BIOMOLECULES

1.Name the branched chain component of starch?

Ans:- Amylopectin.

2.Ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA differ in the structure around which carbon atom?

Ans:- C-5

3.How many peptide linkages are present in a tripeptide?

Ans:- Two

4.Give three reactions of glucose which cannot be explained by its chain structure?

Ans:- a)It doesn’t show addition compound with NaHSO3.

b)It doesn’t show Schiff’s test.

c)The penta acetate of glucose doesn’t react with hydroxyl amine.

5.Write the two types of secondary structure of protein?

Ans:- α-helix and β-pleated

6. Name the polysaccharide stored in the liver of animals?

Ans:- Glycogen

7.Which one of the following is a polysaccharide:- Starch, Maltose, Fructose, Glucose

Ans:- Starch is a polysaccharide.

8.Write one difference between α-helix and β-pleated sheet structures of protein?

Ans:-

α-helix β-pleated
In α-helix structure of proteins, the peptide In β-pleated structure of proteins, the peptide
chains are coiled to form right handed helix chains lie side by side joined together by inter-
involving hydrogen bonding. molecular hydrogen bonding.

9.Write the name of the disease caused by the deficiency of vitamin B 12 ?

Ans:- Pernicious anemia

10.Deficiency of which vitamin causes scurvy?

Ans:- Vitamin C

11.What type of linkage is responsible for the formation of proteins? OR What type of linkage
is present in Nucleic Acids?
Ans:- Peptide Linkage( -CO-NH-)

12.Write the product formed when glucose is treated with a) HI b) Bromine water c)Nitric Acid ?
What does it suggests about the structure of glucose?

Ans:-a)n-Hexane. It suggests the presence of 6 C-atoms in glucose.

b)It gives Gluconic acid. It suggests the presence of aldehydic group.

c) Saccharic acid. It suggests the presence of aldehydic group and alcoholic group .

13.How are carbohydrates classified?

Ans:- They are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and

polysaccharides on the basis of their behaviour on hydrolysis.

Monosaccharides Cannot be hydrolysed further.

Ex-Glucose
Disaccharides Hydrolysed to give two monosaccharide
units.
Ex-sucrose
Oligosaccharides Hydrolysed to give two to ten
monosaccharide units.
Ex-maltose
Polysaccharides Hydrolysed to give a number of
monosaccharide units.
Ex-starch

14.Give one example each for water –soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins?

Ans:- a)Water soluble vitamins- B and C

b) Fat soluble vitamins – A,D,E and K

15.Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets?

Ans:- Vitamin D

16.Name the base that is found in nucleotide of RNA only?

Ans:- Uracil

17.Glucose on reaction with acetic acid gives glucose pentacaetate . What does it suggest about
the structure of glucose?

Ans:- It suggests about the presence of 5-OH groups in the glucose molecule.

18.Why water soluble vitamins must be supplied regularly in the diet?

Ans:- Water soluble vitamins are dissolved in water and our body cannot store them, they are
excreted from our body, so they must be supplied regularly in the diet. Ex- Vitamin C and B

19.Differentiate between the following:-

a)Essential amino acids and Non-essential amino acids

b)Fibrous Proteins and Globular proteins

Ans:-

a)

Essential amino acids Non-essential amino acids

The amino acids which are not synthesized in The amino acids which are synthesized in the
the human body and should be supplied to our human body are non-essential amino acids.
body through the diet are essential amino (ex-glycine, alanine).
acids.(ex-methionine, arginine).

b)

Fibrous Protein Globular Protein

1.Polypeptide chains that run parallel or anti- 1.Chains of polypeptide coil around to give a
parallel and are held together by hydrogen and spherical shape.
disulphide bonds. 2.Usually soluble in water.
2.Generally insoluble in water. Ex- Insulin, thyroglobin, albumin,
Ex- Keratin,Collagen,Myosin,Fibroin. haemoglobin,and fibrinogen which gets
converted to fibrous protein fibroin on clotting
of blood.

20.Define the following terms:-

a)Glycosidic Linkage b)Invert Sugar

Ans:-a)Glycosidic Linkage:- Two monosaccharides are joined together by an oxide linkage

which is formed by the loss of a water molecule.

b) Invert Sugar:- Hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a change in the sign of rotation , from dextro
to laevo and the product is named as Invert Sugar.

21.Write the structural difference between starch and cellulose?

Ans:- a)Starch is formed from α-glucose and cellulose is made up of β-glucose.

b)Cellulose constitutes of long, straight , unbranched chains forming H-bonds with the adjacent
chains and are soluble in water. Starch has coiled and unbranched (amylose) or long, branched
(amylopectin).

c)In cellulose the glycosidic linkage is β(1-4) and in starch it is α(1-4) glycosidic linkage in
amylose and α(1-6)glycosidic linkage in amylopectin.

