FURTHER FUNCTIONS Reciprocal and square root graphs Further reflections Adding graphs Multiplying graphs Inequalities Inverse functions Parametric forms Review Chapter 1 Investigation Task Investigation Task = o Wu Ee a 4 ae (S)2 Chapter 1: Further Functions Exercise 1A Reciprocal and square root graphs. Lens Fundamentals 1 Let P(a,b) be a point on y = f(z) zu is Fe) is (a) The image of P under the transformation y = (b) The image of P under the transformation y = /F(=) Fundamentals 2 increases /decreases (circle one) (a) As f(2) increases, the graph of 7 (b) As f(x) decreases, the [Link] — increases decreases (circle one), F(x) 1 (©) As Fle) + 0%, the graph of > + —_ (4) As f(x) +07, the graph a5 ous (e) thay} (a) eioo, thei [Link] oi F(@) (Gy Ane (@.) 5 oc ste pra a5 ey ahaa (g)_ All e-intercepts from y = f(x) become v a ony Fundamentals 3 Consider the equation of y = F(a). (a) What happens if f(x) < 0? (b) 1f0< f(z) <1, then y = F(a) is higher/lower (circle one) than y = f(x) (©) IE f(x) > 1, then y = VF(@) is higher/lower (circle one) than y = f(x). (a) If F(x) has a zero at « =a, then y= y/F{e) also has a zero at «=a. However, there will bea v____ tangent at ar = a, provided that f’(a) 40. Fundamentals 4 Explain the difference between the graphs of y = F(z) and y? = f(x). SEE UEEENISUEPSUEEEUS SURE! MASTERING MATHEMATICS1A Reciprocal and square root graphs 3 Question 1 The diagram below shows the graph of y = f(r) The following diagrams show the graphs of y = /J(@). y = z—yand y? = f(x) in a random order. F(x) Write down the transformation that matches each of the diagrams. (a) (b) (c) at The following diagrams show the graphs of y= V(x). y = io and y? = f(x) in a random order. Write down the transformation that matches each of the diagrams. ooo4 Chapter 1: Further Functions y y Question 3 (a) Draw the graph of y labelling all important feature (b) Hence, draw a sketch of y = V2? — 2z on the same set of axes. Question 4 Use a similar technique to sketch the graph of the following. (a) y= vie—1 0) y () (y= veFT (0) y=VFa-e ry Question 5 By first drawing y= f(x), sketch the following graphs of y (a) paat2 (b) y=a?—4 (co) y=o-1 Question 6 (a) Draw the graph of y = 4ar~ x2, labelling all important features. (b) Hence, draw a i on the same set of axes Question 7 Use a similar technique to sketch the graph of the following. Draw the ‘original’ graph as a dashed curve, and draw the final answer on the same set of axes. il @) vax (b) (©) @ oy (e) iC} Question 8 (a) Sketch the graph of y (>) Hence, sketch the graph of the following. () y=vaet (ii) a MASTERING MATHEMATICS1A Reciprocal and square root graphs 5 Question 9 The diagram below shows the graph of y = f(r). On separate axes, sketch the graph of w= a5 () y= VFB) Question 10 Th On separate axes, sketch the graph of 1 ©) U Fey S(2) Question 11 The diagram below shows the graph of y= f(z). On separate axes, sketch the graph of (b) v= VF) () w= fe)6 Chapter 1: Further Functions Question 12 The diagram below shows the graph of y = f(r) On separate axes, sketch the graph of ® w= a5 0) v= VT © Question 13 The diagram below shows the graph of y = f(x) On separate axes, sketch the 1 (a) y= Fe (b) y= VFR) (c) aph of Question 14 The diagram below shows the graph of y = f(x). On separate axes, sketch the graph of 1 (@) y= Fa) (b) $$ $—$________—_# MasTeRiNG MaTHEMarios4A Reciprocal and square root graphs 7 Be Solute Mane Problem 1 Sketch the following. 1 (a) y= (b) Problem 2 Sketch the graph of y = eh the graph of y= 5s Hint: Divide the top and bottom by 2° Problem 8 [Kampyle of Eudoxus] (a) Sketch the graph of y = 2! (b) Hence, sketch the graph of which is called the Kampyle of Eudorus named after the ancient Greck astronomer and mathematician Eudoxus of Cnidus (408 BC — 347 BC). (c) Use graphing software to sketch y? —«* and y = «? on the same set of axes. State what you observ (d) Prove your observation Problem 4 [Lemm Sketch the graph of y? Problem 5 — [Calculus required] Prove the following statements about the reciprocal and square root graphs, (a) If fla) has a root at # = a, and f’(a) #0, then y = VF{a) has a vertical tangent at (b) If f(x) has a stationary point at x = a, then y also has a stationary point at ao F@) rea (c) If f(x) has a