UNITE - Nukivailate Aealysis: Mulkivalate data. consist ob clseivations on Sevena/ dievent .. voriokies Yuya number ot individuals OY objects: vata oy AWS type anise an all branchos ot science hanging Soom psychelegy 40 didlogg - and wetheds gi analysing mubivarlate dato constitute on neveasing ‘Vnper cant eg OF sakisttes when move than -wo veslables are Analysed Simurtaneously \t is Jevmecl as mukWestate _ onalysis + Sov ex. Ina nutartionel Study ya Steveq was cavited out on chileloen fC examine the use o} hres measured vartables Chatgnt, Werght , and miele - Uppes- 25 crncety - Kerence (vac) in assessing Outei'bienal status who analyst's ot the esuit Was concerned cart, Several aspects oF hataitlon Wire, mnelottonshp between tu VaglablesSm ~~ TT Netotion The number dy Vaulables — ts lanated “ag P ow the numero} individuals » gov abjects bj N~They How axe a torah.) (hx'p) Nuogurcinenss | het Says - MR ghsenvation on the jh ‘\jasiable | 6 VED aNd Je aQ----p The mata whose —elemant ia the ah eur ard vh alumn ts yj t8 called data matin. and, “is dunted by xX: thus” xX, x = = = Be arn ut oa Ap Qy oe 2p Hoy he . an p ‘the data motvig con be Seen as Sneyoc Vectors which con be donated by %, 40 x, ) ey as PF column Vectos Which com he clonaded tby dy 0 dp» thus: x-( N Xe wiltere 4," Aenate the Avanspose UV Randotn Neckovs And Matwices Raandom Neckor tsa Vedkey whose elemarsts Ara sandom variables similarly , qandom matvic is a matvix whose yelements ais Yanclorn “Vasiables. Thu expect Nalus o%} a yandom — matora Cov Vector) is che’ matvia Cvecton’) cansiing at the- expected Valuis oO} Goch 0% ibs elements Spe ctically » het: . \* . 2 xc be an | np Vanden — trate Whanthe expected value ay « clinoted by EM? 15 He Hep Mater oF numbers Cee eos): EKD= E(t) Eu) - -- BX») Elta) Ella) - - - = (Xan) = (Km) ElLkn2) E(np) whue for each elowont o9 the Mata e Wy) [xy beady Wo ge =00 conkinuows av wilh pat t60- a. Oty Py Cw ) v wy isa Ay disevete rv-w pm py (xs)Foca ple. \- Suppose | PS a and nai and consider the yvectoy (X= Tx, X2\- Let He diserebe | TV x. hana the ‘Wlouing proboablty Functions Xeot \ @Q 1 RED» 03 03 Om Simularly Let tho disevrete q-y Sen howe Poe Meo eas) ete are i Than, calelabe E &) . Sdlutto o : EOu) © EX, PG) ! = AOS 4+ O9O°34+ \WHOG = Ol E (ve) - Zh Pal%) = OxOStltar =62- s us €m> Lee] = (E3]———— Thoowem - Let KX and y be andom matrices ordre same dimension, and lee, p apcl,B, -be comteTmalole trate ees Oo} constants- then E(xtv)= eG) + EW) EG@is)= news: jal ark covariance ‘tnabvices: Suppose x= Ex az -> ¥e) 159 | px aandom Vectovs then each clement ‘er x i a sondorn vatlable ith its own soasginal probably | disiaibuktoo the marginal means Mg ane Vediones , ee ct ind as We = (KE) and om,*=E (HY \ he Ui2y-- P espectiwaly ; : - +0 | l= S' x, Cea da. iba, isa conkinlous jv with pal olf G@,)- t ue ay Pee) | ip ay Ie a cotsitis + TV uth pme — P-(a,))+190 a a mL { (a-uS frapds, it a, Bo continaus 20 9d 910 be” asda te. pa” Fied- Zz (x. -tF Ppa) a % ta, discrete a VE “cfandon Vostakle with prof PA” tho behaviour ot any Paty dy Nandan watables Budn aS Xe and X, % duscribed by “hei Joine- ‘Radability Yunekten Ond @ Measuae oF the \inaas 1d8cclation bh Ahern. ig parovi dad by tho covodiance . ; : Pacer cats = ™ - | f j @-kI@e~ by) fy (a, 13% ddl -~o J, VF Fi Me ako continocs 9-y Lorth thy doiat donsity Sumekten te (as %) i a (%-¥;) (2h), (a x6) TY x) my aha discrete av Lath the Joint Prob Ranckon Pye (00) X"> || . f |. . land Ue and fe. dye ehiei--- p ase the aig means when i,k the covartance becomes the Moginal Vowtance - mare gencrally the clecbivo bebou'ous othe FP random Vaslables Xu Xa, --- Xp