BHARATIYA VIDYA BHAVAN

VIVEKANANDA VIDYA MANDIR

MANVILA, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

I N V E ST I GATO RY P R O J E C T
IN P H Y S I C S

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

SUBMITTED BY : GOUTHAM KRISHNA

C L A S S : XII A
 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

BHARATIYA VIDYA BHAVAN

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Bonafede record of project work done in

Physics by GO UTHAM K RI S H NA of XII A a n d submitted
for practical examination in the year 2023-2024

at Bharatiya Vidya B h ava n Senior Secondary School,

Manvila , Thiruvananthapuram.

Teacher In Charge Principal

Examiners
 3 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to

my Chemistry teacher S m t . J a y a l e k s h m i for
the vital support, guidance and
encouragement without which this project
would not come forth. I extend my deep sense
of gratitude to S m t . Radha Viswakumar, our
respected principal for her inspiration and
support. I would also like to extend my
gratitude to my classmates for their support
and suggestions for this project.

3
4 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

INDEX

SL NO CONTENTS PG NO

1 CERTIFICATE 02

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 03

3 INTRODUCTION 05

4 PRINCIPLE 06

5 THEORY 07

6 MATERIAL REQUIRED 09

7 CONSTRUCTION & WORKING 10

8 LIMITATIONS OF THE CIRCUIT 12

9 LENZ LAW 14

10 APPLICATION OF EMI 15

11 CONCLUSION 17

4
 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

Introduction

Electro Magnet : An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the

magnetic field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears
when the current is turned off.

INDUCTION : This process of generating current in a conductor by placing

the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.

Electromagnetic induction: Electromagnetic induction is the production of

a potential difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic
field causes molecules in another object to flow. Induction can produce
electricity (in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the
magnetic flux linking a conductor change.

Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and the
area normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a scalar
quantity and its S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).

5
 6 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

PRINCIPLE

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction)

is a process where a conductor placed in a changing
magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a
voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical
current, it is said to induce the current

6
 7 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

THEORY

INVENSION: Michael Faraday is generally credited with the

discovery of induction in 1831 though it may have been
anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829.
Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a similar discovery,
but did not publish his findings until later.

Induced e.m.f: If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an

e.m.f. will be generated in the coil. This effect was first observed
and explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or
(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.

Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.

7
 8 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

THEORY

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic

field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free
electrons in the conductor and causing them to move. This process of
generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing
magnetic field is called induction.

This is called induction because there is no physical connection between

the conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field. One requirement for this electromagnetic
induction to take place is that the conductor, which is often a piece of
wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to
produce the maximum force on the free electrons.

The direction that the induced current flows is determined by the direction
of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is moving in the field. In
the animation above the ammeter (the instrument used to measure
current) indicates when there is current in the conductor.

8
9 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

MATERIALS REQUIRED

▪ Enamelled copper wire

▪ 2N2222A transister,
▪ 27k resistor,
▪ 9v battery
▪ Connector.
▪ LED

9
10 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

CONSTRUCTION

Here the transistor used is NPN Transistor, any basic NPN

transistor can be used here like BC547.

Coil is the crucial part in wireless energy transfer and should be

built carefully. In this project, the coils are made using copper
wire of 29AWG. Center tapped coil formation is done on the
transmitter side. is used and a cylindrical coil wrapper like PVC
pipe is required to wind the coil.

For the transmitter, wind the

wire till 17-turns, then the loop for
center tap connection and again
make 17 turns of coil. And for the
receiver, make a 34 turns of coil
winding without the center tap.

10
11 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

WORKING

This wireless electricity transmission is based on the Inductive coupling

technique. The circuit consists of two parts- Transmitter and
Receiver.

In transmitter section, the Transistor is generating high-frequency AC

current across the coil and the coil is generating a magnetic field
around it. As the coil is center tapped, the two sides of the coil start to
charge up. One side of the coil is connected to the resistor and another
side is connected to the collector terminal of NPN transistor. During the
charging condition, the base resistor starts to conduct which eventually
turns on the transistor. The transistor then discharges the inductor as
the emitter is connected with the ground. This charging and
discharging of the inductor produces a very high frequency oscillation
signal which is further transmitted as a magnetic field.

On the receiver side, that magnetic field is transferred into the other
coil, and by the Faraday’s law of induction, the receiver coil start
producing EMF voltage which is further used to light up the LED.

The circuit is tested on the breadboard with a LED connected across

the receiver. Detailed working of the circuit can be seen in the video
given at the end.

11
12 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

LIMITATION OF THE CIRCUIT

This small circuit can work properly but it has a huge

limitation. This circuit is not suitable to deliver high
power and has input voltage restriction. The efficiency
is also very poor. To overcome this limitation, a push-
pull topologies using transistors or MOSFETs can be
constructed. However, for better and optimized
efficiency, it is better to use proper wireless
transmission driver ICs.
To improve the transmission distance, wind up the
coil properly and increase the no. of turns in the coil.

12
 13 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

APPLICATION OF WIRELESS POWER

TRANSMISSION

Firstly, in modern power requirement area, WPT can eliminate the

traditional charging system by replacing the wired charging solutions.
Any portable consumer goods require its own charging system, wireless power
transfer can solve this problem by providing a universal cordless power
solution for all those portable devices. There are already many devices
available in the market with built-in wireless power solution like smartwatch,
smartphone etc.
Another benefit of WPT is that it allows the designer to make completely
waterproof product. As the wireless charging solution does not need the
power port so the device can be made in a way that is water resistance.
It also offers a wide range of charging solutions in an efficient way. The power
delivery ranges up to 200W, with very low loss of power transfer.
A major benefit of wireless power transmission is that the product life can
be increased by preventing the physical damages due to charger
insertion across the connectors or the ports. Multiple devices can be charged
from a single dock. Electronics vehicle can also be charged using wireless
power transfer during the car is parked.
Wireless Energy Transfer can have huge applications and many big
companies like Bosch, IKEA, Qi are working on some futuristic solutions
using Wireless power transmission.

13
14 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

LENZ’S LAW

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according

to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it
produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change
which produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of
wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant.
In the examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced
field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field
acts in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it constant.

14
 15 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

APPLICATION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due to relative
movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is
moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force
is created. If the wire is connected through an electrical load,
current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting
the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy.

Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is also responsible for
electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire
changes, the changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A
second wire in reach of this magnetic field will experience this
change in magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux,
dΦB/dt. Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second
loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of
this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.

15
16 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

16
17 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

CONCLUSION

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed

and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electro-magnetic
concept. Although its mathematical representations are
cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it
relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the
shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can
all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law has on us.

17
18 Rate Of Evaporation
Chemistry Project

BIBLIOGRAPHY

▪ www.google.com
▪ www.wikipedia.org
▪ www.youtube.com/knowledgecycle
▪ www.knowledgecycle.in
▪ Physics NCERT book for class XI

18