22.Deficiency of which vitamin causes night blindness?

Ans:- Vitamin A
23.How are vitamins classified?

Ans:- Classification of Vitamins

Fat soluble vitamins Water soluble vitamins

a)Soluble in fats a)Soluble in water

b)They are stored in liver and adipose tissue. b)They cannot be stored and readily
excreted in urine.

Ex-Vitamin A,D,E and K Ex-Vitamin B and C

24.Name the vitamin responsible for the coagulation of blood?

Ans:- Vitamin K

25.Draw pyranose structure of glucose and furanose structure of fructose?

26.A non-reducing disaccharide “A”on hydrolysis with dilute acid gives on equimolar mixture of
D(+)-glucose andD(-)-fructose.

HCl

A +H2O C6H12O6+ C6H12O6

[α]D = +66.50 +52.50 -92.40

Identify A. What is the mixture of D-(+)-glucose and D-(-)-fructose known as? Name the linkage
that holds the two units in the disaccharide.

Ans:- A= Sucrose . Mixture is known as Invert sugar. Linkage is glycosidic linkage.

27.α-amino acids have relatively higher melting points than the corresponding halo
acids.Explain.

Ans:- Amino acids exists as Zwitter ion. ( H3N+-CH(R)-CO-O-) Therefore they have stronger
intermolecular dipolar attractions which increases the melting point.

28.Write the name of the two monosaccharides obtained on hydrolysis of lactose sugar?

Ans:- β-D-Galactose and β-D-Glucose

29.Why vitamin C cannot be stored in our body?

Ans:- Because it is water soluble vitamins and is excreted by our body in urine.

30.What is the difference between a nucleoside and nucleotide?

Ans:-

Nucleoside Nucleotide
A unit formed by the attachment of a base to 1 1 When nucleotide is linked to phosphoric acid
position of sugar is known as nucleoside. at 51 position of sugar moiety, we get a
nucleotide.

31. What type of bonding helps in stabilizing the α-helix structure of proteins?

Ans:-Hydrogen bonds

32.What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins?

Ans:- α-helix and β-pleated

33.How do you explain the amphoteric behaviour of amino acids?

Ans:- (Base)H2N-------CH-----------COOH(Acid).

In aqueous medium the carboxyl group loose a proton and amino group accepts a proton. They
exists as Zwitter ion and shows amphoteric behaviour.

34.What are enzymes?

Ans:-Biocatalysts.They are globular proteins.

35.Define denaturation.What is the effect of denaturation on the structure of protein?

Ans:- When a protein is subjected to physical change like change in temperature or change in
pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. During denaturation globules unfold and helix get
uncoiled. The 20 and 30 structures are destroyed. Protein looses its biological activity.

36.What are nucleic acids? Mention their two important functions?

Ans:-Particles(Biomolecules) responsible for heredity. They contain a

Pentose sugar+ Phosphoric acid + Base.

Functions:-

a)Helps maintaining the identity of different species.

b)Helps in protein synthesis.

37.The two strands in DNA are not identical but are complimentary? Explain.

Ans:-The two strands in DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. Because of different sizes
and geometries of the bases, the only possible pairing in DNA are Guanine and Cytosine with
three H-bonds and between Adenine and Thymine through two H-bonds. Due to this base-
pairing principle, the sequence of bases in one strand automatically fixes the sequence of bases in
the other strand. Hence are complimentary and not identical.

38.What are the different types of RNA found in the cell?

Ans:-Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA

39.Write the important structural and functional differences between DNA and RNA?

Ans:-a)Functional Differences

DNA RNA
Controls the transmission of hereditary effects. Controls the synthesis of proteins.

b)Structural Differences

DNA RNA
i)Sugar present in DNA is 2-deoxy-D-(-)ribose. i)Sugar present in RNA is D-(-)ribose.
ii)Has double stranded α-helix structure. ii)Hassingle stranded α-helixstructure.
iii)Contains cytosine and thymine as pyrimidine iii)Contains cytosine and uracil as
bases. pyrimidine bases.

40.Define primary structure.

Ans:-It is a linear sequence of amino acids present in a polypeptide chain.

41.How is Glycogen different from Starch?

Ans:-

Glycogen Starch
a)Storage polysaccharide of animals. a)Storage polysaccharide of plants.
b)Its structure is similar to amylopectin but it b)It consists of two components:-
is more highly branched. i)Amylose(long unbranched)
ii)Amylopectin(Branched chain)

42.Classify the following into monosaccharides and disaccharides:-

Ribose, 2-deoxyribose,maltose,galactose,fructose,Lactose.

