and burn fingers 3 he wait for bus /it start torain 4 he watch TV / cat knock over expensive antique vase /it ‘smash on floor ‘89. As he was getting out of bed, he tripped over the ‘ug, fell and hurt his log. ENG, ‘Adam Is writing a letter to a friend. He Is describing what happened yesterday. Look at the Oral Activity again and complete his letter. Dear Alan, | hope you're wall. Sorry for not writing to you ‘sooner, but I've been very busy lately. You can't imagine what a terrible day | had yesterday. t all started early in the moming when the telephone rang. AS | was getting out of bed, | tripped over the rug, fell and hurt my leg. TThope | won't have such a torible day again Best Wishes, ‘Adamrms We can refer to future actions with the future simple, be going to, the present continuous, the present ‘simple, the future continuous, the future perfect and the future perfect continuous. Form (future simple) He/They will) call Will hefthey call? Yes, he will/No, they won't. HeyThey will not (won't) call The future simple is used: © In predictions about the future usually with the ‘verbs think, believe, expect, etc., the expressions bbe sure, be afraid, aie tc, and the adverbs perhaps, certainly, Probably, et. His parents think he | will become an artist cone day. ‘Since i's your birthday, pay for lunch. (on-the-spot decision) (otter) for actions/events/situations which will definitely ‘happen in the future and which we cannot control. Lill wil be two years ‘old next month. (We ‘cannot contro his future event it will 2 Brom 22o >e @rere \'m exhausted. ‘Me too, | wonder if David (come) to help tonight ‘Ace you going to visit Aunt Mabel this afternoon? Yes, (visit) her before 1 (do) the shopping. Is George going to eat dinner with us? No, by the time he (get) home it (be) very late When {(yourpay) the rent? When 1 (get) my pay cheque. What are your plans for the future? | want to go to university after | (finish) school you (ay) for dinner, | (pay) for the theatre. ‘Okay, that's a good idea Can you give this message to Mike, please? Well i try, but I doubt it! {(se6) him today. Put the verbs In brackets into the future ‘simple, the present simple or the present continuous. | ..am seeing... (See) Roger at seven o'clock tonight. Really? | thought he was out of town. (youldo) anything on Friday morning? No, I'm fee. ' (g0) to the cinema. There's a ‘new fm on, Do you want to come with me? What time (the film/start)? Helen (nave) a party the day after tomorrow. (you'go)? ‘As a matter of fact, | haven't been invited. The new exhibition (open) (on April 3rd and) (finish) on. May ist know. | (go) on the frst day. ‘Aunt Maggie (come) to visit us tomorrow, know. What time (shetarsve)? Excuse me, what time (the trainlleave)? At half past three, madam. Michael Jackson (give) a concer at the Olympic Stadium next week, know. | (want) to get a ticket, ''m really thirsty. ' (get) you a glass of water. ‘Are you looking forward to your party? Yes. | hope everyone (enjoy) it Futur. 11. A: How olds your sister? B: She (be) twelve next month, 12 A: What are you doing tonight? BI (probably/watch) ‘TWatter dinner ‘ACI Turner has his own business and itis doing well. He has already decided to expand. Look at the prompts and say what he Is. ‘going to do, as in the example. B Clift is always busy. Look at his schedule and say what his arrangements are for the next few days. Make sentences, as in the example. MARCH Weanescay 12h fy to Montreal He's fying to Montreal on Wednesday. Tsay 13h give an interview to The Financial Times Fiday 14tx have lunch with sales representatives, Sanday 18. have a meeting with Japanese ambassador Sunday 6 pay tennis with Caro! @ In pairs, ask and answer the following ‘questions using / (don't) think/expect I will ‘or I hope/'m surel’m afraid | willwon't, as in the example. Do you think you will pase your exame? hope | will/'m afraid | won't pass / exams ‘move house take up / new hobby make / new friends start having music lessons have / party on / birthday learn j drive Nousons BFFuture Cont FORM UHe/They will (tl) be working, Will Vefthey be working? Yes, I/he/they will No, W/heythey won't. He/They will net (won't) be working, ‘The future continuous Is used: for an action which will be in progress at a stated future time This time next week, Il be skiing in Austria. ‘ for an action which wil definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine or arrangement. Soca) ‘No, Til do i Til be seeing them atthe meeting anyway. (They have a meeting every week. He will definitely see the rest ofthe team because i's already planned) ‘¢ when we ask politely about someone's plans for the near future (What we want to know is if ‘our wishes fit in with their plans.) Couid you get me a sand: (wich, please? You want to ask your friend to do something for you. Use the prompts below to make questions, as in the example. You want your friend to buy you something at the ‘supermarket. (go to) Will you be going to the supermarket? ‘You want your friend to post a letter for you. (go to) You want to use your friend's bicycie today. (use) ‘You want your friend to give a letter to Jeff soon, (see) Put the verbs In brackets Into the future ‘simple or the future continuous. Kevin: Shall we go to the beach tomorrow? Ruth: Well, 'm working in the morning, but | 4) phone... (phone) you when | finish, Kevin: ‘Shall we ask Ben and Linda to come with us? Ruth: Yes. 2) : (see) Linda at work in the morning, so 13) (ask) her then, Kevin: If they want to come | 4) (ick) you up from work and we can all go together Ruth: Great! Just think, we 5) 10 (swim) in the sea this time tomorrow! | can't wat! Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future tense. ‘A: Are you looking forward to your holiday? B: Oh, yes! This time next week I. lil be lyin. (lie) on the beach. |We're having a party on Saturday. (Oh, good. 1 (make) a ‘cake to bring along, Have you finished that report yet? Yes. (give) it to you in a minute Why are you buying all those vegetables? Because | (make) ‘vegetable soup, This writing is too small for me to read. Give it to me and | (read) itto you 1 (stay) at Claire's house tonight. Alright. | won't expect you home, then Would you like to join me for lunch today? Yes, please. | - (meet) you at half past one. ae Brox @rorar > (yourhelp) me with the shopping tomorrow? Of course, ‘Are you excited about your trip? Yes. This time tomorrow | : (sit con the plane. ‘A: [can't hear the television very wel BI (um up) the volume. e2oFuture Perfect FORM He/She/They will (1) have lett. Will he/she/they have left? Yes, he/sheithey will No, he/sheithey won't, He/SherThey will not (won't) have lett. finished before a stated future time. They will have fin- ished their meeting by four o'clock this atternoon, ‘The future perfect is used in sentences with the fob lowing time expressions: by, by the time, before, until, by then, ete. The future perfect continuous Is used wit Future Perfect Continuous FORM You/We will (1) have been working. Will lyou/we have been