turning point at « = a, then y also has a turning point at ¢ = a, but with opposite concavity.8 Chapter 1: Further Functions Exercise 1B Further reflections ec UCU CE Fundamentals 1 ‘The diagram below shows the graph of y = f(x) (dashed red) and either y = |f(x)| or y = f({2) (blue). Determine which reflection the diagrams represent. (a) (b) Fundamentals 2 Complete the following, —, for f(x) 20 —, for f(z) <0 (bo) F@)l= { Fundamentals 3 The below questions art about obtaining the graph of y f(0)| from the graph of y f(x) (a) If f(x) > 0, then |f(x)| = ——. Hence, when f(x) > 0, the graph of y = |f(«)] is identical to the original (b) If f(x) <0, then |f(x)] = __. Hence, the negative parts of f(x) are reflected across the x/y (circle one) axis Fundamentals 4 ‘The below questions are about obtaining the graph of y = f (|x|) from the graph of y = f(2) (a) Ife >0, then f ({x|) = —. Hence, when xr > 0, the graph of y = f (|r) is identical to the original. (b) Ix <0, then f ((z)) is reflected across the 2 Hence, the left/right (circle one) half of the original graph y (cirele one) axis. ——_________________s MASTERING MATHEMATICS1B Further reflections 9 Question 1 The diagram below shows the graph of y= f(x). On separate axes, sketch the graph of fa) y=lf@)] (b) y=F (le) Question 2 ‘The diagram below shows the graph of y = f(r). y On separate axes, sketch the graph of fa) v=|F@)| (b) w= F(lal) Question 3 The diagram below shows the graph of y= f(z) y On separate axes, sketch the graph of (a) v= lf) (b) v= F (lal) Question 4 The diagram below shows the graph of y = f(r) y On separate axes, sketch the graph of (@) y=lf@)| (b) =F (lel)10 Chapter 1: Further Functions Question 5 The diagram below shows the graph of y= f(x). On separate axes, sketch the graph of (a) v= (F(2)| (b) y= F (lal) Question 6 (a) Sketch the graph of y = 4ar — a (b) Hence, sketch the graph of y = [dr — Question 7 By first sketching a base graph y = f() and using it to sketch y= [f(x)| on the same set of axes, draw a sketch of the following (a) y=[e+1] (b) o) (@) y=l-2| (e) (f) (8) (h) i) Question 8 (a) Sketch the graph of y {b) Hence, sketch the graph of y Question 9 By first sketching a base graph y = f(x) and using it to sketch y = f(2|) on the same set of axes, draw a sketch of the following. (a) y=1-2la| (by) y=2el © @ oy (e) y=VieT (f) () (nh) y= le* @ Question 10 (a) Lot f(x) be any function, Prove that f({2|) is an even function (b) Let f(x) be odd fimetion. Prove that |f(2)| is an even function. $$$__—_§____—______s MASTERING MATHEMATICS1B Further reflections 11 # Challenge Problems 1 1 Problem 1 A quadratic was transformed using a reflection to form the following graph. Find the equation of the original quadratic Problem 2 (a) Consider the graph of y = f(x). Describe the effect on the graph if all 2's were replaced with |. y= Slr) (>) What do you think is the effect on the graph if the y was replaced with |y] (c) Hence, sketch the graph of |:r| + |yl Problem 3 (a) Show that (b) Show that = (©) etch the graph of y12 Chapter 1: Further Functions Exercise 1C Adding graphs eeu) Fundamentals 1 (a) If (a,b) is a point on y = f(x) and (a,c) is a point on y = g(r), then at « =a the graph of y = f(x) + 9(z) has coordinates (b) If P(a,d) is a point of intersection of y= f(x) and y on the graph of y= f(x) + g(a). (2), then P has coordinates Fundamentals 2 Instead of subtracting ordinates to sketch y = f(x) — g(x) it can be easier to first sketch y and y= —__., and then add the two curves F(a) Fundamentals 3 To sketch y = f(x) + g(x) reasonably accurately, the base-graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) must be drawn to s—_ Fundamentals 4 Describe what happens to the graph of y = f(x) + g(a) at x =a if (a) Fla) has an 2-intercept at 2 =a (b) Fe) and g(x) have the same value at 2 =a (©) F() and g(x) are negatives of each other at « = a. Fundamentals 5 (a) If f(a) has domain has domain > O and g(x) has domain all real zr, then the graph of y f(x) +(x) (b) In general, any domain restriction from either function still applies to their s as MASTERING MATHEMATICS1€ Adding graphs 13 Question 1 The diagrams below show to-seale diagrams of y = f(x) (in bhue) and y = g(:r) (in red) on the same set of axes. Use the diagrams