International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7, Issue-5S3, February 2019

Implementation of Vehicle Speed Reducing

System at Speed Breaks by Detecting
Patholes and Humps Using Ultrasonic Sensor
V. Kalpana 

Abstract--- In many developing countries the maintenance of deliver better results[Fig 1.1]. Businesses in the utilities, oil
roads are the major problem. A country’s economy also & gas, insurance, manufacturing, transportation,
determined by the safe roads and the road conditions of the infrastructure and retail sectors can reap the benefits of IoT
country. India, as a second populous country in the world, also a
by making more informed decisions, aided by the torrent of
fast growing country. There are huge network of roads. Even
from Kashmir to Kanyakumari broad roads are the dominant interactional and transactional data at their disposal [1].
means of transportation in India. This work discusses merits and IoT platforms can help organizations reduce cost through
demerits of previous pothole detection methods that have been improved process efficiency, asset utilization and
developed and proposes a cost effective solution to identify productivity. With improved tracking of devices/objects
potholes and humps on roads and provide timely alerts to drivers using sensors and connectivity, they can benefit from real-
to avoid accidents or vehicle damages. Ultrasonic sensors are
time insights and analytics, which would help them make
used to identify potholes and humps. They also measure their
depth and height respectively. The proposed system captures the smarter decisions. The growth and convergence of data,
geographical location coordinates of potholes and humps using processes and things on the internet would make such
GPS receiver. The sensed-data includes pothole depth, height of connections more relevant and important, creating more
hump and geographic location, which is stored in the opportunities for people, businesses and industries [2].
database(cloud). This serves as a valuable source of information
to the Government authorities and to vehicle drivers. An android
application is used to alert drivers so that precautionary
measures can be taken to evade accidents. Alerts are given in the
form of a flash messages with an audio beep and long beep alarm
to the drivers. The Arduino UNO is an open-source
microcontroller board based on
the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed
by Arduino.cc. Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting sound waves
at a frequency too high for humans to hear. They then wait for
the sound to be reflected back, calculating distance based on the
time required. This is similar to how radar measures the time it
takes a radio wave to return after hitting an object..
Keywords--- Ardunio UNO, Ultrasonic sensors, patholes,
humps, IoT.

I. INTRODUCTION
Fig 1.1 Applications of Iot
Internet of Things There are numerous real-world applications of the internet
Internet of Things is an ecosystem of connected physical of things, ranging from consumer IoT and enterprise IoT to
objects that are accessible through the internet. The ‘thing’ manufacturing and industrial IoT (IIoT). IoT applications
in IoT could be a person with a heart monitor or an span numerous verticals, including automotive, telco, energy
automobile with built-in-sensors, i.e. objects that have been and more.
assigned an IP address and have the ability to collect and In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that
transfer data over a network without manual assistance or are equipped with smart thermostats, smart appliances and
intervention. The embedded technology in the objects helps connected heating, lighting and electronic devices can be
them to interact with internal states or the external controlled remotely via computers, smartphones or other
environment, which in turn affects the decisions taken. mobile devices.
Internet of Things can connect devices embedded in Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect
various systems to the internet. When devices/objects can and analyze user data, sending messages to other
represent themselves digitally, they can be controlled from technologies about the users with the aim of making users'
anywhere. The connectivity then helps us capture more data lives easier and more comfortable. Wearable devices are
from more places, ensuring more ways of increasing also used for public safety.
efficiency and improving safety and IoT security. IoT is a
transformational force that can help companies improve
performance through IoT analytics and IoT Security to

Manuscript received February 01, 2019

Dr.V. Kalpana, Associate Professor, Department of CSE, P.A.
College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, India.

Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: E11870275S19/19©BEIESP 489 & Sciences Publication
 Implementation of Vehicle Speed Reducing System at Speed Breaks by Detecting Patholes and Humps Using
Ultrasonic Sensor
For example, improving first responders' response times universally since it has to be followed irrespective of the
during emergencies by providing optimized routes to a type of computational device used.
location or by tracking construction workers' or firefighters' Power the Sensor using a regulated +5V through the Vcc
vital signs at life-threatening sites. ad Ground pins of the sensor. The current consumed by the
In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the sensor is less than 15mA and hence can be directly powered
ability to monitor patients more closely to use the data that's by the on board 5V pins (If available). The Trigger and the
generated and analyze it. Hospitals often use IoT systems to Echo pins are both I/O pins and hence they can be connected
complete tasks such as inventory management, for both to I/O pins of the microcontroller. To start the measurement,
pharmaceuticals and medical instruments. the trigger pin has to be made high for 10uS and then turned
off. This action will trigger an ultrasonic wave at frequency
Roads and Its Conditions
of 40Hz from the transmitter and the receiver will wait for
India, the second most populous Country in the the wave to return. Once the wave is returned after it getting
World and a fast growing economy, is known to have a reflected by any object the Echo pin goes high for a
gigantic network of roads. Roads are the dominant means of particular amount of time which will be equal to the time
transportation in India today. They carry almost 90 percent taken for the wave to return back to the sensor.
of country’s passenger traffic and 65 percent of its freight. The amount of time during which the Echo pin stays high
However, most of the roads in India are narrow and is measured by the MCU/MPU as it gives the information
congested with poor surface quality and road maintenance about the time taken for the wave to return back to the
needs are not satisfactorily met. No matter where you are in Sensor. Using this information, the distance is measured as
India, driving is a breath-holding, multi-mirror involving, explained in the above heading [3].
potentially life threatening affair.
Over the last two decades, there has been a huge increase Previous Work
in the vehicle population. This proliferation of vehicles has Stepheena Joseph et al., (2017) demonstrates that,
led to problems such as traffic congestion and increase in Dangerous road conditions may be the result of natural
the number of road accidents. Pathetic condition of roads is events, such as tropical rains and flooding, that make driving
a boosting factor for traffic congestion and accidents. unsafe. Dangerous conditions can also arise from the poor
Researchers are working in the area of traffic congestion physical condition of a road and its surroundings. It may
control, an integral part of vehicular area networks, which is cause road accidents. Also while driving in the night just the
the need of the hour today. headlights might not be a sufficient assistance for driver.
Roads in India normally have speed breakers so that the Unexpected hurdles on road may cause more accidents. Also
vehicle’s speed can be controlled to avoid accidents. because of bad road conditions, fuel consumption of the
However, these speed breakers are unevenly distributed with vehicle increases. causing wastage of precious fuel. This
uneven and unscientific heights. proposed system pothole and hump detection and vehicle
Potholes, formed due to heavy rains and movement of speed control system to inform the driver about the pothole
heavy vehicles, also become a major reason for traumatic or hump and controlling the speed of the vehicle. This
accidents and loss of human lives. According to the survey system uses ultrasonic sensor to sense the potholes and
report “Road Accidents in India, 2011”, by the ministry of humps and which measure the height and depth of the
road transport and highways, a total of 1,42,485 people had potholes.
lost their lives due to fatal road accidents. Of these, nearly Gnanapriya et al., (2017) One of the major problems
1.5 per cent or nearly 2,200 fatalities were due to poor faced by developing countries is the maintenance of road
condition of roads. To address the above mentioned condition. Road infrastructure for the society is very
problems, a cost effective solution is needed that collects the important because majority of road accidents takes place
information about the severity of potholes and humps and due to bad condition of road like potholes. Potholes are
also helps drivers to drive safely. With the proposed system caused due to poor quality and badly maintained roads.
an attempt has been made to endorse drivers to ward off the The constant movement of the overweight vehicles like
accidents caused due to potholes and raised humps. trucks is also responsible for these ill roads. These ill quality
roads will cause severe damage to the vehicles in terms of
Ultrasonic Sensor
tire and most important thing is the accidents which are
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine caused due to this. An optimal system should be developed
distance to an object like bats do. It offers excellent non- to monitor the road condition and analyses for future work.
contact range detection with high accuracy and stable This system proposes an innovative method to prevent these
readings in an easy-to-use package. hazards by using the advanced sensor system. The sensors
will be attached to vehicles and from vehicles the data’s
obtained from sensors and the location obtained by the GPS
are transferred to road transport authority by IOT where
officials take necessary actions. Using the data’s obtained
more damaged area can be prioritized and damage control
Fig 1.2: Ultrasonic Sensor can be reduced.
HC-SR04 distance sensor is commonly used with both
microcontroller and microprocessor platforms like Arduino,
ARM, PIC, Raspberry Pie etc. The following guide is

Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: E11870275S19/19©BEIESP 490 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7, Issue-5S3, February 2019