working? Yes, l/we will No, liwe won't. WouWe will not (won') have been working. ‘The future perfect is used for an action which will be | The future perfect continuous Is used to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. By the time Rick retires, he will have been working for the same company for thirty years. a by... for ‘Note: After the time expressions by the time, until, before, we use the present simple because they introduce time clauses. The future perfect and the future perfect continuous may come elther before or after the time clause. ‘Study the following examples: 8) | will have tidied up by the time you get back, time clause b) By the time time clause [A The people below are al friends. What do they ‘hope they will have done by the time they are thirty years old? Using the prompts below, make sentences, as in the example. eg. Alec hopes he will have travelled all over the world by the time he's thirty. | wre . ‘Alec: travel all Mark:start his Moira: become over the world own business famous 4 5 6 Kate: make Jack: build his Ted: have his hher frst collection own house _ first exhibition finishes work, we will have been waiting for more than an hour. B The same people will be thirty-five years (ld in a month's time, What will they have been doing by the end of next month? Using the prompts below, make son- tences, as in the example. 1 Alec / travel /ten years By the end of next month, Alec will have been travelling for ten years. 2 Mark /run /own business / eight years 3. Moira / star in fims / six years 4. Kate / design clothes / four years 55 Jack / build houses / ten years 6 Ted / paint /fiteen years36 rms Put the verbs in brackets into the future Perfect or the future perfect continuous. 1. By o'clock, she ..will have been studying... study) for six hours. 2. By the end of next month, Sam (finish) the project. 3 He (notistart) painting the kitchen before Tuesday. 4 By the time she arrives in Paris, she (travel) for four hours. 5 Ihope | (oxy) my own house by the time I'm thirty-five. 6 By Saturday, Lisa (ier) {or two weeks, 7 Hopetully, they (learn) everything by the time they sit the exam. 8 By 4 o'clock, | (sit in the hairdresser’ for three hours. 9 By Christmas, | (work) for this company for eighteen months. 10 By next weekend, Brian (move) house. 11. Hopetully, the builders (finish) building the house by next month, 12. By Tuesday, Alan (sail) for twelve days. 13. By tomorrow moming, she (sleep) for twelve hours, EQy croose ne correct answe 1. ‘What are you thinking about? This time next week, |... on the beach.” ‘A. will have sunbathed B will be sunbathing © will have been sunbathing 2 “Have you finished decorating your house yet?” “No, but | by Friday. A will be finishing B will have been finishing © will have finishes 3 ‘Have you just moved here? ‘No. | here for two years next month, A wil be living B will have been living © have lived 4 to the supermarket today?” "Yes. Do you want me to get you something? ‘A Will you have gone B Will you have been going © Will you be going 10 ‘Can you give Steve a message for me?” ‘Certainly 1 him at work later on today.” ‘A willbe seeing B will have seen will have been seeing “You've been working hard all day. "Yes. At3 o'clock, | for six hours. A wll be studying B will have been studying © will have studied "Sarah has gone tothe cinema to see that film again. “Tknow. After this time, she it five times! A will have seen B will have been seeing € willbe seeing “John has an exam tomorrow, doesn't he?” “Yes. In fac, atthis time tomorrow, he... the exarn.” A will have been sitting B willbe sitting © has sat “Ate you typing another report?” "Yes. By the time I finish this one, 1 three reports today!" ‘A. will have been typing B will have typed © willbe typing “Those two people have been dancing all evening.” "Yes. By 11 o'clock, they for four hours.” will have been dancing B will have danced willbe dancing twenty: Put the verbs in brackets into the future continuous or the future perfect. > | can't come shopping on Saturday morning because I ..will/ll be working... (work) That's a pity, Don't phone me later than midnight because | (sleep) then. Shall | give you a call at about 10:30, then? ‘Come to my house at six o'clock, (youltinish) your ze @>o homework by then? ‘A: Have you made the preparations for the party? B: Not yet, but I {finish them by this evening, A (youlgo) to James’ party on Saturday night? Yes. Would you mind giving me a lit? There's a meeting tomorrow at 4 o'clock. {can't go if itis that late. 1 (leave) by then, BPPeFuture Review of Future Forms * future simple: a) In predictions about the future usually with think, believe, be afraid, probably, etc. 2g. | believe ite will change in the 21st century b) for on-the-spot decisions or offers. 29, It's late, I take a taxi home. I'l lend you my car if you want ©) for actions/events/situations which will definitely happen in the fut we cannot control. e.g. Winter will set in early this year. 4) for promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes, etc. 9. Stop talking or Ml send you out ofthe class. (warning) 42) for plans, Intentions or ambitions. e.g. ’m going to buy a sports car. ) In predictions when there Is evidence that something will happen in the near future. e.g. Someone's going to fall over that box if you don't move it © present continuous: for fixed arrangements In the near future. e.g. He's fying o Turkey next month. He has already booked his fight. © present simple: for timetables/programmes. e.g. The ferry leaves at eight o'clock tomorrow morning. future continuous: 2) for actions which will be in progress at a stated future time, ‘eg. This time next week he'll be flying to Morocco. ») for actions which will definitely happen in the future, as a result of a routine or arrangement. ¢.g. il be seeing Jim at work later on today. +e) when we ask politely about someone's plans for the near future, in order to see if ‘our wishes fitn with thelr plans. e.g. ‘Will you be going tothe dentist this afternoon?” "Yes, why?" Can you make an appointment for me to see him? be going to: ea are e.g. We will have returned home by Sunday afternoon, ‘© future perfect to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. haart leanne aon of aon va cen ein i 1A: What ...2re you doing... (you/do) tonight? 7 A: Have you been waiting in this queue long? BI (leave) at 7 o'clock B: Yes. By 4 o'clock, | (go) on holiday. (plan) to do this summer? 2 A: Excuse me, what time BI (spend) a few weeks with my (the bus/arrive)? ‘cousins, | have already arranged it with them, eet arcade tons EQS nana ‘B: Okay, | (take) it to the dry cleaner’s tomorrow. 