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Systems In Mechanical Engineering
UNIT-III
Vehicles and their Specifications
Mr. Girish G Khope
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Syllabus
• Classification of automobile.
• Vehicle specifications of two/three wheeler,
light motor vehicles, trucks, buses and
multi-axle vehicles.
• Engine components (Introduction).
• Study of engine specifications, comparison of
specifications of vehicles.
• Introduction of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles.
Cost analysis of the Vehicle.
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Classification of Automobile
1. Based on Purpose :
• Passenger vehicles: These vehicles carry passengers. e.g: Buses,
Cars, passenger trains.
• Goods vehicles: These vehicles carry goods from one place to
another place. e.g: Goods lorry, Goods carrier.
• Special Purpose: These vehicles include Ambulance, Fire
engines, Army Vehicles.
2. Based on Load Capacity:
• Light duty vehicle: Small motor vehicles. eg: Car, jeep, Scooter,
motorcycle
• Heavy duty vehicle: large and bulky motor vehicles. e.g: Bus,
Truck, Tractor
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Classification of Automobile
3. Based on fuel used:
• Petrol engine vehicles : Automobiles powered by a petrol engine. e.g: scooters,
cars, motorcycles.
• Diesel engine vehicles : Automobiles powered by diesel engine. e.g: Trucks, Buses,
Tractors.
• Gas vehicles : Vehicles that use gas turbine as a power source. e.g: Turbine
powered cars.
• Electric vehicles : Automobiles that use electricity as a power source. e.g: Electric
cars, electric buses.
• Steam Engine vehicles : Automobiles powered by steam engine. e.g: Steamboat,
steam locomotive, steam wagon.
4. Based on Drive of the vehicles:
• Left-Hand drive : Steering wheel fitted on the left-hand side.
• Right-Hand drive : Steering wheel fitted on the right-hand side.
• Fluid drive : Vehicles employing torque converter, fluid flywheel or hydramatic
transmission.
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Classification of Automobile
5. Based on number of wheels and axles:
• Two wheeler : motorcycles, scooters
• Three-wheelers : Tempo, auto-rickshaws
• Four wheeler : car, Jeep, Bus, truck
• Six-wheelers : Buses and trucks have six tires out of which four are carried on the rear
wheels for additional reaction.
• Six axle wheeler : Dodge(10 tire) vehicle
6. Based on type of transmission:
• Automatic transmission vehicles: Automobiles that are capable of changing gear ratios
automatically as they move. e.g: Automatic Transmission Cars.
• Manual transmission vehicles: Automobiles whose gear ratios have to be changed
manually.
• Semi-automatic transmission vehicles: Vehicles that facilitate manual gear changing
with a clutch pedal.
7. Based on Suspension system used:
• Convectional – Leaf Spring
• Independent – Coil spring, Torsion bar, Pneumatic.
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• Trunk: place for stowing baggage
• Tail light: rear light.
• Spare wheel: wheel of a car used to replace a damaged wheel.
• Wheel: round object that turns around a central axel and allows the car to
advance
• Transmission: automobile apparatus that transmits mechanical power to the
wheels
• Muffler: device used to reduce engine noise.
• Line shaft: axle on which mechanical power is transmitted to the wheels.
• Body side moulding: decorative moulding on the side of a car.
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• Disk brake: mechanism that slows and stops a car by friction, by
pressing a disk against the axle of a wheel.
• Oil filter: device that removes impurities from oil passing
through it.
• Alternator: generator that produces an alternating current.
• Radiator: apparatus that cools the motor.
• Distributor: case that is used to fire the cylinders.
• Battery: device that generates electric current
• Air filter: device that remove impurities from air passing trough
it.
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• Windshield washer: liquid used to clean the windows.
• Steering wheel: device used to handle a car in conjuction with
steering and gear systems.
• Windshield wiper: movable device, made partly of rubber, that
wipes the windshield and rear window of a car.
• Seat: type of armchair in the passenger compartment of a car.
• Window frame: border around a window.
• Rearview mirror: inside mirror used for looking backward.
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Types of car body
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COMPONENTS OF AUTOMOBILE
The automobile can be considered to consist of five basic
components :
1. The Engine or Power Plant : It is source of power.
2. The Frame and Chassis : It supports the engine, wheels,
body, braking system, steering, etc.
3. The transmission which transmits power from the
engine to the car wheels. It consists of clutch,
transmission, shaft, axles and differential.
