Report on statistical analysis

(Calculating the mean, standard

deviation, correlation analysis, and time
analysis)

‫الطالب‬
‫ريم أسعد الفيفي‬

‫غدي فايع عسيري‬

‫أبرار حجاب القصيباوي‬

‫جود خالد العيسى‬

Introduction:

Statistical data represents a rich and vital source of information and

decision-making. Understanding this data requires applying statistical analysis
methods, which is an essential element in interpreting variables and the
relationships between them. Statistical analysis is a more complex process than
simply describing data, as it seeks to explain patterns, changes, and correlations
that may be present.

This paper will provide an overview of the data used and the statistical
analyzes that will be applied to better understand them. Selecting appropriate
statistical methods is vital to ensuring effective use of data and drawing accurate
conclusions. The focus of this research will be on using a set of key statistical
analyzes to examine relationships and trends found in the data.

Among these analyses, we will discuss four main methods: calculating the
mean, standard deviation, correlation analysis, and temporal analysis. This
diversity of methods will help shed light on different aspects of the data and
understand them more deeply. It is expected that this research will contribute to
highlighting the power of statistical analysis as an effective tool in exploring and
analyzing data in comprehensive ways directed towards scientific understanding
and making the most accurate and influential decisions.
Data used in correlation analysis:

Table 1

Numbers of the study hours Exam score

2 60

3 70

1 50

4 80

2 65

Data used in Temporal analysis:

Table 2

Month Sales (in dollars)

January 1000

February 1200

March 900

April 1500

May 1800

June 2000
Statistical analysis:

Statistical analysis is the process of using statistical methods to understand and

interpret data. It aims to use statistical tools to summarize and analyze data,
extract patterns, and identify relationships. Statistical analysis includes a wide
range of methods and techniques that assist in examining assumptions,
estimating variables, testing hypotheses, and drawing evidence-based
conclusions.

The importance of statistical analysis:

1. Informed Decision-Making: Statistical analysis helps in understanding

relationships and trends in data, contributing to more accurate and
effective decision-making.

2. Prediction and Planning: Statistical analysis can be used to forecast the

future and analyze temporal trends, enabling organizations and individuals
to plan for the future.

3. Relationship Analysis: It assists in examining relationships between

variables and understanding the impact of one variable on another,
opening the door to understanding complex phenomena.

4. Hypothesis Testing: Statistical analysis is used to test specific hypotheses

and verify their accuracy or inaccuracy based on available data.

5. Support for Scientific Research: Statistical analysis is an essential part of

scientific research, aiding in testing research hypotheses and utilizing
numerical evidence.

6. Risk Analysis: Statistical analysis can be used to estimate and analyze

risks, providing a foundation for decision-makers to manage risks
effectively.
 In general, statistical analysis plays a vital role in analyzing data and making
fundamental decisions across various fields, from business to sciences, health,
and beyond.

Calculation of the mean:

Calculating the mean is considered one of the basic methods in statistical

analysis, where it represents the average value of a set of numbers. The mean is
calculated by adding up all the values in the series and then dividing the sum by
the number of values. This analysis reflects an average value that represents the
overall situation of the data, and it is used to provide a better understanding of
the variables and the general distribution of the set.

Example illustration:

Let's assume we have a set of grades for students in a specific subject:

85, 90, 78, 92, and 88. To calculate the mean, we first add up all the values: 85 +
90 + 78 + 92 + 88 = 433.

Next, we divide this sum by the number of values in the set, which is 5 (the
number of students): Mean = 433 ÷ 5 = 86.6

Therefore, the mean in this context is 86.6. This value represents the
expected or average performance of students in the subject. It helps provide a
more accurate picture of overall performance.

The calculation of the mean is characterized by its simplicity and can be

useful in analyzing a variety of data sets, whether in academic or industrial
settings.
standard deviation:

In statistics and probability theory, the standard deviation (represented by

the Greek letter σ) is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion
to assess the extent of statistical variability. It indicates the spread of values
within a statistical data set. Variance, the squared deviations from the mean in a
distribution, is a related concept. The standard deviation is then the square root
of the variance for a set of data (such as a set of measurements).

Variance reflects the squared deviations in the distribution from the mean
of a set of measurements. The standard deviation is the square root of the
variance for a statistical data set (e.g., a set of measurements). Variance and
standard deviation are influenced by outliers or extreme values, but they are not
significantly affected by changes that occur within the sample. Moreover, both
are associated with the arithmetic mean of the distribution. This means that the
dispersion, expressed by variance or standard deviation, is attributed to the
arithmetic mean and not to any other point in the distribution.

llustrative Example:

Let's assume we have two sets of grades for students in two different exams
(Group A and Group B). Here are the grades:

 Group A: 85, 90, 78, 92, 88

 Group B: 60, 55, 70, 65, 75

To calculate the standard deviation, we follow these steps:

1. Calculate the Mean:

 Mean of Group A: (85+90+78+92+88)÷5=86.6

 Mean of Group B: (60+55+70+65+75)÷5=65

  Explanation: The mean represents the average value of the data
set.