Ans:-Monosaccharides:- Ribose,2-deoxyribose,galactose,fructose.

Disaccharides:- Maltose, Lactose

43. Name the amino acid which is optically inactive.

Ans:-Glycine.

44.Name the vitamin which is neither fat soluble nor water soluble.

Ans:-Vitamin-H

45.How many asymmetric carbon atoms are present in D(+) Glucose?

Ans :- Four chiral carbon atoms.

46.Glucose is an aldose sugar but it does not react with sodium hydrogen sulphite. Give a reason.

Ans: Because of the absence of free aldehydic group.

47.Name the simplest optically active amino acid.

Ans:-Alanine

48.Name the enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of maltose into glucose?

Ans :- Maltase

49.Why is sucrose called a non-reducing sugar?

Ans: Because the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic bond
formation they are not free . Hence does not show positive Tollen’s and Fehling’s test.

50. What do you understand by specificity of enzyme?

Ans:- The ability of an enzyme to select a specific substrate from a range of chemically similar
compounds.

51.What are the uses of DNA Fingerprinting?

Ans:- i) In forensic laboratories for identification of criminals.

ii) To determine paternity of an individual.

iii) To identify racial groups to rewrite biological evolution.

52. List the types of Hormones ?

Ans:-Hormones are classified into two types, namely: Peptide hormones and steroid hormones.

53.Give the test for carbohydrates?

Ans:- Tests for carbohydrates:
Molisch test is performed. Molisch reagent, a 10% alcoholic solution of alpha naphthol, is added
to an aqueous solution of carbohydrates, followed by concentrated sulphuric along the sides of
the tube. As a result, a violet ring is formed at the junction of two layers.

54. Name the glands responsible for producing Progesterone.

Ans: Progesterone is produced by the ovaries.

55. Name the hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

Ans:-The hormone released by the adrenal glands is called Epinephrine. It is also called
adrenaline.

56.Name the hormone produced by the pineal gland.

Ans:-The hormone produced by the pineal gland is Melatonin. It regulates the body’s sleep
cycle.

57.Which are the hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

Ans:-The thyroid gland is responsible for producing thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
58. Name the glands responsible for producing Testosterone.
Ans:- In males, testosterone is produced by the testes while ovaries produce the same hormone in
females.

59.Why maltose and lactose are reducing sugars?

Ans:- Because of the presence of free aldehydic group produced at C1 of second glucose in
solution is responsible for the reducing property.

60.Name the only vitamin which can be synthesized in our body. Name the disease
caused due to the deficiency of this vitamin.
Ans:-Vitamin which can be synthesized in our body is Vitamin A
Its deficiency causes Xerophthalmia.

PRACTICE

1)

COMPOUND CATEGORY COMPOSITION REDUCING GLYCOSIDIC

/ PRODUCT OR LINKAGE
OF NON-
HYDROLYSIS REDUCING
SUCROSE DISACCHARIDE α-D-(+)Glucose NON- C1GLUCOSE
(INVERT and REDUCING -
SUGAR) ᵦ- D-(-)Fructose C2 FRUCTOSE
MALTOSE DISACCHARIDE α-D-(+)Glucose REDUCING C1-C4
and
α-D-(+)Glucose
LACTOSE ᵦ-D-Galactose C1GALACTOSE
It is the sugar DISACCHARIDE and REDUCING -
present in the ᵦ- D-Glucose C4GLUCOSE
milk
STARCH Amylose-
It is the storage linear
polysaccharide 200-1000 units of
s in plants. α-D(+)Glucose
Amylose is linked by
water soluble POLYSACCHARIDE α(1,4)glycosidic NON-
component of bonds. REDUCING
starch. Amylopectin-
Amylopectin branched
water insoluble 25-30 α-
component of D(+)Glucose
starch. units present as a
chain linked by
α(1,4)glycosidic
bonds and these
chains are
interconnected
i.e, branching
occurs by C1-C6
glycosidic
linkages.
CELLULOSE POLYSACCHARIDE ᵦ- D-Glucose with
It is the storage glycosidic NON-
polysaccharide linkages beween REDUCING
s in plants. C1-C4of two
different glucose
units.
GLYCOGEN POLYSACCHARIDE Structure similar
It is the storage to amylopectin , NON-
polysaccharide but is more highly REDUCING
s in animals. branched.

2)

3) DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by

looking at unique patterns in their DNA. Steps involved in DNA fingerprinting are: (i) isolation
of DNA. (ii) digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases. (iii) separation of DNA fragments
by electrophoresis.