1 Next Monday. Amanda 1) will have been starting/ 5 A: Is Jerry coming to the theatre with us next week? is starting work. She 2) is going to workiwill work B: I don't know, but! for a large company in the city centre. By the end of (see) him at football practice tomorrow. | Text week, she 3) will be finishing/will have finished (ask) him then. her training,2. My parents have been married for almost thity years. In fact, this time next month, they 1) will be cele- bbrating/will have been celebrating their 30th wed: ding anniversary. They 2) will have been living/will ‘be living in the same house for twenty-five years by next Thursday, and, by the time my father is sixty, he 3) will workiwill have been working for the same company for forty years. Put the verbs In brackets into the correct future tense. Dear Victoria, ‘The holidays are coming and I've made lots of plans. This ime next week, | (1). be buying... (buy) Christmas presents for my family and friends. | @) (get) everything in one day, so that I can enjoy myself forthe rest of the holidays. ''m staying at home with my family on Christmas Day, but two days later | (3) (leave) for Austria. Becky and | (4) (spend) a week there skiing. Im sure we ©)... senssnsnn (RAVE) & wonderful time. When I come back from Austria | (6) i : (probably/have) a party, because its my birthday on January Sth. | a (be) nineteen! hope you @) (come). ‘Well, I must go now. I'm going to help my mother with the housework. See you soon! Love, Penny. ‘Study the following situations, then make ‘sentences using the correct future tense, 13s In the example. 1. Your sister says that she is feeling cold. The window is open. You offer to close it. Pl close the window. 2 You have been invited to a party next weekend, but ‘you can't go. You phone your friend to tel him. 3. You get up in the morning and look out of the win- dow. You see big black clouds in the sky. You tell your brother about the weather. 4 Your friends want you to go away with them next weekend. You have already planned to spend the weekend with your parents. Tell your fiends. Put the verbs in brackets into the Correct future tense. 1 My grandmother is very old. She ...will be. be) ninety next month. 2 Im afraid | (fai) my exams this year. 3 This time next week, they (lie) (on a sandy beach, 4 The team (leave) the office by 9 o'clock tomorrow. 5 By 10 o'clock, Sue (drive) for twelve hours, 6 Jenny (s00) Paul at work, so she can give him the leter. 7 The film (stant) by the time they get to the cinema 8 Tom expects he (get) a pay rise soon 9 By 6 O'clock, the secretary (type) for three hours. 10 hope | (buy) my own car by the time I'm thirty. 11. By next week, they (lve) in this town for two years, 21 {help} you carry your shopping, 13 Martin (do) the work by Sunday evening, 14 Mother (go) to the supermarket tonight. She has already made her shopping list. 1 The play (stan) at 6 o'clock, Qy socerine te corect tense, 1. When we go to Paris, we will climbjwill have climbed the Eiffel Tower. 2 James will have completed|will have been com- leting his studies by the end of the year. 3. By the time I get home, Iwill have been walk- ingiwill walk for three hours. 4 Kim will be performingiwill have been performing in the school concert next week. 5 We're too late to catch the bus. twill golwill have gone by now. 6 We've run out of milk. Really? | will buyiwill have been buying some more this afternoon 7 This time tomorrow, Iwill have been leavingiwill bbe leaving for the airport. 8 Sam will work/will have been working here for two ‘years on Monday. 9 ‘will collectiwill have collected you trom Peter's house on my way home. 10. Julia will have found|will be finding the note | left for her by now.GB), mre ren nt te caret hte tone. 1 Laura and George ...2re going... (go) on holiday next week. They've already bought the tickets. 2 Wash your hands. Dinner (be) ready in five minutes, 3 The baby keeps closing his eyes. He (fall asteep soon. 4 We (notigo) to Penny's party tonight because Jack is working 5 We're very late. Mum (return) home by now. 6 The football match ina few minutes. We'd better hurry up. 7 Jane will have to get up early when she (stan) her new job. al (meet) Nick at the airport at 6 o'clock this evening, 6 Correct the mistakes. This time tomorrow, John is lying on the beach, Peter will help you when he will have finished his dinner ‘Shall you do the shopping for me, please? ‘Sarah will ish decorating the Christmas tree by ‘midnight. ‘Where do you spend your holidays this summer? [was turning on the heating. I's cold in here. The film has started at half past six ‘Stop that noise or I'm going to take your toy away. Moira can type these reports as soon as she will ‘come back from her lunch break 10 Pethaps the Jacksons have visited us tonight. 11 By the end of the year, Mrs Evans willbe teaching for thity years 12. Jennifer will move to her new flat on Saturday. She has already arranged it (begin) Answer the following questions about yourself. 1 What are you doing at the weekend? 2 How long will you have been studying English by the end of tis term? How much money will you have saved by the sum- mer? ‘What will you be doing this time next week? ‘What do you think ife will be lke in the future? ‘Where are you going next summer? What wil you have done by the end of today? How many meals will you have eaten by the end of today? Fut es] ‘ask about sth borrow sth from sb ask sb for sth explain sth to sb engaged to sb interested in sth ‘but engaged in sth invite sb to a place ‘married to sb laugh at sbjsth brillantigood/bad at sth listen to sb/sth ‘but weak in look at sb/sth QD, rn ne correct proportion. 1 I'm not interested ..(".. spots 2 Did you ask Katie Joe's new address? 3 Stuart borrowed a suit ‘Andrew for the wedding, 4 wish | was briliant English. 5 How can explain this mess ‘my parents? 6 She wanted to invite Adam her house for dinner, but she didn't know what to cook. 7 The boys laughed thelr teacher when he tipped, 8 You shoul listen 8 Wealllooked 40 Toms martes 41 James is good History 12 He asked 13 Mary s engaged be rude to interupt your parents’ advice the sky as it started to rain, Nicole Maths, but weak her husband's health ‘conversation. It would continue do, complete sth contain one's emotions wait 1) delay 2) rob a place By ruin ne consct pats 1. Could you hold ..0". someone at the door 2 Martin couldn't hold carry on (with): ‘a moment, please? There is his tears. He was so upset, 3 The doctors carried tests on the patient, 4 Cary the exercise until | come back 5 The robbers held ‘bank and escaped with lots of money. 6 We were held because there had been a car accident in the city centre,rms \ ion Box By, croose tne correct answer 1 -What A. at the moment? “Tm writing a letter to my aunt ‘A are you doing B youare doing do you do 2 ‘Were you at work yesterday?” ‘No, | | was ill Aamnot— B was, wasn't 3's very hot inthis room, isn't it? Yes. | the window. ‘A will you open B open © will open 4 "Where is Christine” don't know. | her today. A am not seeing B haven't seen © didn't see 5 ‘What's wrong?” ‘My car has broken down. me, please? ‘A Will you help B You will help C Shall you help 6 ‘Are you new here?" "No.1 here for five years." ‘A had been living B have been living € am ving Make questions and complete the short answers, as in the example. 