Amish Mennonite

Amish Mennonites came into existence through reform movements among North American Amish mainly
between 1862 and 1878. These Amish moved away from the old Amish traditions and drew near to the
Mennonites, becoming Mennonites of Amish origin. Over the decades, most Amish Mennonites groups
removed the word "Amish" from the name of their congregations or merged with Mennonite groups.

In the latest decades the term "Amish Mennonite" is sometimes erroneously used to designate horse-and-
buggy Old Order Mennonites, whose lifestyle is more or less similar to the Old Order Amish. Sometimes
the term "Amish Mennonite" is used to designate all groups of Amish, both the Old Order Amish and the
Amish Mennonites and also the Amish before this division in the second half of the 19th century. The
Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online uses the term "Amish Mennonite" in this sense.[1]

History

Division 1850–1878

Most Amish communities that were established in North America did not ultimately retain their Amish
identity. The major division that resulted in the loss of identity of many Amish congregations occurred in
the third quarter of the 19th century. The forming of factions worked its way out at different times at
different places. The process was rather a "sorting out" than a split. Amish people are free to join another
Amish congregation at another place that fits them best. Between 1862 and 1878 yearly
Dienerversammlungen (ministerial conferences) were held at different places, concerning how the Amish
should deal with the pressures of modern society.[2] By the first several meetings, the more traditionally
minded bishops agreed to boycott the conferences.

The more progressive members, comprising approximately two-thirds of the group, became known by the
name Amish Mennonite, and eventually united with the Mennonite Church, and other Mennonite
denominations, mostly in the early 20th century. The more traditionally minded groups became known as
the Old Order Amish.[3] The Egli Amish had already started to withdraw from the Amish church in 1858.
They soon drifted away from the old ways and changed their name to "Defenseless Mennonite" in 1908.[4]
Congregations that took no side in the division after 1862 formed the Conservative Amish Mennonite
Conference in 1910 but dropped the word "Amish" from their name in 1957.[5]

Because there was no division in Europe, the Amish congregations remaining there took the same way as
the change-minded Amish Mennonites in North America and slowly merged with the Mennonites. The last
Amish congregation in Germany to merge was the Ixheim Amish congregation, which merged with the
neighboring Mennonite Church in 1937. Some Mennonite congregations, including most in Alsace, are
descended directly from former Amish congregations.[6][7]

Early conferences

The Amish Mennonites formed regional conferences in the late 1880s after the division. During the early
20th century, most of these original Amish Mennonite groups merged with regional Mennonite conferences
and lost their Amish identity.[8]
 The Indiana-Michigan Amish Mennonite Conference, organized in 1888 and merged with
the Indiana-Michigan Mennonite Conference in 1916.
The Western District Amish Mennonite Conference, organized in 1890 and merged with the
Western Mennonite Conferences in 1920–1921.
The Eastern Amish Mennonite Conference, organized in 1893 and merged with the Ohio
Mennonite Conference in 1927.[9]
The Ontario Amish Mennonite Conference, organized in 1925, assimilated into the
Mennonite mainstream in the 1950s and early 1960s and changed their name to Western
Ontario Mennonite Conference in 1963.[10]
The Stuckey Amish (Mennonites) of Illinois, emerged from a split in 1872, organized as a
conference in 1899 and joined the General Conference Mennonite Church as a district
conference in 1945. In 1957 it merged with the Middle District Conference to form the
Central District of the General Conference Mennonite Church.[11]
The Egli Amish, also known as the Égly Amish, were organized in 1865–1866 and changed
their name to Defenseless Mennonite Church in 1908. They adopted the name Evangelical
Mennonite Church in 1949 and became mainstream. While Evangelical Mennonite
Churches currently exist, in 2003, a broader group of Mennonites became the Fellowship of
Evangelical Churches.

Later conferences

The "Conservative Amish Mennonite Conference" (now known as the Rosedale Network of Churches)
was born several decades after the original Amish Mennonite movement. In 1910, leaders from three
unaffiliated Amish Mennonite congregations met in Michigan to discuss the formation of a conference that
allowed for congregational autonomy yet would be able to assist individual churches with problems. This
conference was to be more conservative than the aforementioned Amish Mennonite conferences.
Nonetheless it moved closer to mainstream Mennonite groups, eventually losing its Amish identity. In 1954,
a majority vote called for the removal of the "Amish" part of the Conservative Amish Mennonite
Conference (CMC) name, which was implemented in the 1957 constitution revision. Proponents suggested
that "Amish Mennonite" conferences were obsolete. During the 1960s, concern rose among some about the
lax practice on issues such as the women’s head veiling and cut hair, television, and clothing items.
Individual churches began to differ greatly in practice. Since the concerns in the 1960s, the conference has
abandoned a stand on the aforementioned practices,[12] resulting in the Biblical Mennonite Alliance in
2000, which continues to uphold the practice of headcovering for women.[13]

