We ARE MAKAUTIANS ENVIRONMENTAL ——AVUNMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL NY CONTROL Introduction Air Pollution Air Pollution Control Noise Pollution Water Pollution Global Environmental Issues Administrative Control on Environment Environmental Laws loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizers 101 104We ARE MAKAUTIANS INTRODUCTION ionehi 7 ; eur 2011) ®) Inter-relationship between organization and Answer: (c) 2. Pollution is a a) event or fact b) harmful material ©) beneficial material 4) none of these Answer: (a) (wsut 2014) 3. ,According to the WHO's Teports of 1992, the most polluted city in the world, ic [WBUT 2012 a) Delhi b) Bangkok ¢) NOW York d) Tokyo Answer: (1) 4. De-nitrifig tion Occurs in [WBuT 2015) a) aerobic\ sondition b) anaerobic condition ¢) anoxic cd\ndition 4) none of the above Answer: (b) \ 5. The permissible skm Standard in industrial areas in India is [WBUT 2017} a) 100 wgim® ° b) 200 1 gim’ 4) 1000 yz gim? Long Answer Type Questions 1, Write short note On the impact of mining on the Surrounding environment. [WBUT 2017) Answer; The environmental impact of mining includes erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and Comamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes, Besides creating environmental damage, the contamination resulting from leakage of chem als also affects the health of the local population. Mi ins companies in some countries are required to follow environmental and rehabiilit ion vodes, ensuring the area mined is retumed close to its original state. Some mining ©) 500 zgim* Answer: (a) EP&C-2 7) 9 manizere loin Teleoram —-> (makant oroanizeWe ARE MAKAUTIANS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, AND CONTRO! ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL methods may have significant environmental and public health effects. Nuss and Eckelman (2014) provide an overview of the life-c " ycle wide environmental impacts of metals production associated with 62 metals in year 2008, Erosion of expused hillsides, mine dumps, tailings dams and resultant siltation of drainages, creeks and rivers can significantly impact the surrounding areas, a prime example being the giant Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea. In wilderness areas mining may cause destruction and disturbance of eco systems and habitats, and in areas of - farming it may disturb or destroy productive grazing and croplands. In urbanised environments mining may produce noise pollution, dust pollution and visual pollution. loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS AIR POLLUTION Multiple Cho: pe Questions 4. The primary air pollutant formod due to the incomplete combustion of Organic matter is IWBUT 2007, a) mothano b) sulphur dioxide ¢) ozone d) carbon monoxide Answer: (d) 2. The poisonous gas, responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragody in India is [WBUT 2007, 2008, 2010) a) sulphur dioxide b) methyl isocyanide ¢) carbon monoxide d) laughing gas Answer: (b) 3. The adiabatic lapse rate (in °C/km) varies between [WBUT 2007) a) 2.00 - 6.00 b) 6.00 - 9.80 c) 9.80 - 12.00 d) 12.00 - 15.00 Answer: (b) 4, Looping plume occurs in [WBUT 2008, 2015) a) superadiabatic environment b) sub-adiabatic environment c) both (a) and (b) d) none of these Answer: (a) 5. SO, and NOx are [WBUT 2009] a) primary pollutants b) secondary pollutants c) none of these Answer: (a) 6. Which one of the following plume behaviours occur when atmospheric inversion begins from the ground level and continues? [WBUT 2009} a) Looping b) Fumigation c) Coning 4) Fanning Answer: (d) 7. Which one of the following pollutants .or pair of pollutants is formed due to photo-chemical reactions? [WBUT 2009) a) CO alone b) 0; and PAN c) PAN and NH; d) NH; and CO Answer: (c) EP&C-4 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakaut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL e Match list | (air pollutant) with list I i i ha s Seer using the given below the list: (harmful effects) and sotoct the corroet List : 7 List [WBUT 2009) a) 1. Blood haemoglobin b) NO 2. Vegation o) 69 3. Respiratory system g) SO: 4, Building material. codes: [A 18 (|C ld fay 3 i4 4 |2 B) it 2 13 [4 3 (2 14 [4 mt ss 2 Answer? (2) g, The permissible SPM standard in industrial areas in India is [WBUT 2010] a) 100 pgim’ b) 200 ugim® ¢) 500 cug/m’ ) 1000 pg/m* Answer: (C) 40. The temperature gradient of ambient airis called [WBUT 2010, 2015] a) Adiabatic lapse rate. b) Super adiabatic lapse rate c) Environmental lapse rate 4) Dry adiabatic lapse rate Answer: (C) 41. The specified ambient air quality standard for NO2 is about 100 pgim’, which in ppm is approximately TWBUT 2010} a) 0.04 b) 0.05 c) 0.1 4) 0.5 Answer: (b) i inversion in atmosphere air pollutants tend to [WBUT 2012} 3 During tome above inversion layer b) accumulate below inversion layer c) disperse laterally d) disperse vertically Answer: (c) i [WBUT 2012] #8 Argaaion may vecamnd™Y yaa denon f these c) both (a) and (b) d) none of Answer: (c) SPM) concentration includes d Particulate Matter (R° tor 2042) 14, The Respiratory Suspendet me all particles in an air mass of SIZ up fy'2s inicton a a niet? d) none of these ¢) 50 micron Answer: (a) EP&C-5S loin Teleoram —-> (Mmakaut oroanizersWis ARE MAKAUTIANS ™~ POPULAR PUBLIC, se 15. Carbon monoxide is hazardous to health, becau: WELT a) it causes loss of sense of sme b) it is carcinogenic in nature a it reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood d) it may cause conjunctivitis Answer: (c) damage to plants, even at Much | . The air pollutant which causes severe I sig Geneon than what may be harmful to sep health, is Deut zag zone 7 pane d) None of these Answer: (c) 17. Among the following the secondary pollutant is DWBUT 2015 a) Sulphuric acid b) Hydrocarbons ¢) Ozone d) None of them Answer: (a) 18. Which of the following chemical formulae of PAN is correct? [WBUT 2015) a) CH;COONO b) CH;COSO, ¢) CH;COO,NO, d) CH;COONO, Answer: (d) 19. Which are thought to be the most severe indoor air pollution threats in developed and developing nations, respectively? [WBUT 2015] a) Indoor cooking fires; radon b) Pesticides; cigarette smoke ¢) Cigarette smoke; indoor cooking fires ¢) Industrial smog; carbon monoxide Answer: (a) 20. Specified standard for SO. under US Ambient Air Quality standard is 80 ugim’. This is approximately equivalent to [WBUT 2016] a) 0.03 ppm b) 0.05 ppm c) 0.08 