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157 views14 pages09 Chapter-9
HDS 2017 chapter 9
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nespakoman73Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Grade Separated Junctions ‘TABLE OF CONTENT
a1
en2
824
93
saa
232
233
934
eas
237
ea
242
243
eas
85
251
952
iTRopucTION,
General
Warrants for Grade Soparation
ALTERNATIVE LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
Design influences
‘COMMON ALTERNATIVE LAYOUTS
Diamond Junctions
Half Cloverleaf Junctions
Full Cloverleaf Junctions
Gade Saparsied Roundabout
Trumpet Junction
Single Point Junction
(ther Grade Separated Junction Configurations
DESIGN CONTROLS
Junction Elements
Divergence from Mainline Flow ~ Exit Conditions
‘Merging With Maine Flow -Entry Conditions
Ramp Geometry
‘TRAFFIC WEAVING
Gener
Further Design Information
REFERENCES
8
”
a
92
92
9
9
9
sates
LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure 93.11: Diamond Junetion
Figure 93.12: Oumt Bell Junction
Figure 92.2.1 Half Cloverleaf Junction
Figure 93.3.1: Full Cloveraat Junction
Figure 93.41: Grade Separated Roundabout
Figure 92.5.1: Trumpet Junetion
Figure 93.6.1: Single Point Junction (Level
Figure 942.1: Single Lane Ramp - Parallel Exit
Figure 94.2.2: Two Lane Ramp Paral Exit
Figure 94.3.1: Single Lane Ramp -Paralel Entry
Figure 94:32: Two Lane Ramp Parallel Entry without
‘Adcitonal Mainline Downstream Lane
Figure 9.4.3.8: Two Lane Ramp Entry with Provision of
‘an Aditional Downstream Mainline Lane
Figure 94.41: Ramp Cross Sections
Figure 95.2.1: Formation ofa Weaving Segment
Figure 95:22: Recommended Minimum Ramp
Torminal Spacing
Figure 95.23: Weaving Methodology Flowchart
92
22
92
9
9a
93
4
on
95
26
96
97
9a
99 UST OFTABLES
“Te 9421: Single Decoration Lene Length (m) for
Mainline Design Speeds on Level to 2% Mainline Grade 9.4
Table 94.22: Deceoration Langth Adjustment to Allow
for Mainline Grade 4
Table 9.4.3.1: Accooration Length (rm) for Entry Ramp and
Mainline Design Speeds on Level to 2% Mainline Grade 9.5
Table 9.4.32 Acceleration Lane Length Adjustment
for Grade os.
Table 94.41: Guide Vslues for Ramp Design Speed
len) for Varying Maintine Speed os
Table 94.42: Minimum Ramp Curve Rad (nl for Varying
Design Speed and Super-eleveion 96
Table 9.4.43: Single and Two Lane Ramp With (for
“Talc Condition Types and Curve Radi (with includes
sllowance for passing a broken down vehi) - fom
‘AASHTO A Policy on GDHS 2011 7
“able 95.21: Checking of Maximum Weaving Length
used fer guidance (in meters), oo
“able 95.22; Service Flow Rate under prevaling
conelitions (SF (veh 10
“Tobe 952.3: LOS for Woaving Segments 1 ®
dar
8.1. INTRODUCTION
911 Gen
S.UL1 By dettion,» grade sparta jonction separates conficing fe stress in vel space, Such
unetonsmay ioe numberof maging, weaving and sperting Hows within tha boundaries or may be oe
‘owing such tat hough and tuning We sepacta athe appro tothe jundon ana merge wih ote
streamstaking th same ex rut em the junction, wit no “in juneten”eeeencebetweonthese wo vets.
5.112 Ingeneral me eens inference of “injunction” the Beta iethe sity ofthe jancionto handle
complex high afi lows butte higher cost constut
5.113 Amini doiiono consruct grade separated jnctionavlves the nud to design and onstuet,
engineering work to soparstaconficing wai avaame. This includes Wrisgowers, vad, embankment
consrution,exevatin of eutings even tunnel Where space ited these ork wlan ncaa
‘omonsive cath retaining sutures t support embankments and eutings. Coneequent upon thi wil
‘possible masieatios to uti ard eranagesystoms and to the epsing lee et grade road system.