Leading the process of assimilation further the "Ohio Mennonite and Eastern Amish Mennonite Joint
Conference" became the "Ohio and Eastern Mennonite Conference" in 1955 and the "Ontario Amish
Mennonite Conference" became the "Western Ontario Mennonite Conference" in 1963.[14]

Kauffman Amish Mennonite

The Kauffman Amish Mennonites, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches or Tampico Amish Mennonite
Churches, are a Plain branch of the Amish Mennonites whose tradition goes back to John D. Kauffman
(1847-1913) who preached while being in trance. In 2017, they had some 2,000 baptized members and
lived mainly in Missouri and Arkansas. In contrast to other Amish Mennonites they have largely retained
the Pennsylvania German language and other traditions from the late 1800s. They allow some modern
conveniences, such as electricity and cars. The Kauffman Amish Mennonite congregations are one of a few
groups that clearly identifies itself as an Amish Mennonite constituency.[15]

Beachy Amish Mennonites

The largest and most dominant contemporary Amish Mennonite group are the Beachy Amish Mennonites.
The Beachy Amish received their name from Moses M. Beachy, a former Old Order Amish bishop in
Somerset County, Pennsylvania. Beachy refused to administer a strict form of shunning against members
whose only offense was transferring membership to the nearby Conservative Amish Mennonite
congregation. Half of the congregation sided with Beachy, and the other half sided with co-ministers Yoder
and Yoder. Beachy's congregation affiliated with a similar Amish Mennonite congregation in Lancaster
County, today known as the Weavertown Amish Mennonite Church. During the 1940s, a number of other
factions emerged in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Virginia from Old Order Amish
groups. The congregations sought affiliation with the Beachy constituency.

Today, the Beachy Amish vary widely in practice, as the constituency is a fellowship with congregational
autonomy separate of a governing conference. Most have retained conservative, plain practices, but this is
becoming increasingly questioned, especially in more mainstream churches in predominantly Old Order
Amish areas, though not exclusively confined to these regions. New standard allowances in the more
mainstream congregations include the radio and DVD or video watching. Clothing is also less distinct in
these congregations, especially among the men; however, women's dress has become less distinguishable
with a tighter fit and the wearing of sweaters or jackets, and coverings undergone abbreviation. In light of
these trends, certain Beachy Amish Mennonite congregations organized into fellowships to retain the
traditional emphasis on plain dress and nonconformity to the world, including the Maranatha Amish-
Mennonite Churches, Ambassadors Amish Mennonite, Mennonite Christian Fellowship, Berea Amish-
Mennonite Churches, and Midwest Beachy Amish-Mennonite who are also called Old Beachy
Amish.[16][17]

The most conservative of Beachy congregations use German in services, refuse to have their photograph
taken, and dress similar to the New Order Amish. Between these two range points is a wide variety of
practice.

Mennonite Christian Fellowship

The Mennonite Christian Fellowship churches, also known as the "Fellowship churches", originated from
several congregations separating from the Old Order Amish in the 1950s and 1960s. The congregations
resembled the more conservative end of the Beachy Amish Mennonite constituency at that time. The two
groups shared fellowship to the extent that these churches were incorporated into the Beachy affiliation. In
1977, however, some of the ordained men in these churches expressed concern about perceived worldly
trends among the Beachy Amish. They met with other ordained Beachy Amish men. Some concerns
included members baptized without a true Christian conversion, worldly fads in clothing and lifestyle, and
churches conglomerating in communities instead of spreading out. After this meeting, the concerned men
decided to withdraw from the Beachy Amish church fellowship, and organize the Mennonite Christian
Fellowship. In 1978, these churches started holding their own annual Minister’s Meetings. They operate
their own Christian day schools and use Sunday School materials printed by Rod and Staff Publishers of
Crockett, Kentucky. They have sponsored missions in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Paraguay.[18]
In 2006, the Fellowship churches had 1,518 members in 34 congregations.[19]

Other congregations
A number of other Amish Mennonite congregations exist in an independent, unaffiliated setting. Most
identify themselves in name as Conservative Mennonites or conservative Amish Mennonite and may hold
fellowship with various Beachy or conservative Mennonite congregations.