1 he / leave for Portugal tomorrow Is he leaving for Portugal tomorrow?.. Yes, ..he is 2 they / spend / £2,000 on their holiday last year No, 3. Jessica Moore / record / a hundred songs so far Yes, 4 she / give /a big party on her birthday every year No, 5. Tom / see / the robbers when they were leaving the bank Yes, 6 the train already / leave No, 7. they / get married / twenty years ago No, cree eet ar When Jake (1) ..C... the door, he knew someone 2) in the house. Things were ditferent. Earlier that morning, he (3) ‘a man standing outside, and now he wondered if this man (4) for im to leave the house. Jake went into the kitchen. The win- dow was open. He was sure he (5) it earier. "Next, he went into the garden. Jake knew something very strange (6) fon. He went back into the house. He had just got to the top of the stairs ” he heard a noise coming from the bed: room. Slowly, he opened the door and there, lying in the middie of the bed, was his sister! She (8) ! Jake was very relieved 1 A has opened B opens —_C opened 2 Abadbeen Bis C has been 3 A was seeing B had seen C has seen a Ais Bwaited Chad been waiting 5 Ahad closed 8 was closing C had been closing 6 A was going 8 went C have been going 7 A after Bwhen while 8 A was sleeping 8 slept C had slept but the verbs in tack note past @By Sint ise reson stmt he present Sentai ote proton Sorace chanel) me sen aos How ay os tay wo cy) gunn a omy i (notisee) you for (youlgoy? 8 14) (go) to Australia to visit my sister. She 8) (ive) there. A Yes, you 6) (tt) me that, | think 7 {youmnave) a good time? B Yes, it) (be) wonderful. The fight was very long, though 1k: Yes, you 9) (look) quite tired 8 Well | 10) (sticome) from the airport 1k: Bye, Charles, Have a good rest. B: Thanks.\ ion Box Qy ensentine te correct worse George has known Janet forisince two months. How long ago/How long have you had your car? ‘She has yetijust let for America. We are playing in a concert next week/last week. He sometimesiever plays football with his fiends. | sincelatways go shopping on Fridays. ‘Sam has yet/never won a prize. We went to a party last night/tonight He has alreadyiever written seven books. 10. | alreadyloften get up early in the mornings. 11. Have you eaten justiyet? 12 Jack is being very friendly these days/soon. Where is Bill? He ..5 doin. (40) his homework in his bedroom. Is this your purse? Yes! all morning. Where was i? Brox (look) for it aA (see) this film before B: Well, haven't. Do you mind watching it again? 4A: Tom (seem) ‘very sad, What's wrong with him? B: Oh, he got some bad news this morning 5. A: Jim’s performance at the concert was wonderful, 8: Well, he (practise) a lot recently. 6 A: How did you break your arm? B: I broke it when | (ski in France, 7A: Did you enjoy your holiday? B: Welt didn't go the way | (plan) it, but it was fun. 8A: Joe is going on holiday next week. B: Yes, I know. This time next week he (fly) to Rome. 9A (you/complete) your report by Friday? B: Yes, I give itto you on Thursday evening, 10 A: Do you live in Leeds? B: No. | work in Leeds, but! (ive) in York Fut é Activity S Dr Samson Is a scientist. He Is going on a mission to Saturn with some astronauts. Read the Informetion ‘and talk about the mission, as in the examples. ‘What have they arranged? © leave / Eat on Saturday 9. Theyre leaving Earth on Saturday «© artve/on Satur / next Tuesday ‘© return to Earth / in two months i i ‘What will they have done by the «take / me than 3,000 photographs 69. They! have taken more than 2,000 photograph ‘walk / onthe surat the planet ‘be / in space fr about 2 months 5 ee Ae, You are writing an article for a newspaper about Dr ‘Samson's trp to Saturn. Use your notes from the Oral ‘Activity to complete the article below. Leading scientist, Dr Samson, is currently planning a trip to Saturn. Dr Samson talked to our reporter, Annie Brown, yesterday. ‘Dr Samson and a team of astronauts are leaving Earth on Saturday. They 4l42 She wants to finish her work She must work overtime. ms She hopes to > get a promotion soon, ‘The infinttives are: © the to = infinitive e.g. / hope to see you soon. © the bare infinitive (infinitive without to) eg. He can't help me. fs et © to express purpost e.g. She went to the bank to get some money. ‘ after certain verbs (advise, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, afford, pretend, etc.). ‘e.g. He advised me to apply for the job. @ after verbs such as know, decide, ask, learn, remember, want to know, etc., when they are followed by question words (who, what, where, how, etc.). ‘Why’ Is followed by a subject + verb, not by an infinitive. e.g. | can't decide where to go. want to know why you've decided to leave. © after adjectives such as nice, sorry, glad, happy, willing, afraid, ashamed, etc. 9. He is glad to be back. © after too and enough. ‘24g, She's too shy to talk fo the manager. We've got enough money to buy a new car. @ after it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun).. e.g. It was nice of him to help. ‘© after would lke/would lovelwould prefer (to express specific preference). e.g. | would like to learn a foreign language. ‘ after only to express an unsatisfactory result. e.g. He rushed to the back door only to discover that it was locked. = Too/Enough - The -ing form - Participles ithe bare infinitive is used: © after modal verbs (may, should, can, etc.). 2. You must study hard. @ after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel. but: ‘24. They made him pay for the damage. e.g, He was made to pay for the damage. after had better and would rather. e.g. You had better sign the contract. I would rather go home now. Note: 1 Help is followed by either the a par 10 - Infinitive or the bare infinitive. e.g. She helped me (to) fx the tap. 2 If two infinitives are joined by and, the to of the second infinitive can be omitted. e.g.He decided to go to university and study biology. 3 We form the negative infinitive with not. e.g. He decided not to accept the job. ‘She may not come. Complete B's answers using a question word + to - infinitive. Which catering company are £5 you going to hire? Caters Fmnot sure 1) ..Which catering company to hire. r7 ‘Where are you going to have your reception? | don't know 2) gq How many people are you going to invite? Tean't decide 3) ae How are you going to do your hair? |'m wondering 4) What kind of flowers are you going to order? have no idea 5) Don't you think it's time you made a decision?Infinitive Tenses of the lhtinitive ‘The Infinitive has four tenses In the active and two Inthe passive. (10) give (to) be giving (to) have given (to) have been giving (to) be given (to) have been given Active ‘ present infinitive: refers to the present or future. 29. She wants to talk to him now. (present) Sandra wants to move to a new house next year. (tture) ‘© present continuous infinitive: (to) be + -ing describes an action happening now. .