Arduino The Arduino Uno board can be powered via the USB
The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller connection or with an external power supply. The power
board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power
and developed by Arduino.cc. can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from
a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of
the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20
volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin
may supply less than five volts and the board may become
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is
7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
Fig 1.3: Arduino Board
VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's
The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
the USB connection or other regulated power source). You
expansion boards and other circuits. The board has 14
can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage
Digital pins, 6 Analog pins, and programmable with
via the power jack, access it through this pin.
the Arduino IDE via a type B USB cable. "Uno" means one
5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on
in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino
the board. The board can be supplied with power either from
Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of
the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or
Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is
5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage
the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
your board. We don't advise it.
reference model for the Arduino platform. The ATmega328
3V3: A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board
on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a
regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
bootloader that allows uploading new code to it without the
GND: Ground pins.
use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates
IOREF: This pin on the Arduino board provides the
using the original STK500 protocol.The Uno also differs
voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates.
from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2
voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-
voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or
serial converter [4].
3.3V.
Technical Specification
Memory
Microcontroller
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the
: Microchip ATmega328P
bootloader). It also has EEPROM (which can be read and
Operating Voltage : 5 Volt
written with the EEPROM library).
Input Voltage : 7 to 20 Volts
Digital I/O Pins : 14 (of which 6 provide Input and Output
PWM output) Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an
Analog Input Pins :6 input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(),
DC Current per I/O Pin : 20 mA
and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each
DC Current for 3.3V Pin : 50 mA
FlashMemory : 32 KB pin can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended
operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor
SRAM : 2 KB
(disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of
Clock Speed : 16 MHz
40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin
to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and
transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected
to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.

Fig 1.4: Detailed Description of Arduino Board

Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: E11870275S19/19©BEIESP 491 & Sciences Publication
 Implementation of Vehicle Speed Reducing System at Speed Breaks by Detecting Patholes and Humps Using
Ultrasonic Sensor
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured determined by measuring the time required for the echo
to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling return. Output from the ultrasonic sensor is a variable-width
edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function beat that compares to the distance to the target[6].
for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output
with the analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These
pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13.
When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is
LOW, it's off.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI
communication using the Wire library.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, Fig 2.1: Working of Ultrasonic Sensor
each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5
volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their
range using the AREF pin and the analogReference()
function. There are a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used
with analogReference().
RESET: Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller.
Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block
the one on the board [5].

II. WORKING PRINCIPLE FOR THE

Implementation of Vehicle speed reducing systems at
speed breaks and avoidance of accidents using ultrasonic Fig. 2.2: Block diagram of Proposed system
sensors
Module Description
2.1 problem Statement
Pothole and Hump Detection
Road is a vital part of people’s day-to-day lives. India is a
developing country there is a constant requirement for good Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the distance
quality transportation, infrastructure and services. This between the car body and the road surface and this data is
problem has not been totally addressed in India as it is a received by the Arduino Uno. The distance between car
huge nation with pretty a sizable population. Potholes, speed body and the ground, on a smooth road surface, is the
breakers, mud pits, grains, garbage and shards of glass are threshold distance. Threshold value depends on the ground
just a number of the things that may be found on the road clearance of vehicles and can be configured accordingly. If
while driving in India. Roads in India normally have speed the distance measured by ultrasonic sensor is greater than
breakers so that the vehicle’s speed can be controlled to the threshold, it is a pothole, if it is smaller, it is a hump
avoid accidents. However, these speed breakers are otherwise it is a smooth road.
unevenly distributed with uneven and unscientific heights. The information about pothole collected by the proposed
Potholes, formed due to heavy rains and movement of system is displayed on the LCD and also send alerts to the
heavy vehicles, also become a major reason for traumatic driver. The information includes depth of the pothole or
accidents and loss of human lives. To address the above height of the hump. If the distance between the two is within
mentioned problems, a cost effective solution is needed that 10 meters, an alert message sends to the driver. This alert is
collects the information about the severity of potholes and with an audio beep. This proposed system which will detect
humps and also helps drivers to drive safely. With the the potholes and humps on the road and reduce the vehicle
proposed system an attempt has been made to endorse speed if needed. Due to the rains and oil spills potholes are
drivers to ward off the accidents caused due to potholes and generated which will cause the accidents. The potholes are
raised humps. detected and timely information can help to recover the road
as fast as possible. This helps to reduce the vehicle speed
Ultrasonic Sensor when pothole or hump is detected. Hence the system will
Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting sound waves at a help to avoid road accidents.
frequency too high for humans to hear. They then wait for
the sound to be reflected back, calculating distance based on
the time required. This is similar to how radar measures the
time it takes a radio wave to return after hitting an object.
The ultrasonic distance sensors measures distance using
sonar; an ultrasonic (well above human hearing) beat is
transmitted from the unit and distance-to-target is

Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: E11870275S19/19©BEIESP 492 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7, Issue-5S3, February 2019

Applications digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);