to sketch y = f(r) + g(x) by addition of ordinates. b) {a) : (b) ¥ () @ y u Question 2 (a) Sketch the graph of y =sr and y= |x| on the same set of axes. (b) Hence, sketch the graph of y = x + |x| by addition of ordinates: Question 3. Use a similar technique to the above question to sketch the following graphs. (a) ysaree? (b) ysas23 © jn — 1] +|e+1) Question 4 [Alternative method to subtracting graphs} {a) Sketch the graph of y = |x| and y = —c on the same set of axes. (b) Hence, sketch the graph of y= |x| — =. Question 5 Use a similar technique to the above question to sketch the following graphs. (a) ysa-2 (b) y=[e@-1-|e+1] @ y Question 6 {Further absolute value graphs] Sketch the following graphs. (a) y=|e+1]+[e-2| 0) =1- [e+ (c) y= (20 41)+|e-1) @) oy ir — 1) — |x +1]14 Chapter 1: Further Functions Question 7 [Exponential funetions) Use graphing software to sketeh y =r, y = 2" and y = +2* on the same set of axes. What do you notice about the graph of y =.r and y =a +2" as x > — (c)_ Explain your observation. (@) Attempt to recreate the graph of y =a +2* by addition of ordinates and compare your graph to the one generated using software. Question 8 Sketch the following graphs. (a) y=r427 (b) y=a-27 () 2-2 Question 9 (a) Sketch the graph of y * and y = 2~* on the same set of axes. (b) Hence, sketch y = 2 + 2-* (c) Repeat part (a) and hence sketch y =2* — 2-* Question 10 [To do after radians are covered] Sketch the graphs of the following curves over the domain x € [—z.7] cos — sine. fa) oy be CeCe r+sina (>) y=sina + cos ©) Problem 1 Sketch the graphs of the following hy drawing appropriate base-graphs and adding ordinates 1 (@) y=2+t () and g(x) ys Bob draws y = f(x) and y = g(x) individually, then adds the ordinates. However, Mary has a more algebraic approach, 1 + (a) Show that 75 + = =1 (b) Mary instead sketches y = 1 after following the steps of (a). Who produced the correct ' 1 ' t ' ' ' t ' ' 1 ' 1 | Problem 2 Bob and Mary are both asked to sketch y = f(x) +g(a), given that f(x) = —— 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 sketch, and why? 1 MASTERING MATHEMATICS1D Multiplying graphs 15, Exercise 1D Multiplying graphs PCy Fundamentals 1 (a) If (a,6) isa point on y = f(x) and (a,¢) is a point on y = g(r), then at x =a the graph of y= S(a)g(z) has coordinates (b) If P(a,)) is a point of intersection of y = f(x) and y= g(2), then P has coordinates on the graph of y = f(x)g(z). Fundamentals 2 J@ Instead of dividing ordinates to sketch y = x. it can be easier to first sketch y = f(x) and , and then multiply the two curves. Fundamentals 3 Describe what happens to the graph of y= f(x)g(2) at x =a if (a) (2) has an x-intercept at «= a (b) (2) is equal to one at x = a. Fundamentals 4 (a) If f(a) > 0 and g(a) > 0, then f(a)g(a) (b) If f(a) > O and g(a) <0, then f(a)g(a) (c) If f(@) 0 and g(x) has domain being all real 2, then the graph of y = J(2)g(2) has domain (b) In general, any domain restriction from either function still applies to their p.16 Chapter 1: Further Functions Question 1 The diagrams below show to-scale diagrams of y = f(x). Use the diagrams to sketch y =« f(x) by multiplication of ordinates. (a) (b) () (d) (e) (f) Question 2 (a) Sketch the graphs of f(x! nd g() =. — 1 on the same set of axes (b) Multiply their ordinates to obtain the graph of y = 22(a — 1). (c) Sketch y = x?(a—1) as you normally would and compare it with your graph from (b) (a) Repeat the above steps for the following pairs of funct @ s@) (ii) f(w) -2, g(t) =-a+4 -9 Question 3 (a) Sketch the graph of y=. and y = [| on the same set of axes. (b) Hence, sketch the graph of y =.rlr| by multiplication of ordinates. Question 4 Use a similar technique to the above question to sketch the following graphs. [e|@ - 1) jz —1| (b) y= yal +2) (oy (a) y= — > a MASTERING MATHEMATICS4D Multiplying graphs 17 Question 5 [Dominating functions] Consider the equation y = 22-* {a) Complete the following table of values. x |-[-5]-1]o]1 (b) Use the table to describe what happens to the curve as ar + 00 and as x + ~00. F and y= 22“ on the s 4 of axes, me s (c)__ Use graphing software to sketch y =r, y = 2 2- and then multiplying rand y ng, softwar (a) Draw the graph of y = 22-* by first sketching y Compare your