¢. Ho is belived to be hiding somewhere in the ‘mountains. perfect infinitive: (to) have + past participle Itrefers tothe past and shows that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb. ‘2g. She claims to have met Richard Gere. (First ‘she met Richard Gere, then she claimed that ‘she had met him) © perfect continuous infinitive: (to) have + been + -ing Itrofers to the past and emphasises the duration of the action of the Infinitive, which happened betore the action of the verb. 9. She's ied. She claims to have been working hard lately. (We emphasise what she has been Going lately) ‘The perfect infinitive Is used with verbs such 2s, seem, appear, belive, know, claim, expect and the ‘model verbs. [Passive] ¢ present infinitive: (1) be + past participle 12g. He hopes to be given a pay rise soon. perfect infinitive: (to) have been + past participle 8g. He is said to have been injured in an accident. = Too/Enough - The -ing form - ‘The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the Infinitive are as follows: he goes / will go he is going will be going he went / has gone / had gone / will have gone he was going / has been going / had been going / will have been going questions using Im the example. In pairs, ask and ansy the prompts below, ‘SA: |o she shouting? SB: Yes, ohe seems to be shouting, 2 Did she et bum ie 1 igshe dime? SB — @ tng 3 Has he been (P) A pain 5 Is he toking 4 Hashewon through the 6 Has he gota much money? keyhole? brilliant idea? ea 'A Monica Collins is a famous actress. She is going ‘on holiday to another country. Using the prompts given, say what she expects to ‘be done on her arrival, as in the example. eg. She expecte to be met at the alrport. © meet atthe airport © give some flowers drive to the hotel . ‘© photograph for news: papers and magazines invite to appear on TV 'B. Monica is back home now. Things didn't hap: pen the way she expected them to. Look at the prompts above again and make ‘sentences, as in the example, e.g. She expected to have been met at the airport. Qy rin ne core tte tonne have left. 1 think he lef. He must 2 think they will come. They must 3. think she is studying. She must 4 think it wll be delivered. tt must 4%5 think he was fired. He must 6 I think they were arguing. They must 7 {think he is lying. He must 8 | think they had been waiting for her. They must 9 I think she has typed it. She must 10 I think she had written it. She must 11 think they will be staying, They must Complete the sentences with the correct infinitive tense. 1. She has grown taller. ‘She seems ..t0 have grown taller. 2 He is getting used to his new job. He appears 3. Kate makes friends easily, She tends 4 He has finished the report. He claims 5 tis raining over there, seems 6 Heis ona diet. He appears 7 They have sailed round the world, They claim 8 She is feeling better. She seems 6 Fi in the correct infnive tense, ‘A: What would you like ..20 do... (do) tonight? B: Let's (0) to an italian restaurant 2A: What's Liz doing? B: She seems (look) for something in her bag, ‘Alan has been offered anew job! ‘No, he hasn't, He just pretended (otfer) a new job. Colin claims (meet) lots of famous people, B: Iknow, but | don't believe him 5. A: Look at those two men outside. What are they doing? B: They appear (empty) the rubbish bins. 6 A: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? B: Not really. | would prefer (go) to the theatre 7 A: Tara seems (work) hard all morning, Yes, she hasn't even stopped for a cup of cottee Why is Tom at work so early this morning? He wants (finish) early so that he can go to the concer tonight. 22o = Too/Enough - The -ing form - Participles The Subject of the Intinitive “Twant Joh toeplanins.) ‘© The subject of the infinitive is omitted when it isthe ‘same as the subject of the main verb. e.g. She wants to leave now. (The subject of the ‘main verb and the infinitive is ‘she’) ‘© The subject of the infinitive is not omitted when it is different from the subject of the main verb. The ‘subject of the infinitive comes before the infinitive ‘and can be an object pronoun (me, you, them, etc.), a name (Kate) or a noun (the woman). e.g. She wants them to leave now. (The subject of the main verb is ‘she’, whereas the subject of the infinitive is ‘them’,) Rophrase the following sentences, as in the example. 11 He must wash the car. want him to wash the car. 2. You mustn't be late for work | don't want 3 Claire must tidy her bedroom. want 4 She mustn't go to the disco. Iidon't want 5 They must go to schoo! tomorrow. want 6 Gary mustn't make so much noise. don't want 7 You mustn't make a mess. I don't want 8 He must mend his bike. wantInfinitive - Too/Enough - The -ing form - jtoo/Enough He is too young to walk There is enough snow by himselt to build a snowman, Too comes betore adjectives and adverbs. It shows, that something is more than enough, necessary (or wanted, and has a negative meaning. 100 + adjective/adver + to - Infinitive 2g. Tim is too old to join the basketball team. (=Timis so old that he can't join the basketball team.) They run too fast for me to catch up with them. (=They run so fast that can't catch up with them.) too ... for somebody/something ‘24. This plan is too complicated for me. too ... for somebody/something + to - Infinitive e.g. This ring is too expensive for me to buy. @ Enough comes after adjectives and adverbs, but bofore nouns. it shows that there is as much of something as is wanted or needed and it has a positive meaning. adjectivefadverb + enough } 4 to . nfntive ‘enough + noun }ee 9, He's clever enough to solve the problem (= Ho is so clever that he can solve the prob- fem) We've got enough money to go on holiday this year (= We've got so much money that we can go ‘om holiday this year) (ot) + adjective + enough + to - Infinitive @.9. We ar old enough to vote. (positive meaning) We are not old enough to vote. (negative meaning) pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example. ‘SA: Ie this film too scary for you to watch? SB: Yes, it's too scary. | can’t watch It film J scary / watch report / boring | read exercise / dificult / do shoes / tight / wear ‘car / expensive / buy dish / spicy / eat suitcase / heavy / carry coffee / hot / drink Complete the sentences with foo or ‘enough and the adjective in brackets. ‘Would you like to come to the disco? Oh no. Im ..200 tired... to go to a disco, (tired) Can you reach that top shelf? No, I'm not to reach it. (tall) Did they go on a picnic yesterday? No. It was to go on a picnic. (cold) Did Jane enjoy the horror firm? No, She was. 10 enjoy it. (scared) Does Tom go to school? No. He isn't to go to school yet. (old ‘Will you go to London by bus? No. The bus is Hltake the train. (slow) Did she like the dress you bought? Yes, but it was (big) DP OROr OE Or Orarar in here. (bright) @ Rewrite the sentences using io. This music is $0 slow that I can't dance to it. ‘This music is too slow for me to dance to. 2. The bird is so weak that it car ty. 3. She's so busy that she can't come out with us. 4 The car was so expensive that he couldn't buy it 5. These shoes are so small that they don't fit me. 6 The book is so boring that she can’t read it, 7. was $0 tired that | couldn't keep my eyes open. 8 The coffee was so strong that he couldn't drink i. 45= Too/Enough - The -ing form - Participles Windsurfing is a popular summer sport. Alot of young people spend hours windsurfing, sThe -ing forms used ‘© as anoun. e.g. Swimming keeps you i. after prepositions. e.g. He left without saying goodbye. after love, like, enjoy, dislike, hate and prefer to ‘express general preference. 