ppm d) 8.0 ppm Answer: (c) 21. Gaussian Equation is applicable for the transport of particulates having size [WBuT 2017] a)<20y b) >20 w ©) >100 y d) none of these Answer: (b) EP&C.6 ; loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS Short Answer e Questions sketch the following plume phenome! i + tl : ry-adiabatic lapse rate (i) Looping, tt) Fanaing. ti) each in brief in relation to a (iii) Trapping, (iv) Neutral and y)Lofting. oer [WBUT 2008) Looping Plume Looping plume has a wavy character and occurs in super adiabatic environment (here. TR)ALR) which produces highly unstable atmosphere, because of rapid. mixing Fung the high degree of turbulence, the dispersion of plume ‘would be rapid and 2s a result high concentrations near the ground may take place. To avoid this, itis resented to design high stack where atmosphere is generally super adiabatic ; Fig: Looping plume ii) Fanning Plume The fanning plume is available under the extreme inversion condition (due to negative lapse rate). “This inversion condition leads to stable environmental condition just above the stack. As a result, the smoke emitted from the stack does not move in upward, direction but moves horizontally. Inversion layer Fig: Fanning plume Trapping Plume = When the inversion layer exist above the emission source, as well as below the source, then the plume emitted from the stack is known as trapping plume. Here, the plume will neither go up nor will go down and would remain confined or trapped bebween these two inversion layers. This plume is also considered as a bad condition for dispersion, as the dispersion can not 60 above a certain height. EP&C-7 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizers| POPULAR puBLICATIONY © ARE MAKAUTIANS Fig: Trapping plume iv) Neutral Plune ; x. - Neutral plume is available in the neutral atmospheric condition (i.e, ELR = ALR) This type of plume rises vertically in upward direction. This upward lifting of the plume will continue till it reaches at the height where density and temperature of surrounding air equal to it. Fig: Neutral plume v) Lofting Plume This type of plume is available when there is a strong super adiabatic lapse rate just above the siack and negative lapse rate (inversion) just below the opening of stack. Such a plume has minimum downward mixing, as its downward motion is prevented by inversion, but the upward mixing will be quite turbulent and rapid. The dispersion of pollutant will therefore, be rapid, and no pollutants will touch the ground. Hence, this would be the most ideal case for dispersion of air pollutants. Inversion layer : Lofting plume EP&C-8 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS IWIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL what do you mean by (a) Primary Pollutants, (b) Secondary Pollutants? Give xamples- ° or, [WBUT 2008] ifferentiate betwoon tho primary and secondai ‘eswer [WBUT 2012] Primary air pollutant primary ait pollutants are those emitted directly from the identified sources. reg, Oxides of Sulphur, Oxides of nitrogen, Carbon mono oxide ete. Secondary air pollutants secondary air pollucants are those which are produced in the air by the interaction among two of more primary pollutants or by reaction with normal atmospheric constituents. tgs Ozone, Formaldehyde, PAN, photochemical smog ete. 3, Sketch the following plume phenomena and discuss each sketch in relation to dry adiabatic lapse rate: [WBUT 2009} a) looping b) fanning c) trapping d) lofting e) fumigating. Answer: a) tod) Refer to Question No. 1 of Short Answer Type Questions. ¢) Fumigating Plume : This type of plume is just opposite to lofting plume. When inversion layer occurs at a short distance above the top of the stack and super adiabatie conditions prevail below the stack, then the plum is said to be fumigating. In such a case, the pollutants can not eseape above the top of stack because of inversion layer and will be brought down near the ground due to turbulence in the region above the ground and below the inversion, This represents quite a bad case of atmospheric conditions for dispersion. Fig: Fumigating plume atic lapse rate and the wet adiabatic lapse rate? Explain 4, diab: What are the dry ac! [WBUT 2009, 2010, 2013] why they differ. EP&C-9 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakant oroanizersPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS e ARE MAKAUTIANS Answer: Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR): i : When the artificially heated air is dry and the temperature oe than the de poi temperature (the temperature at which dew is formed), the adiabatic Daa 4S called Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR). ‘The Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DAUR) is constan, at —10°C/I km. Saturated adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR): . f When the artificially ieated air is saturated by moisture and temperate is i yo the dew point temperature, the adiabatic lapse rate is called Saturated jiabatic Lapse Rate ‘or Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR). The average SALR is -5.4°C/km. Mand ¢ The artificially heated air normally neither fully dry nor fully Salusatce and so actual ALR is in between DALR and SALR i.e., in between ~10°C/km and —5.4°C/km, | 2000 1500 DALR — 1000 Height /mt Condensation level or dew point Height 500 9 eS Temp. /°C Ww © 1S 20 Temp. —__, => Fig: (a) Fig: (b) Fig: (@) Graphical representation of ELR & ALR (b) Graphical representation of DALR & SALR 5. Distinguish between: [WBUT 2008, 2010) a) primary. and secondary air pollutants b) stationary and mobile sources of air pollutants. Answer: a) Refer to Question No. 2 of Short Answer Type Questions. EP&C-10 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizereWe ARE MAKAUTIANS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL ») Air pollutants may be classified, on the basis of their source, into the following groups Total Sources Pollutants from Pollutants from Stationary Sources Mobile Sources Pollutants from Pollutants from Point Source Area Source }-> Industries [> Residential 1-> Power plants L-> industrial L-> Fuel combustion 7 Ls solid di Commercial Solid waste disposal " posal [> Miscellaneous }> Miscellaneous Line sources Area sources |_, Highway [> Motor Vehicles vehicles L, Os > Rail yard +> Port | Airport [> Miscellaneous 6. Sketch the following plume phenomena and discuss each sketch in relation to