QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS GENERAL PROCEDURE
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Colour
Noted the colour of the salt Colourless/White Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Ni2+, and Mn2+ salts
2. Action of heat White salt turns yellow. Presence of Zn2+
A pinch of salt is heated in a dry test tube Colourless gas turning limewater Presence of CO32
milky. Presence of NO3
Reddish brown vapour are formed. Presence of NH4Cl
White sublimate is formed on the
inner sides of the test tube.
3. Flame Test
To a Pinch of salt taken in a watch glass, Bluish Green flame Presence of Cu2+
add a drop of concentrated HCl is and
Apple green Flame Presence of Ba2+
make into a paste. The paste is
introduced into the non- luminous flame. Brick Red Flame Presence of Ca2+
4. Ash Test
To a little bit of the salt solution in the Blue colour Ash Presence of Al3+
test tube added concentrated HNO3, and
Green Colour Ash Presence of Zn2+
cobalt nitrate. A filter paper ii dipped in
the solution and ignited. Pink colour Ash Presence of Mg2+
5. Action of HCl
To a little of the salt in the test tube Brisk effervescence is seen. A Presence of CO32
added diluted HCl. colourless gas turning lime water
milky. Presence of S2
Colourless gas with the smell of rotten
egg. Presence of NO3
Reddish brown vapours.
Colourless vapours with smell of Presence of CH3COO
vinegar. Vapours turn blue litmus red.
6. Barium Chloride Test
To a little of the salt solution added White precipitate soluble in conc.HCl Presence of CO32 is confirmed.
Barium chloride solution. A white precipitate insoluble in
conc.HCl Presence of SO42 is confirmed.
7. Silver nitrate test
To a little of salt solution added dil. A Curdly white precipitate is obtained Presence of Cl is confirmed.
HNO3, and silver nitrate solution. which is soluble in NH4OH.
8. Brown ring test
To a little of the salt solution added A dark brown ring is formed at the Presence of NO3 is confirmed
freshly prepared FeSO4, solution and junction of two liquids.
then added concentrated H2SO4, along
the sides of the test tube.
9. Lead acetate test
To a little of the salt solution added Lead A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of SO42 is confirmed.
acetate solution.
10. Magnesium sulphate test
To a little of the salt solution added A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of CO32 is confirmed.
Magnesium Sulphate Solution.
11. Neutral ferric chloride test
To a little of salt solution added neutral Deep red colour appears which Presence of CH3COO
ferric chloride solution. disappears on boiling and a brown-red confirmed
precipitate is formed.
BASIC RADICAL GROUP ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Preparation of original salt solution. To a little of the given salt added water
and dissolved.
1. To a little of original salt solution A pungent smelling gas is evolved. Presence of group zero radical
added NaOH. Dense white fumed are observed when a (NH4+)
glass rod dipped in conc.HCl is brought
to mouth of the test tube.
2. To a little of the original salt soln. A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Group I radical (Pb2+).
dil. HCl, added. No characteristic precipitate is obtained Absence of Group I radical (Pb2+).
3.To a little of the original salt soln. A black precipitate is obtained. Presence of Group I radical (Cu2+)
added dil. HCl and then passed H2S Yellow precipitate is obtained. Presence of group radical (Cd2+)
gas. No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of Group II radical.
4. A little of the original salt soln. A gelatinuous white Precipitate is Presence of Group III radical
added NH4Cl and NH4OH. obtained (Al3+)
5. To a little of the original salt soln. A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Group IV radical
added NH4Cl, NH4OH and H2S gas (Zn2+).
is passed (yellow (NH4)2S). No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of group IV radical.
6. To a little of orginal salt soln. A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Group V radical
added NH4Cl, NH4OH and (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+)
(NH4)2CO3. No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of group V radicals.
7. To a little of original salt soln. A crystalline white precipitate is Presence of group VI radical
added NH4Cl, NH4OH and obtained on scratching the rides of the (Mg2+).
Na2HPO4. test tube with a glass rod.
No characteristic precipitate is obtained. Absence of Group VI radical
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BASIC RADICAL
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Confirmatory test for Pb2+
1. To a little of the original salt soln. A yellow precipitate is obtained. Presence of Pb2+.
added potassium chromate soln.
2. To a little of original slat soln. A yellow precipitate is obtained. Presence of Pb2+ is confirmed.
added KI soln.
2. Confirmatory test of Al3+
1. To a little of the original salt A white precipitate is formed which Presence of Al3+ is confirmed.
solution added NaOH. dissolves in excess of NaOH.
2. To a little of the original salt soln. Bright red lake is observed. Presence of Al3+ is confirmed.
added aluminon reagent.
3. Confirmatory test of Zn2+
1. To a little original salt soln, added White precipitate in excess of NaOH. Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed.
NaOH.
2. To a little of original salt soln, Bluish white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed.
added K4(Fe(CN)6
4. Confirmatory test for Ba2+
To a little of original salt solution, Yellow precipitate is obtained. Presence of Ba2+ is confirmed.
added K2CrO4
5. Confirmatory test for Ca2+
To a little of original salt soln. added A white precipitate is obtained. Presence of Ca2+ is confirmed.
(NH4)2CO3.
6. Confirmatory Test for Mg2+
To a little of original salt soln. added Blue precipitate is obtained. Presence Mg2+ is confirmed.
dil. HCl and a few drops of
Magneson reagent.
7. Confirmatory Test for NH4+
To a little of original salt soln. added Reddish brown precipitate is obtained. Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.
NaOH and Nesslers reagent.
