06 Electrical power supply and utilization (scientific, technical)

05/01552 Cogeneration of power and hydrogen with generator using a Pt-LiCoO2-coated honeycomb monolith. The NaBH4
integrated fuel processor counterpressure steam cycles solution hydrolysed to generate H 2 and sodium metaborate when it
Spazzafumo, G. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, contacted the monolith. The gravimetric and the volumetric H2
(11), 1147-1150. densities of the system were 2 wt% and 1.5 kg H2/100 1, respectively.
The concept of cogeneration of power and hydrogen plants is The volumetric density was similar to that of the compressed H2 at 25
introduced with specific regard to the fossil fuels. Fossil fuels require MPa. The hydrogen generator successfully provided a maximum H2
steam to be converted to hydrogen, while powerplants usually generation rate of 120 nl/min. Assuming a standard PEM (polymer
discharge heat by condensing steam. Moreover, hydrogen can be electrolyte rue1 cell, PEFC) fuel cell operated at 0.7 V, generating 120
burned with oxygen to produce steam and to generate power in high- nl/min was equivalent to12 kW.
temperature steam cycles. These considerations suggest that an
integration of the processes could result in a very high efficiency of
conversion. It could allow to start immediately to convert efficiently 05/01557 Development of novel Ru catalyst of preferential
fossil fuels to power and clean hydrogen. Some theoretical evaluations CO oxidation for residential polymer electrolyte fuel cell
are carried out which show that an improvement of efficiency could be systems
reached with respect to separate plants. However, it is necessary to Echigo, M. and Tabata, T. Catalysis Today, 2004, 90, ( 3 ~ ) , 269-275.
investigate each specific case in order to evaluate the real advantage CO preferential oxidation on a novel Ru catalyst greatly improved in
obtained. activity and selectivity over a wide temperature range by the pre-
treatment of H2 reduction was characterized. The high performance
was obtained by increasing the population of surface Ru(0) which
05/01553 Design and testing of a locally made loop-type improved O2 activation at low temperatures. Methanation of CO on the
thermosyphonic heat sink for stove-top thermoelectric catalyst can also contribute to the final CO clean-up from ca. 100 to <1
generators ppm at low temperatures where the influence of CO2 methanation can
Nuwayhid, R. Y. and Hamade, R. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, (7), be ignored.
1101-1116.
The performance of a thermoelectric generator, among other aspects,
depends on the use of an effective heat sink. While forced cooling using 05/01558 Distributed generation technologies, definitions
either air or water (or other coolants) is efficient, it is parasitic on the and benefits
generated power and/or bulky and inconvenient. Heat pipes are known E1-Khattam, W. and Salama, M. M. A. Electric Power Systems
to be highly effective heat transport devices. Coupled to a thermo- Researeh, 2004, 71, (2), 119-128.
electric generator, these can be used to give acceptable power output. As a result of the application of deregulation in the electric power
Basing the cooling on water gives low-cost, simplicity, safety, together sector, a new identity appeared in the electric power system map
with good performance. In this work, the design and general known as 'distributed generation' (DG). According to new technology,
performance of a small single-module thermoelectric generator the electric power generation trend uses disbursed generator sized
configured for a stovetop waste-heat application and coupled to a from kW to MW at load sits instead of using traditional centralized
locally-made thermosyphonic loop-type heat sink was undertaken. generation units sized from 100 MW to G W and located far from the
Development and performance cctesting gave mixed results and further loads where the natural recourses are available. This paper introduces
numerical and experimental study is under way. a survey of this revolutionary approach of DGs, which will change the
way electric power systems operate along with their types and operating
05•01554 Determination of AGC capacity requirement and technologies. Some important definitions of DGs and their operational
dispatch considering performance penalties constraints are discussed to help in understanding the concepts and
Zhao, X. S. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2004, 70, (2), 93-98. regulations related to DGs. Furthermore, the operational and
A continuous and near instantaneous balance between generation economical benefits of implementing DGs in the distribution network
supply and load demand must be maintained in power system are considered. Most DG literatures are based on studying the
operation. As a kind of regulation reserve, automatic generation definitions, constructions or benefits of DGs separately. However, this
control (AGC) is widely employed for maintaining system security and paper aims to give a comprehensive survey by adding new classifi-
reliability, especially for controlling frequency deviation and support- cations to relate the DG types, technologies and applications to each
ing commercial transactions. In a competitive electricity market, A G C other.