dry adiabatic lapse rate: a) Looping b) Fanning c) Trapping d) Lofting e) Fumigating [WBUT 2010] f) Coning Answer: a) to e) Refer to Question No. 3 of Short Answer Type Questions. when the horizontal wind velocity is f) Coning Plume: ks the solar radiation by day and The neutral plume tends to greater than 32 km/hr an terrestrial radiation by night. form cone like structure, \d when cloud cover bloc! EP&C-11 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakaut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Fig: Coning plume 7. Differentiate between the following: [WBUT 2011) a) Particulates and aerosols b) Super-adiabatic and sub-adiabatic. Answ a) Particulates and aerosols: . © Particulate matter: There are different kinds of particulate matters present in air, They are collectively known as Suspended Particular Matter (SPM). Among them, the particulate matters which respirable are known as Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) and remaining part is known as Residual dust (RD). * Aerosols: An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or not. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, forest exudates and geyser steam. Examples of artificial aerosols are haze, dust, particulate air pollutants and smoke. The liquid or solid particles have diameter mostly smaller than 1m or so: larger particles with a significant settling speed make the mixture a suspension, but the distinction is not clear-cut. In general conversation, aerosol usually refers to an aerosol spray that delivers a consumer product from a can or similar container. Other technological applications of aerosols include dispersal of pesticides, medical treatment of respiratory illnesses, and combustion technology. Diseases can also spread by means of small droplets in the breath, also called aerosols. b) Super-adiabatic and sub-adiabatic: Atmosphere is unstable when Environmental Lapse rate (ELR) is greater than Adiabatic Lapse rate (ALR). ELR is then is called as Super adiabatic lapse rate Atmosphere is stable when Environmental Lapse rate (ELR) is lesser than Adiabatic Lapse rate (ALR). ELR is then is called as Sub adiabatic lapse rate. 8. Describe the phenomena of the following: a) Coning 9} [WBUT 2011] b) Looping. Answer: Refer to Question No. 6 (f) & (a) of Short Answer Type Questions. EP&C-12 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS 9, Explain the relation between am the temperature at 2100 m, ient and adiabatic lapse rates and determine fdetermination of temperature at 2100 m i 7 TWBUT 2011 fests mis not possible due to lack of data] : ‘ambient lapse rates In the atmosphere, the temperature of the i + i i ; . ambi A "i inerease in altitude (height). This is called “ambient bn set air changes with an ate (ELR). This rate will differ from pl pse rate of Environmental Lapse lace to place and from time to time even at same jace. Generally this is about6.5 C i ps Sener | per 1000m. This rate does vary and depends on Adiabatic lapse rate This is a theoretical rate and can be calculated. Under the prevailing environmental conditions, when a parcel of air (e.g., automobile exhaust, smoke from factories etc.), which is hotter and lighter than the surrounding air is released, then naturally it tends to move in upward direction. It will move, until it reaches to a level or height where its own temperature and density become equal to that of the air surrounding it. Hence, when a pocket of artificially heated air (i.e., automobile exhaust or gas coming from factories) is amitted into the atmosphere, it rises up, expands, become lighter and gets cooled. This change of temperature with height, (i.e., lapse rate) may be considerably different from the Environmental Lapse Rate and can be calculated using the law of conservation of energy and gas law. As we consider that the whole process is taking place under the adiabatic condition, the Lapse rate is known as ‘Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR). 40. Enumerates various air pollutants for which National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been given in India. Explain the various non point sources contributing to air pollution. [WBUT 2012] Answer: 1" Part: a: ; SI. No. [Category Limits in pgNM- SPM | SO, | NO, | CO iy Industrial area 500 | 120 | 120 | 5000 2. Residential area 200 | 80 80 | 2000 3. Sensitive arca, 100 | 30 30 | 1000 | 2" Part: Refer to Question No. 5(b) of Short Answer Type Questions. ight of a chimney and how is it computed? 44. What is meant by the effective hei WWSUT 2012] What is its use? : eee af actual height (h) plus the height (Ah) t0 which The effective stack height (14) eons ofa the plume rises above the stack. 1 EP&C-13 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersPapULAR PUBL Wwe ARE MAKAUTIANS where, = actual height of stack, Ah = plume height. u emitted smoke <— Stack (chimney) Fig: Stack with plume The plume height or plume rise (Ah) can be calculated with the help of following equation — -T, Ah Phase 2.68 wero 2-2 )] u 1, Where, Ah = rise of plume above the stack V, = stack gas velocity i.e., emission velocity from the stack. D = inside exit diameter of stack itmospheric wind speed. P = atmospheric pressure. T,= stack gas temperature. T, = atmospheric air temperature. 12. Write brief note on Kyoto protocol. [WBUT 2012] Answer: The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement proposed on December 11, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. Ina nutshell the agreement requires the United States, the European Union and Japan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (below 1990 levels) by 7%, 8% and 6%, rapectvely. by the year 2010. The burden of initial emission medvction ee industrialized Countries, which have built high standards of living based on fossil fuel use, and which have produced most of the greenhouse gases tesiding in the Earth's SS ae Eventually, developing countries will have to reduce their carbon emissions 13. Write short note on Radiation inversion. [WBUT 2013) Answer: Refer to Question No, 3a" Part) of Long Answer Type Questions, loin TeleoramppdAmakaut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS ENVIRONMENTAL Pt TON AND CONTROL 44, Write a short note on automobil i , auto-exhaust and the methods of i ey mentioning the chief pollutants in | [WBUT 2013] iscuss briefly the proble: oR, onission of pollutants and their sone pollution giving salient points e.g., erpventive administrative measures ete nts, controlling equipment for engine, “Answer! 