8.9, She likes going for long walks. after certain verbs (consider, avoid, deny, look forward to, confess to, fancy, involve, mention, risk, spend, mind, regret, admit, suggest, imag- ine, etc.). 24g. Jessica spent all day shopping. @ after go for activities. 8g. They often go climbing at the weekends. © atter: i's no use, i's (not) worth, it's no good, be busy, what's the use of ..2, there's no point in, can't help, can't stand, be/get used to, have di ficulty (in). 2g. It's n0 use waiting forthe bus. won't come. © after the verbs see, hear, fee, watch, listen to ‘and notice to describe an incomplete action, that is to say that somebody saw, heard, ete. only a part ofthe action. 2g. | heard Jack taking on the phone. = I heard Jack while he was talking on the ‘phone. | heard part o the action in progress. 1 ht isten tothe whole conversation ) But: seo, hear, feel, watch, listen to, notice + bare infinitive describe a complete action, something that somebody saw, heard, ete. from beginning to end. @g. | heard Jack talk on the phone. (= | heard the whole conversation trom beginning to end.) Verbs faking the to sinfinitive Coie the icin tact cicnce in meaning ‘© begin, start, continue ‘We never have two -ing forms together. e.g, They started talkingito talk But:_ I's beginning to get dark (NOT: #0 beginning gotting dar) advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage take the to-infinitive when they are followed by {an object or when they are in the passive form. They take the -ing form when they are not fol- lowed by an object e.g. They don't allow us to park here. (object) We aren't allowed to park here. (passive) They don't allow parking here. (no object) © need/require/want + -ing form This construction often shows that tis necessary to repair or improve something. ‘Need’ can also be followed by a passive infinitive. @.g. The flat needs decorating. The flat needs to be decorated. In pairs, ask and answer questions using the prompts below, as in the example. SA: Why does Sarah giggle 60 much? ‘8B: Well, she docon't enjay glagling, she just can't help doing it ‘Sarah / giggle so much? you / always chew your pen? he / lush all the time? she / bite her nails? you / shout at the children? anonInfinitive - Too/Enough - The -ing form - Underline the correct preposition and {ill in the gaps with the -ing form of the verb In br: 1. He is ill He is complaining with/about .. having. (have) a headache. 2. Marcus went out instead for/of (0) his homework. 3. Tracy was very excited with/about (go) to the party. 4 hope you have a good excuse ofifor (be) so late. 5. Samis interested inifor French lessons. 6 You can't stop him torfrom the job if he wants to, 7 Susie ran because she was worried aboutiof (iss) the bus. 8 Thank you to/for my homework. 9 She felt tired because she wasn't used to/with |(work) so hard 10. His boss blamed him foriof, the deal 11 Lam in charge iniof Christmas deliveries. 12 We are thinking ofifrom new car next month, 13 Sandra apologised for/about (cain) the performance. 14 lan was talking with/about a shop in York. (take up) (take) (help) me with (lose) (make) the (ouy) a (open) Put the verbs in brackets into the ‘correct infinitive form or the -ing form. 1 Wsnouse ..calking... (tak) to Bob; he won't change his mind, 2 She will weekend. 3. Itwas good of you (help) me fix my bicycle. 4 The man suggested (call) the police in, to investigate. (return) the books next 5 I cant get used to (lve) in such a hot county, 6 He admittes (rob) the bank. 7 You had better (hurry), or you'l be late for work 8 Theyrefused (give) me my money back 9 She is too short (become) a fashion model, 10 My parents let me (stay) up late at weekends. 11. Our teacher makes us (do) home- work every evening, 12. The kitchen windows need (clean, 13 They have begun (make) preparations for the party 14 He advised her 15 I dislike (speak) to her boss. (go) to the theatre alone 16 Mr Roberts was seen (leave) his hhouse at 12:15 last night. 17 My sister can't stand (watch) horror lms. She gets terribly scared, 18 Can you imagine (spend) your holidays on the moon? 19 There's no point in (cal) again, There's no one at home. 20 | don't allow people (smoke) in my house. 21 It was silly of you (forget) to lock the door, 22 He risks (lose) his wallet when he leaves it on his desk. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Infinitive form or the -ing form. 1. A: Is Anne in the room? B: Yes. I can see her dancing husband over there, 2. A: Did you see the robber? (dance) with her B: Yes. | saw him (get into the car and drive away. 3. A: Is John here today? B: Yes. | heard him (talk) on the ‘phone as | walked past his office 4 A: Colin is good at speaking in public, isn't he? B: Yes. | heard him (make) a ‘speech last month, It was excellent, 5 A: | walked past the sports centre today. B: So did |, and | stopped for a moment to watch some boys. (play) football 6 A: Your hair looks great today, B: Thanks. | watched the hairdresser (Gry) itso | could learn how to do it myselt 7 A: That's a music school, isn't i? B: That's right. | often hear the students (sing) as | walk past 8 A: Did you stay until the end of the contest? B: Yes. | listened to the chairman (announce) the resuits betore | went home. 9A: How do you know Tim is at home? B: | saw him (cut) the grass as | was driving home, How do you know that man stole the watch ? {saw him (ut in his pocket and leave the shop without paying, 10 @>= Too/Enough - The -ing form - Participles VALS nC RNC cni OF the Sing form with a change fiacentacy forget + to - inf = not remember e.g. I'm sory, forgot to call you. forget + -Ing form = not recall e.g. Ill never forget winning my first gold medel. © remember + to - inf = not forget e.g. Remember to call Jack tonight. remember + -ing form = recall 9. I don't remember seeing you here before. © go on + to- Inf = then e.g. He welcomed us and went on to offer us some drinks, {go on + -ing form = continue ‘e.g. They went on talking for hours. © mean + to- inf = intend to e.g. She means to open her own shop. mean + -ing form = Involve e.g. Being a pilot means travelling a fot. regret + to- inf = be sorry to 8.9. regret to inform you that you have failed the exam. regret + -ing form = feel sorry about e.g. | regret making that mistake; ! lost my job. © try + to inf = attempt, do one's best e.g He tried to win the race. try +-ing form = do sth as an experiment 2.9. Try exercising, you may lose weight. © stop + to - inf = stop briefly to do sth else e.g. He stopped to drink some tea and then continued working. stop + -ing form = finish, give up e.g. He stopped eating junk food because itis unhealthy. be sorry + to - in ‘action e.g. 