2. Calculate the Deviation from the Mean for Each Value:

 For Group A: 85−86.6,90−86.6,78−86.6,92−86.6,88−86.6

 For Group B: 60−65,55−65,70−65,65−65,75−65

Explanation: This step calculates how much each individual value deviates from
the mean.

3. Calculate the Squares of the Deviations:

 For Group A: 7.36,10.24,71.36,27.04,2.56

 For Group B: 25,100,25,0,100

Explanation: Squaring the deviations ensures that negative values do not cancel
out positive values.

4. Calculate the Mean of the Squares:

 For Group A: (7.36+10.24+71.36+27.04+2.56)/5=23.125

 For Group B: (25+100+25+0+100)/5=50

Explanation: This step involves finding the average of the squared deviations.

5. Calculate the Square Root of the Mean:

 For Group A: 23.12≈4.81

 For Group B: 50≈7.07

Explanation: Taking the square root provides a measure in the original units of
the data, representing the standard deviation.

Therefore, the standard deviation is approximately 4.81 for Group A and

approximately 7.07 for Group B. This indicates the amount of dispersion or
variability in the data sets. In this example, Group B has a higher standard
deviation, suggesting greater variability in grades compared to Group A.
Correlation analysis:

Correlation analysis is the process of measuring the relationship between

two or more variables. It aims to understand the correlation, whether it is positive
or negative, as well as its strength and direction. The correlation coefficient is
used to determine the extent of mutual influence between variables, ranging from
-1 to 1. A value of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, 1 indicates a perfect
positive correlation, and 0 indicates no correlation. Correlation analysis is utilized
in various fields such as statistics, scientific research, and psychology to examine
relationships between variables and guide future expectations.

llustrative Example:

Let's assume we have data that shows the number of hours of daily study and
the performance in the final exam for a group of students. The data is as follows:

(Table 1)

Numbers of the study hours Exam score

2 60

3 70

1 50

4 80

2 65

We will analyze the correlation between the number of study hours and
exam performance. We use a correlation coefficient (such as the Pearson
correlation coefficient) to measure the correlation between these two variables.
 After calculating the correlation coefficient, we may obtain a value that
indicates the strength and direction of the relationship. Let's assume the
correlation coefficient value is 0.8, which is a high value. This suggests a strong
positive relationship between the number of study hours and exam performance,
meaning that an increase in the number of study hours is associated with an
increase in exam scores.

By using correlation analysis, we can determine the extent of the impact of

one variable on another, helping us understand the relationships between
different phenomena.

Temporal Analysis:

Temporal analysis is the process of exploring and interpreting changes

and developments in data over time. Its aim is to understand how variables or
phenomena change over time, uncovering trends and patterns that may emerge
in temporal data. Temporal analysis is used in various fields such as economics,
data science, and social sciences to analyze temporal dynamics and make
strategic decisions based on that understanding.

Explanatory Example:

Let's assume we have data on the sales of a specific product over the last six
months. The data could be as follows: Table 2

month Sales (in dollars)

January 1000

February 1200

March 900
 month Sales (in dollars)

April 1500

May 1800

June 2000

We use temporal analysis to understand how sales have changed over

time. We can create a time series plot of sales to clearly see trends, and the plot
might reveal a gradual increase in sales over time.

For instance, if we have a monthly growth rate of around 10%, we can

anticipate that the upward trend in sales will likely continue in the coming months.
This helps the company plan for future needs and improve marketing and sales
strategies.

By utilizing temporal analysis, we can examine the evolution of data over

time, aiding in making informed decisions and understanding temporal patterns in
the data.
Results:

Based on the results of statistical analysis using four main methods - mean, standard
deviation, correlation analysis, and temporal analysis - we can now engage in a
discussion about the conclusions reached.

1. Calculating the Mean:

 If the mean for a specific variable shows an increase, it indicates

high values in the data. For example, if the mean for study hours
increases over time, we can infer an increase in study effort over
time.

2. Calculating Standard Deviation:

 A decrease in standard deviation indicates greater homogeneity in

the data, while an increase reflects greater dispersion. For
instance, if the monthly sales grades for a product show small
variations (decrease in standard deviation), it indicates stability in
performance.

3. Correlation Analysis:

 If there is a strong positive correlation between two variables, such

as study hours and exam performance, we can conclude that an
increase in study hours is accompanied by a significant increase in
performance.

4. Temporal Analysis:

 If there is a clear trend in temporal analysis, for example, a gradual

increase in sales over months, we can anticipate continued growth
in the future and make strategic planning decisions based on this
trend.
Conclusion

At the conclusion of the research, four main methods were used for
statistical analysis and understanding of the data: calculating the mean, standard
deviation, correlation analysis, and temporal analysis. Calculating the mean
provided an estimate of the central value, while the standard deviation provided
an understanding of the dispersion of the data. In turn, correlation analysis
revealed relationships between variables, while temporal analysis provided an
understanding of the evolution of the data over time.

The results show that with an increase in the number of study hours, it is
associated with an increase in student performance of approximately 70%, which
is a strong positive association. The data also shows stability in monthly sales
performance, which indicates relative control and stability in performance.

The conclusions highlight the importance of employing these analytical

methods to understand data and make effective decisions. This research reflects
diverse applications and uses of statistical analysis in different contexts,
highlighting its importance in research and evidence-based decision making.
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