4. The body fitted on chassis.
5. Accessories including light, air conditioner, stereo,
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1. Engine or Power Plant
• The engine is the power plant of the vehicle.
• In general, internal combustion engine with petrol or diesel fuel
is used to run a vehicle.
• An engine may be either a two-stroke engine or a four-stroke
engine.
• An engine consists of a cylinder, piston, valves, valve operating
mechanism, carburetor ,fan, fuel feed pump and oil pump, etc.
• Besides this, an engine requires ignition system for burning fuel
in the engine cylinder.
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[Link] & FRAMES
• The chasis is formed by the frame with the frame side
members and cross members.
• The frame is usually made of box, tubular and channel
members that are welded or riveted together.
• In addition to this, it comprises of the springs with the
axles and wheels, the steering system and the brakes,
the fuel tank, the exhaust system, the radiator, the
battery and other accessories.
• Along with this the frame supports the body.
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LAYOUT OF AUTOMOBILE CHASIS
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3. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
• The power developed by the engine is transferred
to the wheels by transmission system.
• Transmission system must do three jobs :
a. It must provide varying gear ratios. Number of gear
ratio are equal to number of gears in a vehicle.
b. It must provide a reverse gear for moving vehicle in
reverse direction.
c. It must provide a neutral or disconnecting
arrangement so that the engine can be uncoupled
from the wheels of the vehicle
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4. CLUTCH
• The purpose of the clutch is to allow the driver to couple or
decouple the engine and transmission.
• When clutch is in engaged position, the engine power flows to
the transmission through it (clutch).
• When gears are to be changed while vehicle is running, the
clutch permits temporary decoupling of engine and wheels so
that gears can be shifted.
• In a scooter, the clutch is operated by hand where as in a car
the clutch is operated by foot.
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5. BRAKING SYSTEM
• Brakes are used to slow down or stop the vehicle.
• Hydraulic brakes are generally used in automobiles,
where brakes are applied by pressure on a fluid.
• Mechanical brakes are also used in some vehicles.
These brakes are operated by means of levers, linkages,
pedals, cams, etc.
• Hand brake or parking brake is known usually mechanical
brake. These are used for parking the vehicles on sloppy
surfaces and also in case of emergency.
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6. GEAR BOX
• Gear box contain gearing arrangement to get different speeds.
• Gears are used to get more than one speed ratios.
• When both mating gears have same number of teeth, both will
rotate at same number speed. But when one gear has less teeth
than other, the gear with less number of teeth will rotate faster
than larger gear.
• In a typical car, there may be six gears including one reverse gear.
• First gear gives low speed but high torque. Higher gears give
progressively increasing speeds.
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7. STEERING SYSTEM
• Front wheels can be turned to left and right by steering system so that
the vehicle can be steered.
• The steering wheel is placed in front of driver.
• The primary function of the steering system is to provide angular motion
to front wheels so that vehicle can negotiate a turn. It also provides
directional stability to vehicle when the vehicle moves ahead in straight
line.
• Now-a-days, many vehicles are equipped with power steering which
uses pressure of a fluid to reduce steering effort.
• When driver turns the steering wheel, a hydraulic mechanism comes
into play to provide most of the effort needed to turn the wheel.
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8. FRONT AXLE
• It carries the weight of the front of the vehicle
and also takes horizontal and vertical loads when
vehicle moves on bumpy roads.
• When brakes are provided on front wheels, it
endures bending stresses and torsional stresses.
• It is generally made from steel drop forging. It is
robust in construction.
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9. SUSPENSION SYSTEM
• Main function of the suspension system is to isolate the
body of the vehicle from shocks and vibrations
generated due to irregularities on the surface of roads.
• It is in the form of spring and damper. The suspension
system is provided both on front end and rear end of
the vehicle.
• A suspension system also maintains the stability of the
vehicle in pitching or rolling when vehicle is in motion.
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Two wheeler specification
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Three wheeler specification
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Four wheeler specification
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Parts of an Engine
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Cylinder block
Cylinder is a part in which the intake of fuel, compression of fuel
and burning of fuel take place.
The main function of cylinder is to guide the piston.
At the upper end of cylinder, cylinder head and at the bottom end
crank case is bolted. The upper side of cylinder is consists a
combustion chamber where fuel burns.