'm sorry to interrupt, but can I ask you a question? be sorry for + -ing form ‘earlier action 2.9. I'm sorry for shouting at you. apologise for a present apologise for an like + to - Int = think that sth is good or right to do 2g. | ike to exercise every day. like + -ing form = enjoy (general preference) €.9. She likes swimming. ‘would like + to - inf = want (specitic preference) 2.9. | would like to see this fil. ¢ be afraid + to Inf (the subject is unwilling to do sth) €.9. He is afraid to take the testi case he als again. be afraid of + ing form = (the subjects afraid that ‘what is described by the -ing form may happen) e.g. She doesn't want to ride the horse. ‘She is afraid of falling and hurting herselt. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct Infinitive form or the -ing form. 1 Til never forget ..sailing... (sail) down the Danube ‘on that warm spring night last year. 2 Please don't forget 3. John said he remembers (buy) the newspaper, but now he can't find it (pay) the i 4 Did you remember (post) my letters today? 5 Gloria regrets (shout) at her sister. 6 I regret (inform) you that we cannot give you your money back. 7. The students went on (write) for another hour. 8 After cleaning the windows, he went on (wash) the car. 9 Weare sorry (announce) that the 7:15 train to Liverpool has been cancelled 10 I'm sorry for (miss) your brth- day party; Il make it up to you. 11. She stopped (go) to the gym ater she had got back into shape. 12 They stopped (rave) a rest before they continued their journey. 13 They tried (open) the door, but it was stuck. 14 You should try (make) your ‘own clothes. I's much cheaper. 45. I'm sony. | didn't mean (break) your vase. 16 Being a teacher means (correct) a lot of homework. 17 Vike (tidy) my room at week lends because I don’ have time during the week 18 They lke (play) in the sea on hot days.Infinitive - Too/Enough - The -ing form - Put the verbs In brackets Into the ‘correct Infinitive form or the -Ing form. My neighbour, Mr Mason, loves 1) ..spending. time in his garden. He would rather 2) (work) outside than stay indoors, even when itis snow. ing! Early in the morning, you can 3) (see) Mr Mason 4) (eat) breakfast in his garden, and late at night he is there again, with a cup ff cocoa in his hand. I'd lke 5) (help) sometimes when there is lots of work to do, but Mr ‘Mason prefers 6) (do) everything himself. He doesn't mind 7 (get) cold and wet in the winter, and his wite says its no use 8) (try) to make him wear a waterproof jacket because (spend) he hates 9) (wear) them! Mr Mason says he will go ‘on 10) (garden) until he is too old 11) (do) it! Put the verbs In brackets Into the correct Infinitive form or the -Ing form. 1. I don't know what 1) ..:0 do... (do) at the weekend, ancy 2) (G0) to the cinema, but ‘none of my fiends enjoy 3) (waten) fis very much 2. Paul had his driving test today. He tried 1) (notimake) any mistakes, but he failed. He expects 2) (pass) the test the next time he takes it. 3. Tom often goes 1) (walk) atthe weekends. He doesn't like 2) (take) anyone with him because he prefers 3) (be) alone while he walks. 4 We had better 1) (hurry) home tonight because our parents have promised 2) (take) us out for dinner. | don't know why they want 3) (eat) out, but ‘we must 4) (arrive) home on time, 5 James is rich and can afford 1) (ouy) expensive things. He is always willing 2) (end) money to people who need it, because he enjoys 3) (help) others. 6 My parents let me 1) (stay) at my friend's house last weekend. They agreed 2) (take) me in the car and they made me 3) (promise) to behave rmyselt. It was a great weekend! Put the verbs In brackets Into the ‘correct Infinitive form or the -ing form. Dear Jessica, How are you? I'm busy 1) ...2tudying... (study) for ‘my exam which is next week, but I've decided 2) (take) a break and 3) (write) you a letter. 4) many notes and 5) (learn) so many facts is making me very tired. | can't wait 6) (finish) my course! Then, | can start 7) (look) for a good job. ‘Sophie started her new job last month. 8) (work) at the hospital suits her — she loves 9) (Wook) after people. She hopes 10) (stay) inthis job for ‘a couple of years and then she intends 11) (try for a promotion. By the way, how are you getting on now that you ‘are a manager? | forgot 12) (congratulate) you when I saw you. ‘Anyway, I've got to go now. Write soon and tell me all your news, won't you? (read) s0 Wishes, Mage —— Complete the sentences, as In the example. 1. John said, I didnt take the money. John denied ...caking... he money. 2 ‘Ibroke the window,’ said Gary. Gary confessed to the window. 3. "Yes, I'l look after your dog for you,’ said Anne. Anne agreed after my dog 4 Alice said, | hate traveling by bus.” ‘Alice complained about by bus, 5. The boss said to the employees, ‘You have until 5 o'clock to finish the reports. The boss expects his employees the reports by 5 o'clock, 6 My father said to me, ‘Don't come home late,” but | didn't listen. ‘My father warned me about late, but I didn't listen, 7 ‘You can all. go home early,” said the professor. The professor allowed us home early 8 The coach said to the players, ‘Don't lt the ball out of your sight.” ‘The coach ordered the players the ball out oftheir sight home70 PrToo/Enough - The -ing form - Poticiples Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -Ing form. Good afternoon, madam. Can 4) .help. (help) you? Yes, please. | want 2) (buy) a new washing machine. SS: I'see, How much money would you like 3) (spend)? W: don't want anything too expensive S: Alright then, I can 4) (show) you this model over here, I's reliable, and it doesn't cost too much money. W: Is itvery dificult 5) S: Not at all, but you must 6) (read) the instruction manual before you try to turn it on, W: Oh, | always have difficulty in 7) (understand) manuals. Could you 8) (explain) how the machine works? S: Certainly. You'll soon leam how 9) (operate) it I's very simple W: That's good, because, as a working mother, | don't have much time to spare for things lke this. S: Don't worry, madam. First, you must 10) (put) the clothes in the machine a 1. “Welcome home. “Thanks. I's very nice .A... back. A tobe B be 2 is good for your health “Tknow, but I don't enjoy it. A To have exercised B Exercising © To exercising ay (usey? © tobeing 3 ‘You have to home early tonight. wil’ A be coming Become © coming 4 ‘Do you watch TV very often?" 'No, I consider it a waste of time. A tobe B being Cis 5 ‘Did you enjoy the play?” “Yes. Were you involved in the scenery? A make Btomake — © making 6 ‘Does your son study very much? ‘No, he spends his time television. A to watch B watching C watch 7. ‘Did anyone help you with your homework? ‘No, I managed it by myself A do Btodo © doing & ‘Let's go out tonight ‘Vd rather at home. I'm tired.” A staying Biostay C stay 9 ‘Why did you go to the supermarket?” some flour.” A To buy B By © Buying 10 ‘Do you know who to in the office? “Yes, Mrs Jacobs.” A speaking B speak to speak Crs xamples. The second sentence meaning to the first sentence. 