Data Structures And Algorithms

Introduction

Phung Hua Nguyen

Department of Computer Science

University of Technology

Febuary 2020
Outline

Introduction

Data Structures

Algorithms
Lecturer In Charge

• My name: Nguyen Hua Phung

• Email: [email protected]
• Website: BKeL
References

Textbook
• ”Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis”, Clifford A.
Shaffer, Dover Publications, 2013.

Reference Books
• ”C/C++: How to Program”, 7th Ed. – Paul Deitel and
Harvey Deitel, Prentice Hall, 2012.
• ”Algorithms and Data Structures”, Kert Mehlhorn, Pe-
ter Sandler, Springer, 2008.
• ”Data Structures and Algorithms in C++”, A. Drozdek,
Thomson Learning Inc., 2005.
Assessment

• Tutorial/Lab/Online: 10%
• Assignment: 30%
• Midterm: 10%
• Final: 50%
Note: Assignment is calculated by the following formula:

A∗B
Assignment = 2 ∗
A+B
where A is from some given projects and B is from some
questions in midterm or final
Data Structures and Algorithms - Learning
Outcomes

X Determine the complexity of simple algorithms

X Manipulate basic data structures such as list, tree
and graph.
X Implement basic sorting and searching algorithms
Why Data Structures and Algorithms

• Computer Science can be defined as the study of

algorithms, which are used to transform data
• Program = Data Structures + Algorithms (Niklaus
Wirth)
Some terms

• Type: collection of values that share similar

characteristics
◦ Primitive Type: int, float, char, bool, ...
◦ Composite Type: struct, array, pointer,...
• Data Type: Type + operations on that type
• Abstract Data Type (ADT): the realization of a data
type as a software component.
• Data Structure: implementation for an ADT.
Example of Abstract Data Type: Stack
.
• void push(E
element)
• E pop()
• E top()
• bool isEmpty()
• int length()
Algorithm
Definition
An algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions to
accomplish a particular task.
Algorithm 1: Greatest Common Divisor
input : Two positive intergers m and n
output: Greatest Common Divisor of m and n
1 Divide m by n and let r be the remainder.
2 If r = 0, the algorithm terminates. n is the output.
3 set m ← n, n← r, and go back to Step 1

Properties
• Input: there are zero or more quantities which are ex-
ternally supplied;
• Output: the quantity is produced;
• Definiteness: clear and unambiguous;
• Finiteness: terminate after a finite number of steps;
• Effectiveness: every step must be basic and essen-
Some Basic Algorithms

• Sorting
◦ Bubble Sort
◦ Shell Sort
◦ Quick Sort
◦ Heap Sort
• Searching
◦ Linear Searching
◦ Binary Searching
◦ Hashing
• Operations on Tree
• Operations on Graph
Algorithm Representations
Pseudocode
Flow chart
Algorithm 2: Factorial Algo-
rithm
input : non-negative integer N
output: Factorial of N
1 M ← 1;
2 F ← 1;
3 while M 6 N do
4 F ← F * M;
5 M ← M + 1;
6 end
7 return F;
Algorithm Efficiency

• How fast an algorithm is?

• How much memory does it consume?

For example, the running time of two different algorithms are as

follows:
n 10 20 50 100 1000 5000
Algorithm 1 0.00s 0.01s 0.05s 0.47s 23.92s 47min
Algorithm 2 0.05s 0.05s 0.06s 0.11s 0.78s 14.22s
where n is the size of input
Computational Complexity

• Computational complexity: measure of the difficulty

degree (time or space) of an algorithm.
• General format:
f(n)
n is the size of a problem (the key number that
determines the size of input data)
Linear Loop
Algorithm 3: Linear Loop Algorithm 4: Linear Loop
with n=500 with n=1000
1 i ← 1; 1 i ← 1;
2 n ← 500; 2 n ← 1000;
3 while i 6 n do 3 while i 6 n do
4 application code; 4 application code;
5 i ← i + 1; 5 i ← i + 1;
6 end 6 end
The number of times the The number of times the
body of the loop is replicated body of the loop is replicated
is 500 is 1000
f(n) = n.T
Logarithmic Loops