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Cylinder head
The top end of the engine cylinder is closed by means of
removable cylinder head. There are two holes or ports at the
cylinder head, one for intake of fuel and other for exhaust. Both
the intake and exhaust ports are closed by the two valves known
as inlet and exhaust valve. The inlet valve, exhaust valve, spark
plug, injector etc. are bolted on the cylinder head.
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Piston
A piston is fitted to each cylinder as a face to
receive gas pressure and transmit the thrust to
the connecting rod. It is a prime mover in the
engine. The main function of piston is to give
tight seal to the cylinder through bore and slide
freely inside the cylinder.
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Piston rings
A piston must be a fairly loose fit in the cylinder so it
can move freely inside the cylinder. If the piston is too
tight fit, it would expand as it got hot and might stick
tight in the cylinder and if it is too loose it would leaks
the vapor pressure. To provide a good sealing fit and
less friction resistance between the piston and cylinder,
pistons are equipped with piston rings
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Connecting rod
Connecting rod connects the piston to crankshaft and
transmits the motion and thrust of piston to crankshaft.
It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
rotary motion of crankshaft. There are two end of
connecting rod; one is known as big end and other as
small end. Big end is connected to the crankshaft and
the small end is connected to the piston by use of
piston pin.
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Crankshaft
The crankshaft of an internal combustion engine
receives the efforts or thrust supplied by piston to the
connecting rod and converts the reciprocating motion
of piston into rotary motion of crankshaft. The
crankshaft mounts in bearing so it can rotate freely. The
shape and size of crankshaft depends on the number
and arrangement of cylinders.
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Spark plug
It is used in spark ignition engine. The main
function of a spark plug is to conduct a high
potential from the ignition system into the
combustion chamber to ignite the compressed
air fuel mixture. It is fitted on cylinder head.
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Injector
Injector is usually used in compression ignition
engine. It sprays the fuel into combustion
chamber at the end of compression stroke. It is
fitted on cylinder head.
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Engine specifications
• Engine speed: engine speed is measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).
diesel engines -1500–4000 RPM , gasoline engines (~2200–6000 RPM
• Thrust: Thrust is the force arising from the interaction between Piston and
cylinder
• Torque: Torque is the force being exerted to the output shaft of an engine.
• Power: Power is the amount of work being done
• Efficiency: Ratio of output to input
• Sound levels: In the case of sound levels, engine operation is of greatest
impact with respect to mobile sources such as automobiles and trucks
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Comparison of engine specification
Parameter Two wheeler Three wheeler Four wheeler Heavy vehicle
Yamaha(FZ) Bajaj Auto Mahindra Bharatbenz
Marrazo
Type 4Stroke Air 4 stroke 4 stroke liquid 4 stroke diesel
cooled cooled
Cubic capacity 149 198.88 1497 6372
Number of cyl 1 1 4 6
CR 9.5:1
Max. HP 9.7kW 7.6kw 90.2 kW 281 kW
Max. Torque 12.8NM 17 NM 300NM 1120 NM
Bore, stroke 57.3*57.9
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ELECTRIC VEHICLE
• An Electric vehicle is an automobile that is
propelled by one or more electric motors,
using electrical energy stored in energy
storage device.
• The primary components are motor,
controller, power source, and transmission.
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WORKING
• The driver presses the
accelerator which in turn
sends the signals to the
controller.
• Depending on the signals
received, controller allows
voltage supply to the motor.
• Motor is connected to the
gear box.
• From gear box mechanical
energy is transferred to the
wheels through differential
gear box.
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Advantages
• Reduce dependence on oil and gasoline
• Pollutants and noise free.
• Recyclable batteries
• No fire hazards
• Low maintenance and operation cost
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Disadvantages
• High initial cost
• High recharge time
• Silence may be fatal
• Low speed
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Hybrid Vehicle
• The term hybrid vehicles in general usage refer
to vehicles with two or three different type of
sources delivering power to the wheels for
propulsion.
• The most common hybrid vehicles have an IC
engine and one or more electric machines for
vehicle propulsion.
• The IC engine can be used to generate electric
energy ‘on board’ to power the machines.
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Types of Hybrid Vehicles
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Use of battery & its capacity
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Cost Analysis
Parameters Vehicle Cost High Vehicle cost Low
Torque Increase in Torque Decrease in torque
Speed Increase in speed Decrease in speed
No. of cylinders Increase in no. of cylinders Decrease in no. of cylinders
Type of brakes Disk brake Drum shoe brakes
Hydraulic brakes
Pneumatic brakes
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