‘Subsequent decisions abut the degree of sophistication tobe provided il infusye the scope a sale of
these engioering works.
£134 Thaproviion of grade separation wil be the eeu of onsdeation of balance betwen the costs
9.12 Warrants for Grade Separation
9°12. Grade separation shoul nly be considered where
Conte etwcen nab flows of raf cannot be resolve by trafic sans roundabouts without delays
‘mich a6 eter patel or economically nszzepable or whieh ivoive while operating cos, the
‘saving of which woul offset a cots f cons ction,
Inusrupions by at-grade junions se anasceptble on one ofboth oad. Dual carigeony Nationa
Fouts or some al etiageway Anarial Routes wher th design group sanded cle fr grade separated
|inetons and thr need or consistency ang such rout,
9.122 The oss involved wil ude th franca com f design lind take, contusion and atonal
‘maintenance over the analysis psed together itn any environmental cst or esbanetis nerd hough
5.123 Grade seperation cn velvet creation ong lengths of visual ini sive barersto movernant
ross the lines of eaves or dopresaod highway. Gade sepuration wil generally be sceampanied by
omplei segregation of edesan afc romthe major vehicular af route andl azass anal, om
and across the route, wth junctions separated by at as Am to minima eartion of the trough fe
tn an urban stueton even with he provision af setonal pedestrian crossing punt this inrsion can be
secily damaging ast divides exiting communities.
Grade Separated Junctions
9.12: Once» decision to provide grade separation ie made therefore, the design should stem te
‘miimize tase consequential fects and cots without compromising the design standard f the Nghway
‘wom were posi, the most econaizal and last visual ittusve layout wl ery the heBlest Rows
{atthe lower fval. Tis may not ebeys be possibe, particulary in wrben eres where length of levated
‘odway may be required cary a majo rote sersess numberof obstaces In close proxmiy.
9125 Im cteumtances where wae growth projection ae uncertain oF may be aubeet 10 future stop
Ineoases which ar dependent upon other development factors, It may Be prudent to conde a stogoé
_sonsrueton approach ote provision of aad separation. Tis mayintur influence the layout of he jueton
Inte ts inten an lfm
92 ALTERNATIVE LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
9.2.1 Design influences
9211 Tetecorwtichintuerce he type afconfiguraionto be usedinspanicalar situation wil ineude
‘The numb of otrnction tgs ly nd in he posible ang term
‘The route slasieation and charac ofeach ofthe interecing los
‘Tne algnment consis onthe Itrectig lee
“Tho rfc mix and type of tuk ra
‘The curate ofthe site ie. urbana
‘The topography ofthe sit
‘The anvenmental sentiviy and constants of hes.
‘The posible nad for staged construction
8212 Theailtyofthcrossroutlstocarthe addtional vate which willbe generate rm th junction
should be considered also. Tre backing up from congestion on tha minor roads can fect he operation
‘of te juneton whieh may In tur cause tll backs which bat te through flow onthe msn route, Any
necessary improverants tothe cess oie 10 ald this happening should be considered bythe designer a6
9213 nesses wnare junctions are close together imei nun sitions) thay shoul be consared
for éasign purposes as» sngl syst. Weaving and marging of rae streams downstream of ono jetion|
the presncs ofthe two for more junctions an will pecarerilyhe mer complet forage ierchenge
‘This wil introduce the need forthe provision of edaquata decision ight tance onthe alignments fected,
9.214 Tree passing through an intrchange should enjoy the same dgroe of wily end safety 2s on he
approaching highways. The design speed, horizontl and wets sllanmentertrla and eoes ection should
‘beconsstent with thas ofthe approsching highways. This oken ful to tan butshaulbemsitsinad
8 cesign objctive uo every possi forts ehleverent hasbeen exhausted 9.215 Anumbar of grade separated junction layouts have developed and eve guna their own names
‘over the year and aren common use. Some ofthese ars shown In sub-sseton 82. should Be nated,
homever, that these layouts have o inns vitues over posible variation and ether layouts whieh 76
ferent rom those shown. The limiting factors the ingeraty of te designer in davisng a form of junction
ich provides
| Suffer nage of movement + Acceptable nd ako
+ Suffor cepacy + Acceptable constnieton conte
+ Accepteble ute vehicle operating costs + Acceptable environmental efits.
