CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
B S
B2 S2
A.C. ammeter
F
M.S.
Power
SOurce
Oto 10V
44
ACTIVITES
DATE:
ACTIVITY - 1
HOUSEHOLD CIRCUIT
AIM: lo assemble ahousehold circuit comprising three bulbs, three switches, a Tuse
and a pOwer source.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Three bulbs, fuse, power source of 10V and
switches.
THEORY:A household circuit consists of narallel combination of various deVices.
These deVices are connected tothe power source Various devices in the household like
bulb, tluorescent tube, CFL (Compact fluorescent lamps) fans, TV etc is connected to
the live through 5A fuse. Afuse of 15A rating is used for heavy load appliances like
fridge, geyser, AC hot plate etc.
PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the bulbs B.. B» and Ba in series with switches Si, S2 and
S; as shown in the circuit diagram.
2.Next connect one end of the bulb - switch combination to the fuse wire which is in
tun is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the other end of the
combination is connected to the negative terminal. Switch on the power source and
check if the bulbs glow.
3. The switches are in series with the bulbs so that a switch can control only one bulb.
RESULT: The household circuit comprising of bulbs, switches and fuse is assembled.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Battery
Rheostat
mA
Unknown resistance
wire
DATE:
ACTIVITY: 2 ASSEMBLING THE COMPONENTS
AIM: To assemble the componcnts of a given clectrical circuit. (say OHM's law)
voltmeter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Battery, rheostat, resistor coil, ammeter and a
PROCEDURE: 1. Make a neat and tight connection of the circuit diagram.
2. Arrange the various components according to the circuit diagram and conncct them
according to the circuit diagram.
3. Ensure the ammeter is connccted in series and voltmcter in parallel to the resister.
4. Plug in the key and check if there is deflection in the ammeter and voltmeter.
RESULT:
All the components were connected properly and a deflection in ammeter and voitmete
was noticed.
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No DEVICE APPEARANCEELECTRICAL Detlection on
SYMBOL multimeter
RESISTOR Same side
W deflection observed
before and after
interchanging the
leads.
2 CAPACITOR Large detflection is
observed and c
AR gradually decreases
tO zer0.
3 DIODES Deflection observed
in one case but no
detlection when the
leads are
interchanged.
4 LED Deflection observed
Anode Cathode
with emission of
light and on light
Current Flcw
(Conventional)
when leads are
interchanged.
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DATE:
ACTIVITY: 3
TDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS
AIM: To identify a diode, an LED, aresistor, and a capacitor from a mixed collection
ofsuch items.
APPARATUSS
REQUIRED: Diode, resistor, capacitor, multimeter.
THEORY: From the given mixed collection of
(i) Adiode is a electronic items.
two terminal device and conducts
not conduct when when forward biased and does
(i) LED is a light
reverse biased.
emitting diode which is also atwo terminal device and which
conducts on forward biasing emitting light. It does not conduct when reverse
biased.
(i) Capacitor is also atwo terminal device. On and discharging through
(iv)
resistor, the current changes exponentiallycharging
ar
with time.
Resistor is two terminal devices
biased. which conducts when forward or reverse
PROCEDURE: To
used. Insert the blackidentify diode, LED, capacitor and resistor, a multimeter can be
and red leads into the
multimeter and turn the common and positive terminal of the
leads and check for selector MS2 position. Short the other two terminals of the
to
Take of the continuity. (See if the pointer reads zero)
components and touch the
dellection on the resistance scale of thetwo terminals of the component and observe the
note the deflection. Record multimeter.
your observation of cachInterchange the two probs ard
of the
component.
RESULT: The different components were
identified from amixed collection.