1. Identification of pathole or hump before 10 to 12 delayMicroseconds(5);
feet of distance to the vehicle. digitalWrite(trigPin1, HIGH);
Indicates the presence of hump or pathole delayMicroseconds(10);
immediately. digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);
2. Vehicle speed will be reduced duration1 = pulseIn(echoPin1, HIGH);
3. Hence damage to the tiers and vehicle also reduced/ distance1 = (duration1/2)/29.1;
stopped. Serial.println(distance1);
if (distance1 <= 10 )
Procedure for Detecting Hump {
STEP 1: Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the digitalWrite(buzzPin, HIGH);
distance between the car body and the road surface. Serial.println("Hump Detected");
STEP 2: Arduino measures the distance of obstacle if it is }
within the fixed distance and detects it as a hump. else
STEP 3: Buzzer alerts the driver. {
digitalWrite(buzzPin, LOW);
Procedure for Detecting Pothole
Serial.println("Normal Road");
STEP 1: Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure the }
distance between the car body and the road surface. delay(1000);
STEP 2: Arduino measures the distance of a normal road digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
if the distance is increases detects it as a pothole. delayMicroseconds(5);
STEP 3: Buzzer alerts the driver. digitalWrite(trigPin2, HIGH);
Hardware Setup delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
duration2 = pulseIn(echoPin2, HIGH);
distance2 = duration2 / 60;
Serial.println(distance2);
if(distance2 > 8)
{
Serial.println("Pothole Detected");
digitalWrite(buzzPin,HIGH);
}
else
{
Fig 2.3: Hardware setup of proposed system Serial.println("Normal Road");
Ultrasonic sensor is used to calculate the distance of the digitalWrite(buzzPin,LOW);
hump and pothole. Ultrasonic sensors are connected with the }
Arduino Uno board. Arduino detect the hump and pothole delay(1000);
on the road. Hump and pothole is within the fixed distance }
buzzer alerts the driver which is connected with the Arduino
board. Distance also displayed on the LCD display in meters III. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
with obstacle notification. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
Source Code Ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic
Const6. int trigPin1 = 10; waves. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and
const int echoPin1 = 9; receives the wave reflected back from the target. Ultrasonic
const int trigPin2 = 3; Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the
const int echoPin2 = 4; time between the emission and reception.
const int buzzPin = 2;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigPin1, OUTPUT); Fig. 3.1: Ultrasonic Sensor distance calculation
pinMode(echoPin1, INPUT); HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor is a 4 pin module, whose
pinMode(trigPin2, OUTPUT); pin names are Vcc, Trigger, Echo and Ground respectively.
pinMode(echoPin2, INPUT); This sensor is a very popular sensor used in many
pinMode(buzzPin, OUTPUT); applications where measuring distance or sensing objects are
} required.
void loop()
{
int duration1, distance1=0,duration2,distance2=0;

Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: E11870275S19/19©BEIESP 493 & Sciences Publication
 Implementation of Vehicle Speed Reducing System at Speed Breaks by Detecting Patholes and Humps Using
Ultrasonic Sensor
A sound sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an Hardware module formed by Connecting Arduino Uno
ultrasonic sensor uses a single ultrasonic element for both board, Ultrasonic sensor, Buzzer alarm is shown in Figure
emission and reception. In a reflective model ultrasonic 6.5.
sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic
waves alternately. This enables miniaturization of the sensor
head.
The distance can be calculated with the following formula:
Distance = 1/2 * T * C
where L is the distance, T is the time between the
emission and reception, and C is the sonic speed. (The value
is multiplied by 1/2 because T is the time for go-and-return
distance). At 20°C (68°F), the speed of sound is 343
meters/second (1125 feet/second), but this varies depending
on temperature and humidity. Specially adapted ultrasonic
sensors can also be used underwater. The speed of sound,
however, is 4.3 times as fast in water as in air, so this
calculation must be adjusted significantly [7].
Fig 4.2: Output of Arduino
The above Fig 4.2 shows the output of the Arduino board
which detects the pothole and hump with distance.
Comparison between Different communication Systems
Table 2: Comparison between communication
approaches