© Safety
93 COMMON ALTERNATIVE LAYOUTS
93.1 Diamond Junctions
820) The simple form of
Incion ging. sccese from te
{rvough rue ® he exsng round
lovl roma sytem i Krown 36 &
“Diamond Juneion", Reaiting «
single ge src tis provides
2 clor though route for manne
trate ond ramp connection i Fgua8.213 OimondJonton
iecons wi a sing cross out
by moans of atarase pony or
form of heton th roundabouts
In lace ofthe atarade picty
siaalncionsisknown 82 “Oum>
Bal sunction" An advantage of tis
layouts hat nine turin wai
tenvs bare Jobing ae eres
thetOvough rut that here no Fgwe312 Dumb Ba Junction
minine weaving raed.
93.2 Half Cloverteat Junctions
93.21 Avorn fhe slamand layout for use whee andi ot aaisble in leur quadrants know
os the “Hol Cova Junction. Har he amps ar load in two quadrants any and agsin ingle rigpe
structure required. Not that inthe oxampe gue 9.3.21 ramps re shown in qusdeats 2 and &. The
Junction woul work equally wel thoy wer In qusdrats 2 an 3, and 3, oF 1 and & An advantage o is
Inyo is that rani tuning afi aves bor ening Wafers the tough Ft 0 tht thar 90
rain weaving rere. Thi layout requires lana futher datance fram the mainline catering end
the amp loops parity ose withthe smo ei may have inferior expat and sfety than those for 3
damond ayo
es eel eer een eesene ses OT
93.3 FullCloverleat Junctions
9221 A layout wich avoids the
conflict th mero ruts uncione
Junation iste “Full Cloveret™noxer
to achiev suit redus onthe ramp SS
oops, this layout reuires 2 large land
area which spreads for 2 considerate
gin inl bridge requted and bor
the mailing and cose route tec pas
‘trough to junction without he noed 1
evi. Bacsue joining taf enters he
‘trough out ontyeahort dita before Fiore 933.1 Ful over! Junction
xting tate leaves, thaw Is only @
shortmalnine weaving langth avalbeforthete wo stream to cross Thien lsat congestion an delays
‘onthe trough route a wel a for trring tafe. nation, ho consgorable distance involved in passing
around the loop ean give re to sigifeaty increased vehicle operating cost for jntion ves.
93.4 Grade Separated Roundabout
9.341 layout whic is probably he most comrnon in many pars ofthe world Is the “Grade Seperated
Roundabout This roquioswo bridge structures buts compact. can be adustad to del wih more than 2
ingle ros rote, slows ul connec and aide maine merging. The avout i autable fora sitsation
in which the mnie cosas arate stream wich can be routed through the roundabout. One eiticy
can be providing a roundabout design thet provides edequte geomet fer ae oning and leaving the
roundabout at adjacent ramp and ros rout enty and exis In genera the roundabeut and res out are
a xing grade while tho minine sith lovatd or press. The dosgn approach o bellowed for
‘the roundabouts coveredin Sections Sane 7 of theca standart. Fque834:1 Grade Sparta Rouasbout
93.5 Trumpet Junction
235.1 common junction patorn for
tree tow connection one de only tthe
rain fs th “Trumpet Junction". This
threo legged junction may aeeess thor
sca ofthe manne andi eonveniont for
Jainng te We les 09d syst va nk
to ad trom te juteton ul connectivity
4 provdad ing only « single bridge
structure. A disadvantage of the luni
‘ype ie tat tiie to convent 8
lag pater juration if were to bacome
oceary.