7 [WBUT 2016] Automobiles are a necessary evi i ivil have also made human life more onan nine tees po oe a an increased risk of accidents, Urb and vulnerable to both toxic emissions and tf I an people are most affected and amongst the worst sufferers are traffic policemen who are particularly close to the fumes of automobile exhaust. Studies made in Jaipur, India, indicate that there is high rate of occurrence of respiratory, digestive, ocular and skin problems amongst the traffic policemen and a significant number of them become victims of lung disorders in the very first few months of their posting to a traffic department. Traffic policemen everywhere should wear pollution masks for their own safety and to arouse public awareness of the risk of automobile pollution. Automobiles include cars, trucks, motorcycles and boats (anything that burns gas). They leave oil, antifreeze, grease and metals on streets and driveways. They also emit nitrogen and other contaminants, which settle in water. Sources of Automobile Pollutants: i, Hydrocarbons: A class of burned or partially bumed fuel, hydrocarbons are toxins and are a major contributor to smog, which can be a major problem in urban areas. ii. Carbon monoxide (C9): A product of incomplet. com’ carry oxygen sustion, carbon. monoxide reduces the blood’s ability to iii, Nitrogen vaides (NOX): \ 3 : Generated when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at the high temperature and pressure inside the engine. iv. Particulate matter: ’ 3 Soot or smoke made up of particles in the micrometre size range y, Sulfur oxide (SOx): A general term for oxides of sulphur, containing a high concentration of sulphur. which are emitted from motor vehicles burning fuel il tion: - + . Cura of tani ley yr wants loin Teleoram Sew GS+ orcanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ned exhaust emission control systems is secondary air inject s used to inject air into the engine's exhaust ports to Drovidy ially-burned hydrocarbons in the exhaust: would Finis, ii, One of the first-develoy Originally, this system wa oxygen so unburned and pa Anitesh is now used to support the catalytic converters oxidation ‘eaction, and ty reduce emissions when an engine is started from cold. Alter a cold start, an engine neg, a fuel-air mixture richer than what it needs at operating temperature, and the Catalytic converter does not function efficiently until it has reached its own operating temperature, The air injected upstream of the converter support combustion in the exhaust head Pipe, which speeds catalyst warm up and reduces the amount of unburned hydrocarbon emitteg from the tailpipe. ) iii, Converter does not function efficiently until it has reached its own Operating temperature, The air injected upstream of the converter supports combustion in the exhaust head pipe, which speeds catalyst warm up and reduces the amount of unburned hydrocarbon emitted from the tailpipe. iv. The catalytic converter is a device placed in the exhaust pipe, which convents “hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and NO, into less harmful gases by using a combination of platinum, palladium and rhodium as catalysts: v. Evaporative emissions control-Emissions are the result of gasoline vapours escaping from the vehicle’s fuel system. In a typical system, vapours from the fuel tank and carburetor bowl vent (on carbureted vehicles) are ducted to canisters containing activated carbon. The vapours are adsorbed within the canister, and during certain engine operational modes fresh air is drawn through the canister, pulling the vapour into the engine, where it is burned, Reduce use, and car pool. Monitor and repair any leaks. Always take used oil, batteries and other fluids to a repair shop for proper disposal. ~ Never allow oil or other toxins to runoff into the ground, street gutters or storm drains. xi, Take your car to a commercial car wash or use detergents that don’t contain Phosphorus to wash your car and direct the flow of runoff to grass clippings or gravel instead of the street. xii, When purchasing a new automobile look for cars with high fuel efficiency ratings. vii 15. Define stable, unstabl le and neutral conditions in the atmos; ; r which atmospheric condition w losphere. Unde ould pollutants disperse quickly in the atmosphere? UT 2013] Answer: [we Atmospheric stability is defined as that condi motions are absent or definitely restricted; an State where in vertical movement is prevalent, Toe determination of atmospheric stability is possible with the help of data regarding hei eects with respect to the height or altitude, The graph of temperature VS FOR eo” a8 ‘lupse rate graph’, Depending upon the relative position of ALR and -LR lines on the graph sheet, the stability of the atmosphere can be determined. EP&C-16 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizers ition in the atmosphere in which vertical id, conversely, instability is defined as theWe ARE MAKAUTIANS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL . oF both the lines of Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR) . there are three different atmospheric conditions nthe basis of these relative position: nd Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR’ re available ~ Unstable atmospheric condition ji) Stable atmospheric condition iii) Neutral condition. unstable Atmospheric Condition: The atmosphere is said to be unstable when ELR (say 15 °Chkm.). In such case, if a pocket of artificially heated ai will move in the upward direction and always be warmer °C/km.) is more than ALR (say ir introduce to the atmosphere, it " \ than the surrounding air. This is 0 because as We go up, the environment is getting cooler more quickly than the rising heated air (as ELR) ALR). As a result, the upward movement of warmer and lighter air will continue. This is called vertical mixing of air, In such circumstances, the dispersion of pollutants will be rapid. This is called absolute instability in atmosphere. In this particular case, Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) is greater than Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR) and so it (ELR) is called as Super-adiabatic Lapse Rate. Height Temp. —» Fig. The above graph showing that ELR ) ALR i., unstable condition I ic Condition . aan i Wien sieibiecs ttan ALR, then the atmospheric condition is called as stable. In this i ifici it will greater than that of f cooling of the artificially heated air will c ‘ tects Asa result, oe toad of moving in the upward direction it will stat to fall tothe grourd. “The vertical mixing of aris restricted here, In such ease, dispersion 0 ; : . intial ALR) In Mea bs De eomental Lapse Rate (ELR) is less than Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR) and soit (ELR) is called as Sub-adiabatie Lapse Rate. e o47. “ Tikckalaoram BE Shrea bent aroanioers.POPULAR PUBLICATIONSe ARE MAKAUTIANS Height Temp ——» Fig, The above graph showing that ELR ( ALR i.e., stable condition Neutral Atmospheric Condition ff . When ELR is equal to ALR, the atmospheric condition is considered as neutral. 