Algorithm 5: Multiply Algorithm 6: Divide

Loop Loop
1 i ← 1; 1 n ← 1000;
2 n ← 1000; 2 i ← n;
3 while i 6 n do 3 while i > 1 do
4 application code; 4 application code;
5 i ← i * 2; 5 i ← i / 2;
6 end 6 end

The number of times the body of the loop is replicated is

log2 n
f(n) = (log2 n).T
Independent Nested Loops
Algorithm 7: Independent Nested Loops
1 n ← 10;
2 i ← 1;
3 while i 6 n do
4 j ← 1;
5 while j 6 n do
6 application code;
7 j ← j * 2;
8 end
9 i ← i + 1;
10 end
Iterations = Outer loop iterations × Inner loop iterations

f(n) = (nlog2 n).T

Dependent Nested Loops
Algorithm 8: Dependent Nested Loops
1 n ← 10;
2 i ← 1;
3 while i 6 n do
4 j ← 1;
5 while j 6 i do
6 application code;
7 j ← j + 1;
8 end
9 i ← i + 1;
10 end
The number of times the body of the loop is replicated is

1 + 2 + ... + n = n(n + 1)/2

f(n) = (n(n + 1)/2).T
Asymptotic Complexity

• Asymptotic complexity is used when comparing

algorithm efficiency.
• Algorithm efficiency is considered with only big
problem sizes.
• An exact measurement of an algorithm’s efficiency is
not necessary.
Complexity Notation
• Big-O: notation for upper bound
∃C > 0, ∃N0 > 0, ∀n ≥ N0 :
f (n) ∈ O(g(n)) ⇐⇒
|f (n)| ≤ C ∗ |g(n)|
• Big-Ω: notation for lower bound
∃C > 0, ∃N0 > 0, ∀n ≥ N0 :
f (n) ∈ Ω(g(n)) ⇐⇒
|f (n)| ≥ C ∗ |g(n)|
• Big-Θ: notation for lower and upper bounds.
f (n) ∈ O(g(n)) and
f (n) ∈ Θ(g(n)) ⇐⇒
f (n) ∈ Ω(g(n))
Big-O Notation
• Set the coefficient of the term to one.
• Keep the largest term and discard the others.
Algorithm 9: Linear Logarithmic
1 n ← 10;
2 i ← 1;
3 while i 6 n do
4 j ← 1;
5 while j 6 n do
6 application code;
7 j ← j * 2;
8 end
9 i ← i + 1;
10 end
f(n) = (nlog2 n).T ∈ O(nlog2 n)
Big-O Notation
Algorithm 10: Quadratic
1 n ← 10;
2 i ← 1;
3 while i 6 n do
4 j ← 1;
5 while j 6 i do
6 application code;
7 j ← j + 1;
8 end
9 i ← i + 1;
10 end
f(n) = (n(n + 1)/2).T = T2 n2 + T2 .n ∈ O(n2 )
Standard Measures of Efficiency

Efficiency Big-O Iterations Est. Time

logarithmic O(log2 n) 14 microseconds
linear O(n) 10,000 .1 seconds
linear logarithmic O(nlog2 n) 140,000 2 seconds
quadratic O(n2 ) 10, 0002 15-20 min
polynomial O(nk ) 10, 000k hours
exponential O(2n ) 210,000 intractable
factorial O(n!) 10, 000! intractable

Assume instruction speed of 1 microsecond and 10

instructions in loop.
n = 10,000
Time Costing Operations

• The most time consuming: data movement to/from

memory/storage.
• Operations under consideration:
◦ Comparisons
◦ Arithmetic operations
◦ Assignments
Best, Average, Worst Cases

• Best case: when the number of steps is smallest.

• Worst case: when the number of steps is largest.
• Average case: in between.
Summary

• Data structures and algorithms are 2 important basic

aspects of computer science
• They are combined in Abstract Data Types
• Algorithms are evaluated by the complexity
For Further Reading I

Clifford A. Shaffer
Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis, chapter 3.
Free E-Book, 2012.
Kert Mehlhorn and Peter Sandler
Algorithms and Data Structures, chapter 2.
Springer, 2008.