services are either contracted via negotiations between the market
operator and generation companies concerned, or procured via a
certain form of auction. A new framework to determine A G C capacity 05101559 Distribution feeder one-line diagram generation:
requirement and to deal with regulation dispatch under uncertain a visibility representation
demand in a competitive electricity market is presented in this paper. Nagendra Rao, P. S. and Deekshit, R. Electric Power Systems
First, the stochastic characteristics of A G C capacity requirement and Research, 2004, 70, (3), 173-178.
services are analysed. A stochastic optimization decision-making model An algorithm to automatically generate an aesthetically 'pleasing' and
for determining optimal A G C capacity requirement is then developed, 'readable' one-line diagram of a radial distribution feeder is presented.
followed by a pricing analysis which reveals that a trade-off between Readability is sought to be achieved by using the visibility represen-
economic efficiency and system security must be made by the market tation where buses and transmission lines are drawn as axis-parallel
operator. Finally, an optimal A G C dispatch algorithm is suggested. A horizontal and vertical lines, respectively. In addition to this choice, a
numerical study is given to further demonstrate the essential features set of layout specifications for enhancing the readability of the
of the proposed model and method. distribution system has been proposed. It is assumed here that only
the edge-list of the network is available and geographical information
regarding locations of the nodes is unavailable. Using this limited
05•01555 Determination of energy efficiency for a direct input, the proposed algorithm determines the lengths and positions of
methanol fuel cell stack by a fuel circulation method lines that represent the buses and transmission lines of the network
Jiang, R. et al. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, 126, (1-2), 119-124.
such that the proposed layout specifications are satisfied. Results of
A method of fuel circulation with a fixed amount of fuel was employed
application of the algorithm on practical feeders are provided to
to investigate a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) stack that was built
illustrate its effectiveness.
with metal foam flow fields for the air and fuel flows. The stack power
output increases significantly with environmental temperature from 20
to 40°C. The average peak power per cell at 40°C is 26 m W cm -2 per 05•01560 Efficient usage of highly dispersed Pt on carbon
cell. The average discharge voltage per cell at peak power does not nanotubes for electrode catalysts of polymer electrolyte fuel
change with temperature but remains at 0.3 V. The energy output of cells
the stack was determined at constant current or constant voltage with a Matsumoto, T. et al. Catalysis Today, 2004, 90, (3-4), 277 281.
fixed amount of methanol to feed the anode of the stack until the fuel A Pt-deposited carbon nanotube (CNT) shows higher performance
was consumed. The results by constant current discharge show that at than a commercial Pt-deposited carbon black (CB) with reducing 60%
higher temperature the stack has remarkably higher energy output; Pt load per electrode area in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs)
while at the same temperature only a suitable magnitude of discharge below 500 mA/cm 2. K2PtCI4 and H2PtCI6.6(H20) are used for the Pt
current can achieve the highest energy output. The results by constant deposition onto multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), which are produced
voltage discharge show that the Faradic efficiency is 86%, and the by the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons. The electric power
energy efficiency is 17% at 30°C. densities produced using the Pt/CNT electrodes are greater than that
of the Pt/CB by a factor of two to four on the basis of the Pt load per
05/01556 Development of 10 kW-scale hydrogen generator power. CNTs are thus found to be a good support of Pt particles for
using chemical hydride PEFC electrodes. TEM images show 2-4-nm Pt nanoparticles
Kojima, Y. et al. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, 125, (1), 22-26. dispersed on the CNT surfaces. These high performances are
We have developed a hydrogen generator that generates high purity considered to be due to the efficient formation of the triple-phase
hydrogen gas from the aqueous solution of sodium borobydride, boundaries of gas-electrode-electrolyte. The mechanisms of Pt
NaBH4. This paper discussed the performance testing of the hydrogen deposition are discussed for these Pt-deposited CNTs.

Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2005 233