46. a) Explain “CO is a criteria air pollutant but CO, is not”. [WBUT 2045, 2018] Answer: CO has immediate toxic effects on living organism. It forms the Carbo oxy haemoglobin which reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. It may leads to fatal when concentration becomes high. On the other hand CO2 is not toxic but is the main contributor of the greenhouse effect. So, CO is a criteria air pollutant but CO, is not. b) If the average formula of hydrocarbon used in vehicles is CH;,s, what will be the stoichiometric air fuel ratio? Assume complete oxidation of hydrocarbon. [WBUT 2015, 2016] Answer: ‘The general reaction takes place during the burning of fuel CH, , +20, —+CO, +2H,0 If we look up the atomic weights of the atoms, we get C>12.01 O>16 H = 1,008 So, | molecule of CH, x has molecular weight of 112.01 +1.08 «1.008 = 13.09 One oxygen molecule weights: 216 =32 + The Oxygen-fuel mass ratio= -2*32_ 4 gg : i bo ag x 13.09 20, we need 4.88 ky of oxygen for every | ke of fuel. Since actually oxygen, we reed, every | kg of fuel. Since, 23.2 4.88% 100 S39 21.07 ke of air fore Fait mass-percent of a! UT kg of fuel, (Ans.) E EP&C-18 7 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakant oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS ENVIRONMENTAL rUnuy ss 47. the planet to be i: il earth. Assume the pl e isothermal and 80% of the incoming solar radiati . fo ti (g21372 Wi ) is absorbed by it. Only long-wavelength energy is radiated. anon : | 7, Calculate the temperature of a planet having 1.6 times the diameter of planet | [WBUT 2015] Answer? . ‘The temperature of the planet would be re] _f_1372x0.8 [3920 ]F 9x5.67x10" | “| 81 x0] ‘ 1 =[48.39%10° } =263.74K (Ans.) 48, a) State about lapse arte. b) Calculate the change in temperature if a parcel of dry air move from sea level to a height of 1 km. Answer: a) Refer to Question No. 3(1" Part) of Long Answer Type Questions. d adiabatically [WBUT 2016] b) Let us consider that a certain amount of artificially heated air is introduced to the amosphere. This artificially heated air is warmer than the surrounding air and so moves in upward direction. During this movement it will experience less pressure (as height . ing i et 1 increases pressure decreases), causing it to expand, i.e., increase of volume (as P < = ). If we consider that the whole process is taking place under the adiabatic system where exchange of heat in between system and surrounding is not possible, then the internal energy of the artificially heated air will be utilized for the expansion of volume. As a result it gets cooled. Here temperature decreases with height or altitude and so it is lapse rate, As the whole process is taking place under the adiabatic condition, it is called the ‘Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR). Now, according to the first Jaw of thermodynamics, we can write — dQ =dE+dW Where, dQ = change of heat, dE=cl dW = work done. or, dQ=C,dT+ PdV hange of internal energy, QM ant volume and dE = C,dT & dW = PV Where, C, = specific heat at const Again, PV =nRT (according to gas laws) or, d(PV) =d(nRT) or, PdV + VdP =nRdT or, = PdV=nRdT- VAP Q) EP&C-19 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakaut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS POPULAR PUBLICATIONS We can put the value of PdV in the equation (1) and get dQ=C,dT +nRdT — VdP or, dQ=(C, +nR)dT - VdP or, dQ=C,dT —VdP GB) Where, C, -C, =nR and C, = specific heat at constant pressure. P ° , Under the adiabatic condition, exchange of heat i¢.,dQ=0- 2.0 =C,dT- VdP or, C,dT = VdP pe 4) aPC, . / The above equation is indicating how temperature of atmosphere is changing with respey to the pressure of the atmosphere. Now we will establish the relationship betwes, pressure and altitude. Pressure on top |« Pressure al bottom K-19 Fig: Static column of air Consider a static column of air with cross sectional area A. A horizontal slice of air in that column having thickness dZ and density p, will have mass =.4.dZ and placed! the height Z from the base. On the top of the slice pressure is P(Z+dZ) and at the bottom, it is P(Z). The difference o these two pressures (dP) is for the slice of air. Therefore, dP = p(Z+dZ) — P(Z) +++ (5) If the pressure on the top of the slice due to the weight of air above it is P(Z+dZ), th the pressure at the bottom of the slice P(Z), will be P(Z+dz) plus the added weight P* unit area of the slice itself; i.c., PZ) = PC + dt)» BOE .. 6) (Where, g = gravitational constant & weight = mass x g) Put the value of P (Z) in equation no, (5) and we will get, dP = PZ 2) P(Z4. at) - BPA A é EP&C- . loin Teleoram —-> P&C20 oroanizere | | |We ARE Dien Rtunon AND CONTRO! Eiki Mev POPLUTION AND CONTROL ve ode = —g.pdZ # gp az” (7) at _at dP “qq aP dz Vv oT gp [From equation no. (4) & (7)] =, 7 8) asweknow 1 =L Pp .Vip=M Here, = mass ifunit mass present in the gas slice, then Vp=M =1 ar Therefore, Zz 29) ___9.8mise?