1. Spending a lot of money on clothes is foolish. to Its foolish to spend a lot of money on clothes. 2. This car is too expensive for me to buy. enough This car Is not cheap enough for me to buy. 3. The tea is so hot that I can't drink it too The tea is too hot for me to drink. 4 The teacher made us learn the poem by heart. made We were made to learn the poern by| heart by the teacher. 5. Eating is not allowed in the office. eat Nobody is allowed to eat inthe office. 6 Your room needs cleaning. cleaned Your room needs to be cleaned. Complete each sentence with two to five words, Including the word in bold. 1. The jumper is so small that | can't wear it. too Thejumperis ...20 small for me....o wear. 2 Staring at people is rude. to its 3. Your hair needs cutting cut Your hair needs 4. This house is too small for our family to lve in. enough This house for our family t0 live in 5. Father made me clean my room yesterday. made | ‘my room yesterday by Father. 6 Pictures are not allowed to be taken inside the museum, take at people. Visitors pictures inside the museum. 7. Speaking with your mouth full is bad manners. to his with your mouth fll 8 The ground is so slippery that I can't walk on it. too The ground to walk onInfinitive - Too/Enough - The -ing form - @ Undetne the cect word ‘The participles are: 4) present participles (playing, running, etc), ») past participles (played, written, etc.) and ¢) perfect participles (having written, etc, © Present and past participles can be used as adjectives. ‘The present participle ing) describes what some- body or something is (it answers the question “What kind?’). The past participle (-ed) describ how somebody feels (it answers the question ‘How do you feel?’). eg. It's a very tiring job. (What kind of job? Tiring.) ‘e's very tired. (How does he fee? Tired.) Participles can also be used © to express tim 2. After doinginaving done her homework, she watched TV. Having done her homework, she watched TV. ‘Alter she had done her homework, she watched TV) ‘He broke his arm (while) playing hockey. ‘He broke his arm while he was playing hockey.) © to express reason. 2.9, Being late, Adam took a tax. Jecause he was late, Adam took a lax) Having spent all her money, Pam asked fora foan. Because she had spent all her money, Pam asked for loan) © instead of a relative pronoun and full verb. ‘2g, The man standing atthe door is my boss. The man who is standing atthe door is my boss) The information presented in the article was invaluable. (=The information which was presented in the anicle was invaluable) @ instead of the past simple in narratives when wwe describe actions happening immediately one after the other. @4g, Seeing the shadow, he screamed. He saw the shadow and he screamed.) to avoid repeating the past continuous in the ‘same sentence. 8. She was cimbing up a ladder camying a bucket she was climbing up a ladder and she was ‘carrying a bucket, A: 8: A: 8 A A 8: A: 8: A 8: a 8 & 8 Have you read that new book yet? Only some of t's very bored/boring. Did you enjoy your holiday? Oh, yes. It was very relaxedirelaxing. 'm going to a lecture tonight. Do you want to come? 'No thanks. I'm not interestediinteresting in the subject. Did you hurt yourself when you fell? No, but it was very embarrassediembarrassing Shall | turn off the lights? No. I'm frightenedifrightening of the dark Was Mother upset when you broke her vase? ‘Not really, but she was very annoyed/annoying. How do you fee! today? | stil feel very treditiring. | haven't seen Mr Green for several days. Neither have |. I's a bit worried/worrying. a Rewrite the sentences using participles. 1 10 " He was lying on the bed and he was reading a ‘book lis He was lying on the bed reading a book. isa took a deep breath and dived into the water. ‘Jack burnt his finger while he was lighting a fire. After Ann had ironed the clothes, she put them away. Because he was cold, James turned on the heater. ‘The photographs, which were taken at the recep- tion, were blurred Al the ison washed the paintbrushes before she painted 2 living room. ‘She was sitting on the sofa and she was knitting a sper. ‘The gir who is sitting next to Alison is Vicky. Because he had forgotten to do the shopping, he te out that night. Emma turned the key in the lock and opened the door.52 = Too/Enough - The -ing form - Participles (BL ee al Rrapaons, ic. on A angry aUwith sb for sth pole to sb annoyed with sb for sth rudeto sb complanto sb about sbisth shout at sb diferent toffrom sbisth wait for sbisth ifr from sbysth write to sb GB, vrcertne me conec preposition Mary is always polite tofat her parents. Sam was told off for being rude atito his teacher. ‘The policemen shouted atito the thieves who tried torun away. ‘Jessica waited toffor the bus for an hour in the rain. Rosie is writing to/at her pen-triend, lam angry aboutlwith Sue for taking my favourite shi. He was annoyed with his brother inifor making so ‘much noise. 8 I'm going to complain to my boss with/about the lighting in the office 9 John's opinions differ to/from Anne's, so they argue alot. 10. The film is different from/at the book escape 41) make progress (also get along) 2) enter a bus, train, etc. (opp. get off) get on with sb: have a friendly relationship with sb; get along with sb get through: 1) reach sb by telephone 22) manage to finish sth Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal verb. 11 hos Wary well With, (get along with) 2 Itried to all morning but the phone was engaged. (reach sb by telephone) 3. Ill go home early tonight if all my work. (manage to finish) 4 Tom cinema. (entered) 5. The police chased the thieves but they managed to (escape) get my new neighbours. the bus outside the | Asion Box Q wee me 1. "Do you like going to the cinema? ‘Yes. | usually ..5... atleast once a month.” Aamgoing B go © have gone 2 ‘You look serious. "Yes. | to solve a dificult problem.” Ahavetied — Btry ¢ am trying 3. ‘Would you like to go out tonight?” ‘Not really. I'm exhausted. | hard all day, ‘A have worked Bam working © have been working 4 "When are you going to buy anew car?” ‘Well, | two that Ike, but I can't decide which one to buy.” A have been seeing B have seen Csee 5 ‘Does Stuart often go sailing in the winter?” He A does seldom B seldom does C doesn't seldom 6 ‘Does Peter know how to drive?” ‘Of course. He for years, now." A has driven Bis driving © has been driving 7. ‘Has Sarah moved out of her parents’ house yet?" “Oh, yes. She ina fiat in town now. has lived B hasbeen living € lives, 8 ‘Do you have breakfast in the morning?’ ‘No, | i Adonever Brneverdo © don't never 9 "When are you seeing Paul next?” ‘We to meet next Tuesday." A have been arranging B arrange have arranged 10 ‘ls there a supermarket in your town?” "Yes. There ‘one here for quite a while Alsboing -B has been Cis 11 ‘Have you done your homework yet?" Yes. | always itbefore dinner.” Aamdoing B havedone—C do 12 "Where is Bob?’ He Jimmy to the park. ‘Avhas been taking B has taken C takes