graph to the one generated us Question 6 Sketch the following graphs. Use a calculator and a table of values for parts where the behaviour of the curve is not clear such as when 2 + +50. (a) y (b) y= 222" (@) ys yer fe) oy Ee dene eue atau Problem 1 (a) Sketch y=? ~4 and hence sketch y (b) Hence, sketch y Problem 2 (a) Sketch y= 203". (>) Explain why y =r touches the curve y ctly once at the origin. Problem 3 Sketch the following by drawing appropriate base-curves and multiplying their ordinates. (a) oy (b) I 1 I 1 f ' I I t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 E 1 1 1 118 Chapter 1: Further Functions | Problem 4 [To do after radians are covered] 1 Sketch the following by drawing appropriate base-curves and multiplying their ordinates. i 1 (a) y=arsine for # € [1.7 (b) y= scoser for x € [-n,] I 1 (©) (a) y=sinzreossr for x € [ 1 i i i | Problem 5 [To do after logarithms are covered] | Sketch the following graphs. Use a calculator and a table of values for parts where the behaviour 1 of the curve is not clear such as when a — 90 or «> 0+ i 1) y=elne (b) ya? Ing i Ine 1 () y= (Q) y= Velez i r i =e MASTERING MATHEMATICS1E Inequalities Exercise 1E Inequalities ae Uta ly Fundamentals 1 ‘The diagram below shows the sketch of y = (# —a)(x — b). uv Write down the inequality that corresponds to (a) (© a)(e—b) >0 (b) (w= a)(v—b) <0 Fundamentals 2 (a) To solve a quadratic inequality in the form az? +br-+¢ <0 or ax? +br-+e > 0, first the graph of y = ketch (b) Then, depending on the direction of the inequality, shade the region that is either a or b___ the —_-axis. (c) The set of __-values that are shaded is the solution set Fundamentals 3 (a) [fan inequality involves a rational expression with an unknown in the denominator, we can multiply both sides by the s. of the denominator (>) We cannot simply mnltiply both sides by the denominator itself to eliminate fractions because the denominator may be n. which will flip the inequality sign around. (©) Once this is done, we can then re-arrange and f____ the resultant polynomial and solve the inequality by shading the appropriate regio! Fundamentals 4 Suppose that k > 0. (a) If |a| <&, then _ <2 (b) If [a] =k, then a > ore < _. Fundamentals 5 ‘This question will extend the result from Fundamentals 1 further. Suppose that & > 0. (a) If Jar +] &, then ar +6> — orar+b< 1920 Chapter 1: Further Functions Question 1 The diagrams below show a highlighted section of the graph of y = (x — a)(w ~ 6), corresponding to either (x — a)(ar— b) > 0 or (x ~a)(x—b) <0. State the appropriate inequality for cach diagram. (a) (b) Question 2 By first drawing a brief sketch of the quadratic polynomial and highlighting the appro- priate section of the graph, solve the following inequalities, (a) (b) (w-a)(n+4) 20 © (d) @-7-8>0 (e) (f) a > 4x () (h) 2? -2-6<0 Question 3. By first drawing a brief sketch of the polynomial and highligh section of the graph, solve the following inequalities. (a) (@-1(@+1)@-4) <0 (b) (w+ 2)(@-3)(0 +6) >0 () @-3P(@-)>0 (a) 13a? ig the appropriate +36.<0 2 Question 4 Consider the inequality > <4 (a) Write down the restriction on the values of « (b) Multiply both sides by (a + 1)? and hence, show that 4(x +1)? — (x +1) 20 (c) By factorising out (x +1), show that this incquality simplifies to (x + 1)(Qx + 1) > 0. <4 (a) Hence, find the solution of — Hint: Make sure to check you swer against any restrict Question 5 Solve the following inequalities. Be mindful to check that the endpoints of your domains work as well. nr +3) a+1 <2 MASTERING MATHEMATICS4E Inequalities 21 Question 6 [Using the distance definition of the absolute value] Complete the following. (a) (i) [x] =4 is read as “the distance of « from the o. is (ii) (x| <4 is read as “the distance of « from the o. isl than 4. (iii) Hence, the solution of |r| <4 is (iv) Likewise, the solution of |r| > 4 is —______ or (b) (i) [e —2| =5 is read as “the distance of from — is —" (ii) |v —2| <5 is read as “the distance of x from — is | than 5°, (iii) Hence, the solution of |r — 2) <5 is (iv) Likewise, the solution of |r —2| > 5 is —______ or Question 7 [Proving the results in the Fundamentals section] ‘, for some k > 0, on the same set of axes. k. (a) Draw a graph of y = |r| and y= (b) Find the #-coordinate where y = |r| intersects y (c) Use your diagram to find the values of ar such that |x| > &, (a) Similarly, find the values of wr such that |r] < &. Question 8 Find the solution of the following, provided that k > 0. (a) e-alk Question 9 Solve the following absolute value inequaliti the distance definition. ther graphically, algebraically, or using (a) |el24 (b) [al <2 () [rti<3 (@) |e-3)>2 (e) a= () ets 0 (8) [ax-4|>0 (h) [4-32] <0 (i) pe+i>5 G) 8-22] <7 (k) [32-4] >-1 w |< -2 be Meh Clute Maes — — ——— Problem 1 Sketch the graph of [p| =r and |y ~2 how the graphs differ. ron the same set of axes. Comment on Problem 2 (a) Draw a sketch of y= Jr — 5| and y = 2x +3 on the same set of axes. (b) Hence, solve the inequality [dr — 5| > 2r +3.22 Chapter 1 Further Functions Problem 3 Solve the inequality Pa 1 Problem 4 — Solve the inequality x + — > 2 Problem 5 — Explain why solving «¥(x — 1) > 0 is equivalent to solving r(x — 1) > 0. Problem 6 By drawing a sketch, solve the inequality [2x +1] < |r — 4] SS MASTERING MATHEMATICS4F Inverse functions Exercise 1F Inverse functions pes Fundamentals 1 (a) (b) (o) (a) (b) () (a) (a) (b) (a) (b) Fundamentals 2 Fundamentals 3 Fundamentals 4 A one-to-one function has a single y-value for each __-value, and vice versa. If f(z) is a one-to-one function function in a particular domain, then we can find a new function ealled the inverse function, which is denoted by — ‘The inverse function ‘undoes’ what a function f does to a value. For example, if f(a) = b, then ("(b There are two types of inverses. One is an inverse [______ and another is an inverse a All functions are r ____, but not necessary the other way around. An inverse r_______ is obtained by simply swapping xr and y. For example, the inverse relation of y = 2? is ‘The inverse f~1(x) of a function f(x) is itself only a function if f(1r) is o_-to-o__. The equation of {~1(c) is obtained by swapping x and y, and then making — the subject ‘The inverse of a function f(r) can be drawn by reflecting f(r) across the line y ‘The resultant graph may or may not still be a function. If it is not a function, then we call it the i r However, if it is a function, then we we call it the i parte ‘To determine if the inverse is still a function, we can use the b line test on the original function f(x) If f(z) cuts the horizontal line more than once, then hence, the inverse is not a function. t passes /fails (circle one) the test and However, if f(¢) cuts the horizontal line at most once, then it passes/fails (circle one) the test and hence, the inverse is a function. If the inverse of a function f(x) is not a function, then we can restrict the d. so that the function becomes 0_-to-o_. This is done to being a function. of f(x) ure that the inverse also ‘The d of the inverse function. Conversely, the of the inverse function, of the function becomes the r of the function becomes the d 2324 Chapter: Further Functions Question 1 For each of the following graphs, use the horizontal line test to determine whether the inverse is a relation or a function. Verify your findings by drawing the inverse. (a) (») ) y y : (d) (e) (f) y y Yo eo = r = ®) (n) @ y vy y ( 4 SOE = -1 1% Question 2 By swapping and y and then making y the subject, find the i (a) y=2e (b) y=4r—5 3 verse of the following. (0) 2e+3y+5=0 @) y=3-1 5; aol Question 3 Let f(z) = "5 {a) State the domain and range of {(2) (b) Sketch the graph of y = f(r) and determine whether the inverse is a function or not. (c)_ Find the equation of the inverse funetion. Question 4 Find the inverse of the following, 2x1 +2 @ v= (b) oy MASTERING MATHEMATICS1F Inverse functions 25 Question 5 [Special ease] What is the inverse of the following? (a) y=1 (b) 2=-2 Question 6 Explain how the horizontal line test works in determining whether the inverse is a relation or a function. Question 7 By first finding the domain and range of f(r), state the domain and range of the inverse function f-'(), (a) f(@e)=3r+4 (>) f@)=vF-3 (©) (a) Question 8 [Intersecting the inverse] Consider the function f(x) = y2r—T, which has an inverse function. (a) Find the equation of the inverse function y= f-!