_ __ 9.8 -mKg. C 1005J/KgC 1005 J.sec =-0,00976 MAE CS yy =1 Kyun? /sec*] Kgan? sec? =-0,00976°C /m =—9.762C/1000m aT —*-10 b Zz Clk. nding the concentration of pollutants in ambient 1. Discuss various models for fi i [WBUT 2007] air. OR, Derive the expressions for concentrations from the Gaussian Dispersion Equation for the following situations: d level - ') Receptor at ground lev i the plume centre line and at ground level i int di ) At a point directly Denes lume centre line at ground level from a ground level iii) At a point just bene! release. [WBUT 201 6) Anewer: js released into the atmosphere from a ke, containing air pollutants, i : © atthe fea euiie factory chimney, it gets dispersed into the atmosphere 501 i obile or a re “ Source like an auctions, depending upos the prevailing winds and temperature and Is varlol Pressure conditions in the environment. EP&C-21 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizerspopucar PuaLicationsWe ARE MAKAUTIANS Mathematical approaches have been applied to the OO ah haute Sorelle into the atmosphere, although of course the process of disp: Oe eeatioa Plicate d, and depends upon several meteorological factors. Moreover tle ase diffu 8enerally three dimensional, which makes the mathematical solution al ieee Tee ; Several empirical equation have been developed by several ns ig "0 _ hese eauations do estimate the concentration of pollutants in the plume at any ei x iy and 2 in horizontal down wind direction, horizontal crosswind direction an irection respectively. ce ot All such equations are based on Fick's law of turbulent diffusion. Assuming k,, kyand k, as eddy diffusivity coefficients in three directions and applying continuity principle, one gets: Ge 5t = 5 (k,.5e/d,)/5, +5(k,.Se]d,)/5, + 8(k,.5e/d,)/8.+ Q ..: where, Q.,,.. represents the source or sink, expressed in appropriate terms. While this equation will be comprehensive and general, it would not be amenable to direct integration, can only be solved on a computer. Moreover k,, ky and k, will also vary with location and time both, which will make the solution more difficult and complex. On the basis of above fundamental law, and based on the knowledge of the shape of the concentration distribution, for continuous single emission source, a simple statistical equation has been developed by Gaussian to compute turbulent transport of pollutants, The equation, known as Gaussian Distribution is given as: Cy = Q/ HU 5, 6, « (Cpt e292) where, C= cone of the pollutants in gm/m? Q= The pollution emission rate in gm/ sec U= mean wind velocity in m/sec x and » = down wind and crosswind horizontal 6, and 6, = Plume’s inm H = Effective height of Stack. When concentration is required only along x direction, i.e, in the down wind horizontal oe ae vente of plume, then naturally y= 0. The equation becomes When the smokes are emitted at ground level, 7 ack = above equation gets further simplified as then the effective Stack height (H)=0, the ’ Me EUs: G, ‘alues of a an F . of atmospherie te not only a function of downwind distance (X) but also a function The generali: distances, respectively in m. Std deviation in cross wind and vertical direction respectively, d environmental stabilit seen categories are etcied in Table. peed in| Incoming solar radiation ~ Vsti Mosil Strong Moderate k ' bar a Moderate [Weak overcast clear B Cc E : EPEES ae lain Téleoran ee eertdcant aroanigersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS 4 B - IC D E = ce SF Category B » B ‘A ~ extremely unsta B ~ moderately unst Coane aoe B -modentely unstable [E ~ slightly stable The maximum ground level concentration constant with down wind distance x, 2. Explain the relati Answer: curs where 6, = 0.707 II, provided a; /o, lonship between air pollution and meteorological parameters. IWBUT 2007] ‘The degree to which air pollutants discharged from various sources concentrated in a particular area depends largely on meteorological conditions. The applications of dispersion theory and knowledge of local weather conditions are necessary to determine the required stack height for an emission, and to evaluate the intensity of air pollution. Even though the total discharge of contaminanis into the atmosphere in a given area remains constant from day to day; the degree of air pollution may vary widely because of differences in meteorological condition. In a specified place the emission of pollutants may be the same but it is the weather that can trigger an air pollution episode. The important meteorological parameters that influences air pollution can be classified into primary and secondary parameters. Primary parameters are: i) Wind direction and speed Mixing height Atmospheric stability Secondary parameters are: i) Precipitation ii) Humidity iii) Solar radiation iv) Visibility The parameters vary Just as weather affects the severi weather conditions. may be reduced, fog fre radiation may be redi 3. What is “Lapse rate"? Explain the concept of this respect describe d thermal inversion? widely as a function of latitude, season and topography. ity of air pollution, Air pollution may in turn, affect the Air pollution may influence the weather in several ways. Visibility quency and duration may be increased and incoming solar uced, particularly the ultra violet end of spectrum, [WBUT 2007, 201 6) “Environmental Lapse Rate” and “Adiabatic Lapse Rate”. In ifforent plume patterns with proper eon EP&C-23 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS PORULAR PUBLICATIONS Anower Part ‘Thechange of temperature of se wth espe to ight i) Eneeoomentl Lapse Rate ELR) ii) Adiabate Lapse Rute (ALR) 2" Part Environmental Lape Rate (ELR) Inthe atmorpere, tv tenperaure of the ambient (sirounding) ait changes with aq incre ate hight This scaled ambient nse rate of Environmental Layy yar PME Rate (ELR). This exe wil ifr from place to place and fom time tote even st sme place. Generally thi about 65°C per 1000m. This ate does vary and depen oy Toca aiconditon. There are several inuereing actors — vironmettal lps rate is loner in winter or curing any seson, te islowerover lind than sn. fair masses men diferent apse rate, Phare conditions, when a arel of air eg, automobile exhaust, smoke ron fadorieserey, ‘whieh is Bttr and lghtr than the surrounding sir i leased, thon naturally it ends to move in wward direction. It ill move, unt teaches to evel or height where fs own temperature and density become equl to that ofthe sir surounding i Hence, when pocket ofaifcally heated ai (.e,astomebile exhaust or gas coming from factories) ie ‘omiged ivo the atmospheres up expande, econ lighter ard get ete 2" Parts Different plume pattern: The diffision oF dipersion of pollutants isto the aimosphere Is govemed by the Fanning Plame Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) as wll as Adiabatie Lapse Rate (ALR). By ‘comparing these 0 laps rates, i fs posite 0 predict about the aspesion of emitted se fromthe source, These ar then Krown 8 plume snd thir ture of ina (On the bass of Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR) and Adiabatic Lapse Rate (ALR), ther are diferent types of plume behaviour available ~ igs Fanning ple EP&C-24 