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OBSERVATIONS:
S. No Position of the Nature and size of the image
object Convex lens Concave mirror
Atinfinity point size,real point size,real
inverted inverted
2 Beyond 2f orc Diminished, real, Diminished,real.
inverted inverted
At2for C same size, realand same siZe, real and
inverted inverted
4 Atf Highly eylarged, Highly enlarged,
real, inyerted real, inverted
Between f'and p virtv¥l,erect and virtual,erect and
enlarged enlarged
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DATE:
ACTIVITY: 4
IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONVEX LENS AND
A CONCAVE MIRROR
AIM: To study the nature and size of
mirror. the image formed by aconvex lens and a concave
APPARATUS
THEORY:1., A
REQUIRED: Light source, convex lens, concave mirror and ascreen
positions of the convex lens is a converging lens forms real and inverted image for all
objectexcept when object placed within the focus.
2. Aconcave mirror is a
positions of the object converging mirror forms real and inverted image for all
except when object pllaced within the focus.
PROCEDURE:1. Place a convex lens in front of lioht sourCe at difierent distances.
2. Adjust the screen to get a clear and wel|-defined image on the
screen.
3. The nature and the size of the image at all the
positions are observed.
4. The experiment is
repeated with concavc mirror.
RESUT: The nature and size of the image formed by the convex lens and concav
mirror at different positions are studied.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
0.3V
Range of voltmeter
Least count of voltmeter
Zero correctionof voltmeter
Range of ammeter 6.3A
Leastcount of ammeter
Steady current shown by ammeter 13omA
S. No Length of the wire Voltmeter reading Potential
Icm V gradient =
k= Vm!
50 b.15 D.3
n50 0.75 O. 3
50 1.35
0.3
650
1.55 6.3
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DATE:
ACTIVITY:5
POTENTIAL GRADIENT
AIM: To study the
Current. variation in potential drop with length ofa wire fora steady
APPARATUS
eliminator. a lowREQUIRED:
Afully charged 4.5 V battery or battery
resistance rheostat, a voltmeter of range (0-3.0 V), an
ammeter (0-3 A), a
one way key, a jockey, connecting wires.
THEORY: For a potentiometer with wire of uniform material densiy ad
thickness
(cross-sectional area) carrying a steady current, potential drop is
proportional the length of the wire.
to
ie.. Va l,V= kl
k-constant
where Kis the drop of potential per unit length. It is called the potential gradient.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections as in figure.
2. Touch the end of the jockey to the end Q of the
potentiometer.
3.Close the key and set the rheostat such that the voltmeter gives full scale
deflection (3 V).
4. Touch the jockey at end P at O (zero) cm. The voltmeter will give zero
dellection.
5. Touch the jockey at marks separated by 50 cm length of wire. Note the
voltmeter reading in each case.
6. Repeat the experiment by keeping the jockey at 100 cm,l 50 cm etc.
7. Record your observations in tabular form.
RESULT: The potential drop along the length of the wire was found to be nearly
constant.
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OBSERVATIONS:
S.No Focal length F cm
FI F2 Combined F
16 1) 6.51
2 16 6.1$
3 15 6
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DATE:
ACTIVITY:6 LENS COMBINATION
AIM: To obtain alens combination with the specificd focal length by using
Iwo lenses from the
given sct oflenses.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Six convex lenses, lens stand, screen.
THEORY: With aconvex lens, tlhe real image of adistant object is formed
at a distanceequal to its focal length.
1. If f and f, be the focal lengths of the two lenses and F be the focal
length of the combination
1
then,
PROCEDURE:
1. The first convex lens is putt in the lens stand, and the screen is moved to and
fro till asharp inverted image is obtained on the screen.
2DIstarnce between the centres of lens stand and screen is measured with the
help of a metre scale.
3.This distance gives the focal length of the convex lens.
4.Now first convex lens is replaced with second convex lens and the procedure
IS repeated to get the focal length of the second convex lens.
5.Now bring both lenses in contact and repeat the steps as above. ThiS gives
combined focal length.
6.Repeat the experiment with remaining pair of lenses.
7.Record your observations in tabular form.
RESULT: Thus the focal lengths of desired value are obtained by suitable combination.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Thin lenses should be taken.
2. Lenses should have same aperture.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Lenses may not be thin.
2. Lens apertures may not be same.
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