(r) and state the domain and range. (b) Find the coordinates of the point where y = f(x) intersects y = (c) Explain why this point also represents the points where y = f(r) inters ts y= f(a). (a) Hence, draw the graph of y= f() and y = f(x) on the same set of axes, Question 9 For each of the functions in Question 2, sketch the function and inverse on the same set of axes. Question 10 (a) Explain why f(r) unrestricted does not have an inverse fy r tion. (b) State the largest two possible domains so that f(1r) =.c? does have an inverse function, x that have inverse functions. sketch the two branches of (2) ) Ona separate set of axes ) Find the equation of the two possible inverse functions, and match them up with the correct branch from the original function, (c) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and y = f-!(x), for both cases, on a separate set of axes. Question 11 For each of the following quadraties, write down two ways the domain could be restricted so that the inverse function exists. (a) y=l-« (c) () y=@ (©-3)(@ +1) @ y= y26 Chapter 1: Further Functions Question 12 _ [Inverse Sine Graph] The diagram below shows the graphs of {(.c) in in the domain x € [-n, 7]. (a) Find the largest possible domain such that f(.r) is one-to-one, and so that th the origin verse contains (d) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and y = f~1(x) on the same set of axes, Question 13 Define f(x) = (# — 1)? 3. (a) Find the largest domain containing x =3 such that the rse is defined, (b) State the domain and range of f(r). (c) Sketch the graph of y = f(x) and y= f-"(r) on the same set of axes. Question 14 Consider the function f(x) = x? — 20. {a) Find the largest domain containing © =2 such that the inverse is a function. (b) State the range of f(x) in that domain, (©) Show that the inverse relation is y yr = 0. (a) By cither using the quadratic formula or completing the si yields the equations show that making y the subject y=ltvite (c) State the range of the inverse function, (8) Hence, determine whether the inverse function has equation y Tra VIF ory {g) Sketch the graph of y= f(x) and y= f-(x) on the same set of axes. Question 15 Define the function f(x) =x? — 6x for the domain x > 3. (a) Draw the graph of y = f(x) (b) Find where f(r) interseets it's own invers (c) Find the equation of the inverse function. $$ __________—_4 MASTERING MATHEMATICS4F Inverse functions @ Challenge Problems Problem 1 [Self-inverse] Show that the function where @ and b are constant self-inverse. That is, the frnetion is it’s own inverse fimetion Problem 2 Define the fimetion [(r) = 2+ 2 (a) Show that f (3) = f(a) for alla #0. ()) Hence, explain why f(t) does not have an inverse finetion. Problem 3 Define the fimetion f(r) = 7 {a) Show that f(x) is an even function, () Hence, explain why f(r) does not have an inverse funetion. ) exis (d) Use graphing software to sketch y = f(r) in this domain. Hence, in your book, sketch the graph of y = f(x) and y = f-!(zx) on the same set of axes (c) What is the largest domain containing positive values such that f~ 5 1 Problem 4 Define the function f(x) = «~~ in the domain 2 > 0. (a) Use graphing software to sketch y = f(r) and y =x. In your book, draw the graph of y = F(a) and y = f-"(w) on the same set of axes. (b) Show that the inverse has equation Proble} Define the fimetion f(r) +5 in the domain x > (a) Find the equation of the inverse funetion f(x), (b) Show that eee 2728 Chapter 1: Further Functions Exercise 1G Parametric forms on CuCuicley Fundamentals 1 (a) A C______ equation is an equation relating two variables «and y. (b) These variables can be expressed as functions of a third variable called a p. (c) This p______ can be used to study the —_ or __-coordinates individually, rather than studying them together all the time. (a) Every point on the curve is now defined by only o__ number, which is the value of the P (ec) For a given Cartesian equation, the parametrisation is/is not (circle one) unique. In other words, a given Cartesian equation may/may not (circle one) have many parametric equa- tions to represent it Fundamentals 2 (a) To obtain the the parameter. equation from the parametric equation, we need to e. (b) This can often be done for most problems either by making the parameter the subject from one equation first and then s into the