Erscs loin Teleoram —> (Mmakaut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS Funieating Pane Fig Fuiping sume Trapring Plume i Fumioing sare ‘Thermal inversion: y Iman ual ene hen sina ene {leet pe ‘eat Lapse rates le rite contin whe the warmer ies ove the SULA Asa nl npn he cass mao enn he Theeare te ps ettenpereure nee 3) Iaatonimean = Sen maton - it) Sitsidmce toes i) Advesive inesin = tenperoure ofthe evviconment (ie, ambien air) increases lps ate becomes imerted or negative fom its normal sate. THs EP&C26 ig The ahve gph stoving hese ape te J ern Fi co ee ee pn en Where a one eat by raion af tety cooing be suo BEN a nena scan eo age satay ee ay inveson codon. Tis pf mesons twig cats rn nf oe knob ek rc tad ci» ee Veron and tat i ikely to breakup esity wit the rays of ube rerning, ec ena etn omnes © Su Sest a eon whan sume ae ong eRe Seen ay wn haem Pe ca sinking or siding raion a sir na hh presse eS alee eee area ee pthe ra ay As the ie sins, ts compressed i gee ote version layers aly atthe rate of Nt ge ayer overt cve abla. Such ven 9 esos mse a a Sone ae formes ward movement of pling STARS i ort i a stopping the vemos environmen. Such tpect ineesion I a hee reso enol ese avect et aed wen poss TRS OF rr er lu i vary aie The inversion can be grounde Wamat ug arene reed ae ete ames of oS J) ok sen ose 9H at ie wen ae ee chang els! ‘ccm thon Fig atic eon erecat loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS 4.2) ee ln tr een apt MS wy icin ‘abr poe says dd contin i th stop in whey Ae a ye alco SRY Ts ep Fae semi eeperc Sait spss wit the help of dats a ager ai est ea or alte. The anh of ferret Gist Dpede oon eae poston ge Pie nesta cert shoe the sabi of the amomphere ean be determiney NEE #4 Sra eesti psn tome nef Atm Cape Ea, Se ee arora on ana ae ty 3) ste sms cndtion shen LR > ALR) th se coon onion = ALR) ih Nemaicodon oon EUR ALR) 1) Write the expressions fr Gruss letibution mode! to cay eacenttion fa pllatants Inte flowing cae ihessie aut ambatenequton anion notions ley) nDowrmind conreline cancansation hon the efectve stack heights zero. TSU 20m, ‘efor 0 Queston No. 1 of Long Answer Type Questions. sorsmmzr rn nil iscsi age mes ieee po tan pecree mer tag two 09,2 ‘phe embed tel iStig ar eerie Le ncoe=cos77 = P= 1000 milibars on T-temne T=160C=(160+279K =453 EPaccas ‘Suen ines ssncoce vi we bom ack Neg (1D ~ Phyl eh) + Ma eH sree ha ah se woe istaaiar ole) oe, Ts 3 seca ei alae C00 Ay 4.2) Delermiting waximim gound wel concentration, | (WBUT 7008, 701), £2 eeipant tne S48 tonnes a coal per Four ana discharge the combeton pe rsugh a ateck ta has an eece eit of 5 Te coat gar eon of 42 andthe nin oat at On ap ofeach lpm Sotphorc|conekion sre moweratty to stuhty sta aed ‘he sonore vel sonantraon of $0, and tw dance rm WpCatctating effective stack helt 7 aaa rs peace eady mentioned inthe aestion sAnswe {eat per hour = $48 ton = SST Stiphureorrent= 4.2% 42 edpertour= $4800 82.« 45 Sup protic pe £2.98 HRT Se sie tet omen ih conbine = bss Lt et spr tad ong 132 andthe il cine IE nooig S240 kgOs” G1 a0Ag 0. 5806550 oo ‘sia 1 Rate of asin of; gne.= 2S ees TAH ePac-29 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS pita ae WHE, =O 707M, ry mate ‘ne main pod od vi 2 | ggeivesek Ch C0545. moc “constant with down wind distance — | ew, 6 077 D2 ‘at the moderately statie. | Se Wein sume ate ei mig Me TSham, = Mg, oes level concentration of SO; would occur Hwee mein poe 80, iow “ tere i +800 Non deesincencerio 80 ; | ea, | .ayname and dafite the wo pes harm nvrtins. Wich type pra he z Tormation of to "reot 2m3) 141 x 10%gmin? ne va. 3 (4 Part) of Le sien | AT cut a #64 Par fang Anne Fpe Quentin. oti heats ght of avn the following eat a ee eeherrre Sree sian tor minstoetemeter "2 Preto kata ec inartantnin te | eee “ aia |v) Barometric pressure il bars ALR = dT dz Succ vac eate ee 10/1000 =(t~18)/ 000-0) hea emer ea, wour 200,20 20 | pens OOS TR etl oo Fe renperatire at 1000 wou be-FC. 5 aya do yoo understand by ainopine doperon? Wt nthe gun 2 35éme {ereturmining goundtevelconeraton of poiua Vere dows te manne SDK 240K tse eaaenaton ecu a ‘hava power pan burn cosa th rato 7 tonrshe and dscarge ibe iosten ‘atjmas touch a sack raving eecive non t 85m. Tim cole» suhar terrae cof ‘of 4.6% The wind velocity at the top of the stack is 8 mis, The We knoe gl 9°C*(149 + 275)K = 492 K “atmospheric conditions are slighty unstable. Eco 1) Determine the ground surface concertration of SO, andthe distance rom ee sack gh)“ Pyaal ei aos a ere nsgg ih = Psi Pe re ay Soetcmine te grou surace oncenatn of tants ata cance 00 ew pane re im down wind at centre line of the plume. wld [Prove 3, v/s and v/s sor dteret atmosphere sabes] Elmar es Ansner: sh=(18« 107 rit , . =Sitm OM S6U15 $268 107% 136422Im any ssp fats ints wa pilin dna, eas it Pinna heang eects Tobe deste Srsion an wind see 3 ftmespre pret en aec oud eel pluton, aspen orion an See eS tng ater sab ar nite, whee oe sity teminety Brac 0 EP&C31 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS porate tibet ehieraeclieeaed stearate at | gag ostsegmt | manone end oct Fp en ohana | A Sei gm eam hte es Nir ea addres ag soe eee “Sosa, vee ate omen Set Quest Ne! of a concentration of plletant sero Qteton NOI oF Lon Aor Tye Qesons. mere tna ge on eh is et na a at Ae tachi, SMC Sc nts tatu Equation or determining grovnd evel ‘Wher cancenatin sled ony song iret along the centre ine af pune, te ratrally Cur O/xU9, on (6) The maim grind ee cxentaion seus WHEE ©, 0.707 H,provida ‘enstat with down wind distarce 3 ie pate Refer Oven No 40 Sort Asswer Type Questions. ‘1, Dosebe diferent typos ot plumes which are senerced tom terse, 1h eh conten wth proper sischiog wou 3 ee gyfer Quin No.2 Pry oon dns te Qnone sing Seutcte oe is i te nt mnt vera yt Pronmentar Lapse Rave (ELK) a: wells Adabate Lapse Kare (ALR) Be Srepeieernar peepee tpt et a oe Siac 46 ‘Sulphur produced pr hour 7500% 46, pr produced pr io Werknow that S + 04 = 80: ‘The molt. bth stiphur ind oxygens 32 and so they react with each ok MS ke + 345 10 = 680 Lp SO ae bss of Evins Lips Rte CLR) ant Aisi Lape Hate (ALR) ae + 0 kgS0, produ inan hse atitret yes opie Behar she J 1 ng Phone ‘Terate of emission gO; in pmfice oan gmsee. = 191 6unvsce, et ame “The naxinum goundlve concentration oes wher Fig one [7H prvi oo, ema with do dace 200m Tones 0, =0.107x95m = 67.16m Ponigating Plume fata missing: 3, = 88. say a Ree " Parte detlls, refer to Question Na. 1, 3.