gure 851 Trompe nso
93.8 Single Point Junction
9.381 A raitiely new concept for
Inwrenenge detign is the single pint
Junetion usted in Figure 9.3.83. This
‘wpe of arede seperation can bo used for
‘wo levator three lve intchanges.
sows conrl of te conti with wae
Signa at « angle pin Instead of ung
‘wo pysleally separate uncions(iamand
configuration) or sing large roundabout
Te Bridge Roundabout confgurson. te
rain advantage is that tia more effont
‘han ether atenatives having higher tfc
‘eapacty and lass delay in compiz to
‘conventionally designed signal contd iamond interchanges Care mut be excised reduc the ss of
‘te junction as itcan esutin quite large open aes poorly designed
que 93.51 Single Poin Junction Lara
Grade Separated Junctions 9
9.3.7 Other Grade Separated Junction Configurations
9571 Arango offurhortypicl posible junction layouts ee se out in he AASHTO Policy Manu onthe
‘Sport Design of Highways and Sess 2004 ad sia publations.
9.4 DESIGN CONTROLS
9.41 Junction Elements
‘Theoperatonf grade apart uncon depands upon the performans of number of spare
‘laments end the way in whieh these elements work ogebar a hoe, The spate elemeris see
Divergence fam the maine fw
Merging with meine Now
amp ranst
Joining los! 00d vate tan at grade junction slament
9412 Reries of junction slong a route shoul be considered aes complete interchange system rater
than ot series of unconnected sapere eis. Tie particulary important in urban stuntons, where
Iunetions are normaly required at eoser spacing tan in ul eeak This design epproueh highlights the
‘question of ane balancing st netions.
8.413 Where the volume of verging traf at junction high thee may be usiieation for reducing
‘he numberof las ater the camp ext. Sima, wher the volume of wae joining the maining i high in
relation tothothrouph ew, he adtion of anadatioal ane may be cansderod. The question of inereasing
euing the mann capacity between juncton sould be considered acon tho ight of tho requirement o
provide the trough river with consent diver experience a he pare along the route, ad the loning
of tee wo pressures ealing forthe use of engineering judgement onthe par af the designer
94.14 Asa general, the numberof lanes downstream ofan xt should aqul he nimber at upstream
‘anes plus the numberof snes onthe ext amp minus one the numberof thru lng eo be rede
454 foul ofthe tuening ele volume tbe number shuld not be reduced by more than one. Tha numberof
lanes downstegm of amp etry shoud ot be estan ur fl the merging lanes in ne,
9415 At gore aras itis important tat eves can easly understand the dvergamerge layouts for
3.0%,
(Length eased fom pf dere nose tipo merge nso jue.
4 Ramps mayb wena a routed lade con ei.
5 Foro ae, tho ee of any uu fructose shal
‘end ser ta 1m the srt of he roseranps. 9448 Ramps gonaraly Involve change in roadway evel The veil alignment used to achive this
‘must be conten with the design speed chosen. & common ramp pai ora anventonlintrshinge it
‘an cava Care must akon when the sini is below the ross ous that he ext amp pole lows
‘generous sight stance over the crest the ramp tothe ground lovl unton For asimplojuncon stopping
‘sight olstanco maybe suientbutfora morecomplexcare which might involve acho aflane foriarent
‘estntons, decision sight estanc othe signing may be necessary.
95 TRAFFICWEAVING
95.1 Gonoral
95.11 Where tafe onorng and lsvng the malting asus in vile pats crossing wach thar weaving
stating place. Where this weaving ‘aks place ove a elatwaly short datance and the volume of weaving
"raf ge: Then te Fow turulene created can hae signin eff onthe level of sie expat by
‘sors and utimatly onthe capac othe segment atleted. When tafe weaving cannot ba avoided than he