other, or by using a t identity Fundamentals 3 (a) The usual parametrisation for the circle 2 + y? = — is x = reos@ and y (b) Tt relies on the trigonometric identity (0) Ifthe circle is centred at (a, 6), then a parametrisation is x= a+ and y= — +rsin8. Question 1 Consider the curve defined parametrically by «= t— Land y=t+1 (a) Complete the following table. ele (b) Eliminate the parameter and hence find the Cartesian equation. (©) What vale of t yields the coordinate (4,6)? ()_ Sketch the graph and plot the points corresponding to ¢ = 0, 1, 2 om it. ——. S MASTERING MATHEMATICS1G Parametric forms 29 Question 2 Consider the curve defined parametrically by « = 3¢ and (a) Complete the following table. (b) Eliminate the parameter and hence find the Cartesian equation, (c) What value of t yields the coordinate (6,4)? (a) Sketch the graph and plot the points corresponding to = 0, 1, 2 on it. (c) Let T be the point on the parabola with parameter t, As ¢ varies, the position of Twill also vary. Describe what happens to T as f+ 00 Question 3 For each of the following, eliminate the parameter and hence state the Cartesian equation (a) «=2t (b) 3B+t () @=2-38 y=3t y= ya 442t (a) at (o) =3t @ 161? oe Je and state the Question 4 For cach of the following, show that the Cartesian equation is a centre and radius, (a) cos (b) © =2cos0 sind y =2sind (0) (d) =4+3c0sd y=-5+3sind Question 5 For each of the following circles, write down a suitable parametric equation. (a) a2? +y=16 (b) (@w-2)? +(y+5)? =9 (c) a +6r+y' 2y 15 =0 Question 6 Sketch the following parametrically defined curves. (a) 2=3¢-5 (b) y=%tl Question 7 [Trick question] Find the Cartesian equation of the following, (a) @=2t43 (b) #=-2 wad y=O+t30 Chapter 1: Further Functions Question 8 [Importance of checking domain and range] (a) Find the Cartesian equation of (12,2 — 1). (b) Bob claims that the graph is just the graph of y = right-hand side of the graph. By substit determine who is correct —1 whereas Mary claims that it is only the ing a few values of t and plotting the resultant point, (c)_ Explain why they are not the same. Question 9 Use a similar technique to Question 8 to find and sketch the Cartesian equation of the following. Remember to state any restrictions where necessary. fa) @-#,2+8) (b) (VE=T, t) () +1) % Challenge Problems Problem 1 For the following Cartesian equations, find two possible parametric representa- tions (a) y=w+3 (b) y= de? 41 (c) w+y=9 Problem 2 [Folium of Descartes) Consider the curve defined parametrically by (a) Show that # = (b) Deduce that «3 + y* = 3ry. (c) Use graphing software to produce a sketch of the Folium of Descartes, ' 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I I ' ' t ' ' ' ' t ' ' ' 1 1 1 Problem 3 [Parametrisation of the ellipse] +5 1, where a and b are constants. Find a suitable parametri ‘The ellipse has equation “5 @ sation for the ellipse by modifying the standard parametrisation for the circle. ae MasTERING MATHEMATICSProblem 4 [More advanced algebraic parametrisations} Eliminate the parameter in each of the following. (a) (bh) wate Problem 5 [More advanced trigonometric parametrisations) Eliminate the parameter in each of the following, (a) secd (b) 2 =cos@ + si y= tand y= cos — sind 1G Parametric forms 3132 Chapter 1: Further Functions Chapier 1 Review Further Functions eve Question 1. By first drawing a graph of y = (2x), skete = Fi 5 (a) f(e)=r41 (b) fa) =a? +2 (ce) f(x) = a? (d) f(2) 4 Question 2 By first drawing a graph of y= f(r), sketch a graph of y? = f(«). (a) f(z) =2e-4 (b) f(v) =a? +1 (©) f@)=0-16 (a) f(z) = 16-2? Question 3. By first drawing a graph of y = f(r), sketch a graph of y = | f(x)|. (a) fv) 3x44 (db) f(x) =a? -16 (ce) f(x) = (w-1)(22 4) (@) f@)=Ve-1 Question 4 By first drawing a graph of y = f(x), sketch graph of y = (ls). (a) f(x) = 6-2" (b) f(a) =a? - () fle) = 28-99 (a) Sle) = vert Question 5 By first drawing a graph of y= f(r) and y = g(x), sketch a graph of y = f(a) +g(2). (a) f(e) = 2, glx) = -vE (b) f(a) =2, g(x) = VI=: 1 1 () f(@)=2*, g(a) => (@) f(a) = Ve, g(a) = 5 Question 6 By first drawing a graph of y = f(x) and y = g(x), sketch a graph of y = f(x)g(x). (a) f(e) =2, glx) = 22 41 (b) f(x) =, ge) = VI (©) f(@)=2*, gle) = VI-# (a) f(x) g(a) =4-" Question 7 fa) Sketch the graph of y= y#— 1. (b) Hence, sketeh the geaph of y = vi-T MASTERING MATHEMATICSQuestion 8 Solve the following inequalities. (a) 27225 (© ~r-20<0 Question 9 Solve the following inequalities. 