& 6 (D of Short Answer Tye The maximum coacentntion 22000 mt would be pollen GeO (aytrie cerronmant_ what's naga) 1. Monin te stro cessing opin of tm nara 1916 sf meant oy effoctve height ofa ene on es yf te] 198) Saaaacabcarrg (eal AES (ey ta dase ~ boaietshar rare ema orga mse 12x10" ¥(6)2? = 129x10° x()! ‘The ability cf aby of watt i tof pon. TS sora of the ese anus, or ter potas om Ske oF f EP&CSS EP&C-32 loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS eeutAReurLIcaTions . ae mania ta 93 B00 3 tia Boge mer owing He Potion Tey 7] oS ‘eases mute har gt maw os Fy Set iat She gies memes Ment [a — ort Soopous or tas | mae ot tal Part 7 cn soe ors Emmet nestor chime [ampounde P Refer ta Question No 10f+ roe sie cn th sta Stone Answer Type Questions environmental pee rato 2nd adiabatic ‘puma cmgaan ban arenan 8 subse ean ny me Meera tert ol lee | ices | ee Refer to Question No. rota em | 2" Pan of tame Aner Tipe Questions, | rut” ‘ute | | FORT uetion nest Par) of Lng Anoner Tape Questions I . cao | neers tea i eae Sr mae I aT eget ae Ee fetal oe aan” “Raa ‘Nie fr Fame 3] Can and racks | NOT f Jetaus pips te] ages ot | ee en, pkg acm onset S| eso tel rb ng pnt” ee a Raker il laduary prdyce the|Nivagen ove a : fete "ogni est. Pane ed) | Sar Diane Salar sooing — ar ats = Compost mae sna. SO: ses cll sie pede! by arn ll inveien of sno ten oil rods |chmied plans, wie dh Parteaae Mor =| Fran 10 isa Fariete mabe Fre parce wa] pm indie, theefine| oes fom dis sa )caes Jc in hea aoe na ch exanst | ht, roost | rach snes the a|sarete sme, Sayan ia whe human "hur They] ope andhcaies| cept ar ae cepee one chem tetone Hal [pats of Tugs ad ops aks sy be vasa ut Teal wre ae |v ah Tend aL sn ou BO) ress EPSC3S loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS isa pines Jenin abso si ae 9 ne taal aan ne Se arene pecans ‘Se patan cones tof tal Sapa ctr oa ee aa ares NSiSccpeta tigers ey scree oman ser [spying one 15, Describe briefly avout various natural sel-leansingpropertog of snvirosmene wouraa Ansver: Although 2 large quanity of pollante are dtcharge ints tho atmoiphers at fr places, the levels of ceneenations of ese pollutants renain the same en the ga Seale. This is an ination thatthe pollute ave coxtinully removed by tone inechaisms ‘This phenomenon is called scavenging “Seavenging” resembles te set cleansing properties of river. which gett natwally corrected when polluted We pollutants discharged inc the amosphei do no exceed the natural cleansing capi of uccthere he airremains cle. Itrxcosivadscharges take place ae got poled el ‘caeetve measures haveto be ken. This proces is aed air pollution contol’. Sdi-cleansing or savenging of the envionment attibited (0 the following raul Proper: 1). Dispesion of polas ii) Gravitational ceing ii) Absortion of poletans by maisture/ raindrop and washout ani2yhrton gous pas by aspen ‘Adteth he aimospere hs the prope b get cleansed the dscharg of polls heme atvities cause air pallaton in he near surface FP&C36 0% alimony eset Secmann's coneton cafe eth the ice Sich hed Fip-Siple Raion ane Mae Te above figure shows te revel model ie, Eat ede nde si ue ihe emptonthe Cah bs Dube sobing we ane! Bes or ‘aon 50. Minayen=0.4eRT o wire, 2 albeo $= Tenperaueo a's ys % Soff [ERIE ocean | memo kun airy meh ta i lags i aya vc aa ae aa eae fo een sateen ste uiton equation to pee the conesston ue atanyconnwind pit Nae isin ground level concertration eects ieee ease nme SD carves pune amen mnt mtu cert orert neath cred atmospheric conditions are slightly ‘urstable. Det EPac aT loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS ie dtc om he BGK A WIE ona, Sie 2} Theta known a One Cone reuse 0. (2) conc thpltaas ingrln’ =item ein rn! = sandy Stan sn erosional anes peti im S°SUS SAGLT SG Slaton mcrae nid and vert dinctionepeuey, ‘Wh conctratan eoued onl along x dsction, iin the downscnd hi Given song the cone neat pan, tea natally} =O. The equation Become Con Ole 5-10) when he Spokes ae ened at rnd lev, he the efetve sack beighe (H-a ay shove equation aes urbe sip S| CunQizU Go Vatue oF sad or ar nt oly fiction of down dizance x) bn also a aR ofsemosphari sy ‘Te ditoson equationis 2 rans! difeenial equation. In physics, it Uascibe he fehvioe ofthe ellectne mition of mio-paticies in a mateSal retin fom he [Sndow motement of ean mict-pailen mathematics. ffs applicable meagre {suber relevant to the Markov process well asin various ler feds such i te ‘etre scenes Information science. hi Scene, social sciefee and $0 On, Thee ‘SSH sSetediy os admucaregaionin nly cle Besmpue 8 Were sea nie tend vt thea tack ei, ‘fe above equation gets further simplified + @ os Eso efor, Cal banger" 80 = 00 kg Scprconan oreo oe Soe rot hued ne Nou. §-0:=50, 300 gS 7310 kg 03 726 kof Sper hour wa Tr eles ig of bth subir and oxyae is 32, nd they crbine onal basi ‘vlna Ponsa cent, naw 2 Bi eniee egret oxen grou ev COMEOn ln Wie 6, 0.0. get = wit sth enosthetic enon slighly ueute, we han by an oe ihe oes “ne ins aaron oa jssing here nis iach abe ru #0000 sore ofc) re nan content ye (Mmakanut oroanizersWe ARE MAKAUTIANS tena Invern simoee commen ower ham ie sunvacr Bane of theo nighs ASW sa ematos ase prepaid on December 1, son sono Japan na uth he agocment reutesthe United Sats, the Fuopean (yt se Ta sic recone gs abs (lo 980 els) by a, Sema mre ite Sta he aoa nl dos cose {Sls shar ph srs hing aed ft Shean inclh erat apcanae gust Sg weet Soe emi cn car wine ee ete st EPsc-40 east. oLLunos ayn cosa AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 9 t0 box Mode or sie pollation eaperaion tx co Agee (uta) Westctquaiy STBOT acctelat)-* O.atun)sn oes 2 ouing temperature version ntmowpar pot accumulate bow thelnverion yer PT 2 esumulteo teivrton ger [wus 208, 2010, 2013 Sy euphar ci oauintemator 3etnane 3 earbon monoxise answer () 4 The ptiniary ar pollstant formas due tothe incomplete combustion of erganc ater tweut fom ‘Sh mothane 1) sulphur dose 3}orone ‘earbon onesie answer) {EMP stance for (weur 2008 1} Environment Maragement Panning 8} Environmert montorrg Pregame €) Environment Management Pesranine 3) none of those answer (@) vice or tha rameval 6.electostateprcipttr ae usd a len corral ie or thereon 2805 )ttle organic substance 2 Rrponded petatmatar | Sete crani nbs Ansners(@) re scout paltats in he neu 1.Device use fo contre! gaseous a we 2» pateul plans fn a ote itspion fa alle Spray tower P&C loin Teleoram —> (Mmakanut oroanizers