Two newer affiliated groups include Berea Amish Mennonite Churches and Ambassador Amish Mennonite
Churches. There is also a small group of Old Beachy Amish congregations which still use the German
Language.[20]

Membership and congregations

Around the year 2000 there were 13 Amish Mennonite congregations in five states of the US. Membership
of these congregations was 1,222. There were also 16 unaffiliated Amish Mennonite congregations in nine
states with 737 members.[21]

Directory
The Amish Mennonite Directory, published by Abana Books, lists Amish Mennonite congregations within
Beachy, Fellowship, and unaffiliated constituencies. The directory includes detailed information, including
household demographic and occupational data. The directory was published in 1993, 1996, 2000, 2005,
2008, and 2011.

See also
Anabaptism
Subgroups of Amish
Conservative Mennonites
Biblical Mennonite Alliance
List of Amish and their descendants

References
1. Amish Mennonite (http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Amish_Mennonites) at gameo.org.
2. Steven M. Nolt: A History of the Amish, Intercourse, 1992, p. 159.
3. Steven M. Nolt: A History of the Amish, Intercourse, 1992, pp. 157–178.
4. http://fecministries.org/our-beliefs/history/ Fellowship of Evangelical Churches: Our History.
5. Stephen Scott: An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups,
Intercourse, Pennsylvania, 1996, pp. 122–123.
6. Steven M. Nolt: A History of the Amish, Intercourse, 1992, p. 227.
7. Nolt 1992.
8. Daniel Lehman: The American Mennonites: Tracing the Development of the (Old) Mennonite
Church, Ephrata, PA, 1998.
 9. Amish-Mennonites and Other Plain Anabaptists (http://www.beachyam.org/amishmennonite
s.htm) at beachyam.org.
10. Western Ontario Mennonite Conference (http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Western_Ontario_
Mennonite_Conference) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
11. Central Conference Mennonite Church (http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Central_Illinois_Co
nference) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.
12. Ivan J. Miller: History of the Conservative Mennonite Conference 1910–1985, Grantsville,
MD, 1985.
13. Kraybill, Donald B. (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and
Mennonites. JHU Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8018-9911-9.
14. Steven Nolt: A History of the Amish, Third Edition, Intercourse, PA, 2016.
15. Sleeping Preacher Churches (http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Sleeping_Preacher_Church
es) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.
16. Kraybill, Donald B. (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and
Mennonites. JHU Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8018-9911-9.
17. Anderson, Cory. "BeachyAM.org – Amish-Mennonites and Other Plain Anabaptists" (http://w
ww.beachyam.org/amishmennonites.htm). BeachyAM. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
18. Allan Miller (ed.): The Origin of the Fellowship Churches, Renick, WV, 2004.
19. Mennonite Church Directory 2007.
20. See Mennonite Church Directory 2009
21. Donald B. Kraybill and C. Nelson Hostetter: Anabaptist World USA, Scottdale, PA 2001, pp.
147–148

Literature
Anderson, Cory A. (2012). The Amish-Mennonites of North America. Medina, NY: Ridgeway
Publishing. ISBN 9780984888863.
Anderson, Cory A. (2011). "Retracing the blurred boundaries of twentieth-century "Amish
Mennonite" identity". The Mennonite Quarterly Review. Goshen, IN.
Beachy, Alvin J. (April 1955). "The Rise and Development of the Beachy Amish Mennonite
Churches". The Mennonite Quarterly Review: 118–140.
"Map of CMC Congregations" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033744/http://cmcrose
dale.org/about/map.shtml). Conservative Mennonite Conference, Rosedale, OH. Archived
from the original (http://cmcrosedale.org/about/map.shtml) on September 27, 2007.
Retrieved May 31, 2006.
Mennonite Church Directory 2005–2007. Harrisonburg, VA: Christian Light Publications.
Miller, Daniel, ed. (2005). Amish Mennonite Directory 2005. Millersburg, OH.
Miller, Ivan J. (1985). History of the Conservative Mennonite Conference: 1910–1985.
Grantsville, MD.
Nolt, Steven M. (1992). A History of the Amish. Intercourse. ISBN 9781680990652.
Yoder, Elmer S. (1987). The Beachy Amish Mennonite Fellowship Churches. Sugarcreek,
OH.
Yoder, Paton (1991). Tradition and Transition: Amish Mennonites and Old Order Amish,
1800–1900. Scottdale, PA. ISBN 9781579104689 (2001 edition)
Wick, Barthinius L. (1894). The Amish Mennonites. A Sketch of Their Origin, and of Their
Settlement in Iowa. With Their Creed in an Appendix (https://archive.org/details/cu31924029
468638). Iowa City, IO. (This book is about the Amish Mennonites in the sense of the Global
Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online, see above.)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amish_Mennonite&oldid=1177117077"