Fig 3.2: Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Diagram

Ultrasonic sensors are a type of acoustic sensor divided
into three broad categories: transmitters, receivers and
transceivers. Transmitters
convert electricalsignals into ultrasound, receivers convert
ultrasound into electrical signals, and transceivers can both
transmit and receive ultrasound -[8].
HC-SR04 Sensor Features
Operating voltage : +5V V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Theoretical Measuring Distance : 2cm to 450cm This system is uses low-cost distance sensor that is able to
Practical Measuring Distance : 2cm to 80cm self-adapt to the environmental conditions. The sensor
Accuracy : 3mm contains a noise measurement system and an auto-change
Measuring angle covered : <15° facility of the signal that is used to drive the transmitter, thus
Operating Current :15mA producing the best accuracy under different conditions. The
Operating Frequency : 40Hz sensor features a simple and costless analog processing of
the signal without employing microprocessors. Despite its
IV. RESULT simplicity and low-cost, the sensor allows resolutions of
better than 1 mm to be obtained in quiet conditions. The
sensor output is updated every 20 ms, and an additional
digital output allows an easy implementation of smoothing
techniques by means of the car computing system.
The model proposed in this project serves 2 important
purposes; automatic detection of potholes and humps and
alerting vehicle drivers to evade potential accidents.

Fig 4.1: Working of Proposed System

Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
Retrieval Number: E11870275S19/19©BEIESP 494 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7, Issue-5S3, February 2019

The proposed approach is an economic solution for [6] Gunjan Chugh, Divya Bansal and Sanjeev Sofat, (2014)
detection of dreadful potholes and uneven humps, as it uses “Road Condition Detection Using Smartphone Sensors”,
low cost ultrasonic sensors. The buzzer alarm used in this International Journal of Electronic and Electrical Engineering.
[7] Prachi,More, S.Surendran, S.Mahajan, S.K.Dubey, “Patholes
system is an additional advantage as it provides timely alerts and pitfalls spotter”,International Journal of Research in
about potholes and humps. The solution also works in rainy Engineering and Technology,2014.
season when potholes are filled with muddy water as alerts [8] Rajeshwari Madli, Santosh Hebbar, Praveenraj Pattar and
are generated using the detection of ultrasonic sensor. We G.V. Prasad, (2015) “Automatic Detection and Notification of
feel that the solution provided in this paper can save many Potholes and Humps on Roads to Aid Drivers”, IEEE Sensors
lives and ailing patients who suffer from tragic accidents. Journal.
[9] S. S. Rode, S. Vijay, P. Goyal, P. Kulkarni, and K. Arya,
The proposed system considers the presence of potholes (2009) “Pothole detection and warning system: Infrastructure
and humps. However, it does not consider the fact that support and system design,” international conference on
potholes or humps get repaired by concerned authorities electronics computer technology.
periodically. This system can be further improved to [10] Sachin Bharadwaj, Sundra Murthy, Golla Varaprasad, (2013)
consider the above fact and update server database “Detection of potholes in autonomous vehicle”, IET
accordingly. Also, Google maps and SATNAV can be Intelligent Transport Systems.
[11] Sudarshan S. Rode, Shonil Vijay, Prakhar Goyal, Purushottam
integrated in the proposed system to improve user Kulkarni, Kavi Arya, (2009) “Pothole Detection and Warning
experience. System”, In Proceedings of International Conference on
Acknowledgement Electronic Computer Technology.
The authors are grateful to the Director, IRS, Anna [12] Stepheena Joseph and K. Edison Prabhu, (2017) “Role of
University, and Chennai who helped to extract remotely ultrasonic sensor in Automatic Pothole and Hump Detection
sensed data for Coimbatore District, in this excellent work. System”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research.
The authors are thankful to Anna university Research centre [13] Sundar, S. Hebbar and V. Golla, (2015) “Implementing
delegates who helped them in all this work since 2007. intelligent traffic control system for congestion control,
ambulance clearance, and stolen vehicle detection”, IEEE
Sensors Journal.
[14] Sundaram A, Ashenafi Paulo’s Forsido and Dawid Adane,
(2016) “Ultrasonic Sensor Based Obstacle Detection for
Automobiles”, International Journal of Recent trends in
Engineering and research.
[15] Sundaram A, Ashenafi Paulo’s Forsido and Dawid Adane,
(2016) “Ultrasonic Sensor Based Obstacle Detection for
Dr.V. Kalpana has completed doctoral degree in the year 2013. Automobiles”, International Journal of Recent trends in
She has completed her P.G in CSE in Government College of Engineering and research.
Technology. She is currently working as an Associate Professor
and head of the Department of Computer Science & Engineering in
P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore. She
has published more than 10 papers in this work in 10 different
national and 13 international journals. She has guided more than 26
M.E projects and 43 B.E projects. She is grateful to Dr.P.
Appukutty, Chairman, P.A. Institutions, Dr.T. Manigandan
P.A. College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, for their
continuous encouragement in publishing this research work. She
thanks her projects students of Final CSE, A. Fathima Risvana,
Kaleeswari. S, Kaviya. S for their help to implement and test this
device.

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