3 (a) ®). Fairs r-1 c @) 2 < © S41 <4 Question 10 Solve the following inequalities. (a) |r-2>5 (b) © (a) Question 11 For each of the following graphs, sketch the inverse function, Chapter 1 Review 33 y () (b) © ay 2 | pore @ ) G) y y Question 12 For the following functions, find the equation of f~!(r) and hence show that £7" (F(@)) = §(F"@) = (a) fl)=5-2 (b) () fle) = ve (a)34 Chapter 1: Further Functions Question 13. Let f(x) =a? ~ 8 (a) Let x € [p, 00) be a domain so that {~'(x) exists. Find the smallest value of p. (b) Find the equation of the inverse and hence sketch the graph of y= f(x) and y = th e set of axes. (ar) on Question 14 d the in ve values of 2, Gr +14 se of the following. If required, restrict the domain to contain only Question 15 (a) Find the domain and range of f(r) = (b) Find the equation of f~!(ar). (©) What are the x-coordinates of where the graphs of y= f(x) and y = f-1(x) intersect? (d) Sketch y= f(x) and y ~1(x) on the ame set of axes. Question 16 Eliminate the parameter ¢ and hence find the Cartesian equation of the following, (a) e=3t-1 (b) 2 =2t (0) © =2at y= 243 y=P-1 = at? © « (a) 2 Put 2eosé (p) 2sind 2+2cos0 —3+2sind y Question 17 Write down the centre and radius of the cireles defined parametrically by the following. (a) 2=-2+5c0s8 (b) ya3+ Question 18 Express the quadratic function y = 2 +2r — 1 in parametric form, given that w= 2-1. an appropriate parametrisation of xy Question 19 Show that the point P («». ‘) Question 20 Draw the graph of the following by addition of ordinates. (a) y= |e|+'r-2| () —|e-2| $§$£___________s MASTERING MATHEMATICSChapter 1: MNS So far, you have learned the following transformations (and their combinations), which require reflections. Further Reflections y=—J@), y=l@) y=S(-2), y= f (lel) wwestigation task will take further the study of reflections. Question 1 Create a function of your choice that lies both above and below the a-axis, and call it f(e). Construct a graph of it using graphing software. (a) Use graphing software to sketch |y| = f(x) on the same set of axes as y = f(x). Comment on your findings. (b) Write down a set of instructions for a student on how to draw |y| = f(«) for any given function. (©) Bob makes the following argument. “Much like how jar the graph of [y| 5 implies x = +5, we can say that |y| = f(x) implies y = f(z). So. J (2) is just the positive and negative graphs on the same set of axes” Is Bob's answer correct? If not, then is it partially correct or not-at-all correct? Give a detailed response and provide examples or counter-examples where necessary. (a) Suppose f(x) = -2?—1, Draw the graph of |y| = f(r) and comment on your findings with justification. Repeat this for f(x) =x? + 1 and similarly comment on your findings. Question 2 Create a function of your choice and call it f(r). Construct a graph of it using graphing software (a) Use graphing software to sketch y = f(4—c) on the same set of axes as y = f(x). Comment on your findings. (b) Write down a detailed set of instructions for a student on how to draw y = f(a—«) for any given function and for various values of a, () Explain why the graph of y = f(a) has the effect that it does on the graph of f(z)36 Chapter 1: Further Functions Teeter The following list contains well-known parametrically defined curves. Choose any four curves and research their parametric equations and use graphing software to plot them. Give a detailed description of the curve and how adjusting the constants affects the shape of the graph. Some graphs retain their general shape when the constants are adjusted whereas other graphs may change shape drastically (possibly more than once) based on what the constant is. For those examples, all cases are to be investigated. Parametric Curves Astroid Cardioid Catenary Cayley’s Sextic Cochleoid Conchoid Epicycloid Epitrochoid Fermat's Spiral | Folium of Descartes Hypocycloid Hypotrochoid Lemniseate | Lissajous Curves Nephroid Rhodonea Curves ‘Tricuspoid ‘Tschirnhaus’s Cubic | Witch of Agnesi (2 MASTERING MarHEmarics