OF equivalently ith sandem Vector x! = [ipa ~~ xp] 36 daseribed ‘by a deint Priobabilsty density Yanetion Fim ~ ap) = f@- , ot the Joint prideaalty P kp ex; and ne) cay be ten 05 the product ot the covtvespody tnasginal prtbabilitres , 60 Ahat Ply ee and Ay ex |= PLx a1] P(x, Pay] foi al alts A aeyoq Mun xz anch x, ara pe to be Stakitieally inclopenctort » Naha YMBy Be Grbiwous -y With jot dons Hieckon Ger(a%e 24) acl asgirel dongitves ‘ () and fe (e) tw ivelapenclont conden becom &fie (rae) = Cea Flax) Fe Kor all all yas Cag yay) Find 0-vaskances matdin oy the VY xe au whas tise Joint pao unetion (21%) is given below and Xy ont 0 \ 2.@ ~1 AH, MOG |, OD O | Oi o4 | 3 ks oda | Oh. Rey 0B RN MWe efx )= Za, Aq) = Fixo3) X83) 4 (Vo 4) ! 2 OO: Wy = €(x2) = eat reg, %) a ————— 4 ay O88dr @2s)) a e {| ( 4iE &\- oe o = ot\s aw & oF oa) = (4 -01F 0-34 (+ on 0-4 + (I ont) Ovw' = Q9B63+ 00034 Osan = O64 = E XH) = &(%,-oaf Ze = Q = Gr oeadoG tQ-9d Oa. = 3a +Orlas = Ole = & mW) Cake) E (h-o"/) (x. -2). PG >) a x = (4-01) @ os) om + A -ot) (h-02) o06 3 (0-01) (0-02) Orb + @- Guy ~02 (oni (0) (0-02) oho + (or) 012) 000 = 0009ee THE ) Zo = & WY (x) 2 lo a) [ee -008 | ot a = 10% od ar 2 th =? Coninucus ay x, xn - - ac ang . ar be Lacloned as p@rae--p) = Sed Gur ~- Sp bp) ¥ pipes 3) {, ‘mudually Stakishually ‘nlepenclot tern Joint | { | Theowem 1 | [cov(m x20 I x ark x, aio Indlepenotone Note => converse dt the theowem ts not ae |t th genagah hur ate situations where erties bak x; and xy 2 nok independent - the moon and cavmionce othe PxI-fandom Vector x ctih be! get Cub AS Matrices expected value each elemunt 8 contain inthe Vectors of mean EO) and the P >\yatlona, oxy and the P CP-D Jo. distinct covastances oy Cice) aw contained in the syynnokane valance covartance — mattavioc- == e(x-) CX-H') spect Healy EW | BCR) by ) kK . Ek.) ° ele eke) | — | Rp E mW ; roe | FX icky Xoo ke | ° 5 = € CeKG-H) | Xp —HP - ye || se j “Wy (K-h \Q- lk, ) 2 (x-Kyy Gti) &AT--- tle Gp— Hp) Gy == = er bek | | | , [c (4-bT EG AS Gr ty)~-- E(u ¥) p-*)| ENG) e6-hF etn EGP-H)GH ep WGEW~ Ete H) cd ; aan rg \p Woke 8 wile Pr “PP: Cormalabion —Masbrixe - ‘the comelation coctficiont monscans the comune: | Aina asgaciabion befween a V5 fovthy sonien'f Neslabies Aj and Ky the coomolation @olfroient | Re 8 dived in dems A wvardance Fy arol j || : } ‘he Vaalances e ara j~ 4S Pix 2 he a | avlay Palm © wer P — Jordables Hwa P(P-D distinct covmalation. | Ue ts us 8 cntpmasentecl OS Q PkP” mation i coymelabion = mabyi and ts donated _ inal clomonts oF P ae unity and te e ditbad tems: O0- such thak P is, symmetaic, Pr Fo : Bip Pp - Pa | a Pap Fy Sox - - Bop, p cil Fe 7 Te Veale Tess ~—— arteaes fi Ie32 i Vp S=ape JF22 Ip LP =p OF — > \ Loe te «= PYP Standaad clwlatien moma be wh. [FR oe --- 8 oO Ue -- ~-© O77 7 Jeppp- (4)! @ () anethe snolation shup abt variance 3 cormalaktor mahi + Tha dildgona) thamy at 1 Grey a the usiprocal ot tho caspeckive srandard claviablon -a 2 LA -3 a 3 as abtain V™ ond P- ye= \tn °° oO JG2 0 | Q oO Je: | vie . 2 oO Oo | = 0. a % | DG Commalazton — makeyirc + = $y Sr Svs 5 Sux Sia Sao Sas a al ire Ye ° WS po (vey | 2@ “yp :Wyse}. (ys) ] - (Yost) 0+ F581 5x4 Yaks eo wise 2 Ye! | Face 3 |? aL obo |” Ye Ae 5.) | 2 ols Bh 5 Fan % 5 el oe| = | : voy: lA Vasiety 6 diferent mullwauate distaibulions ax’ available in Liteatwe. ono de mulbvarlate dtacyete, disrailbwtian © is Muldipkenoniad dits\a\bus {on Multinomial Distatbubion : Considey a Sevies ohn \nclepenclont Aids. wn cad od ich gust ons ob &: mutually exthisive andeshaustive events €.,€,,---- by. Tne be obSewved - Assume that Pelobal ity. cosmaving Ez is given by whee P= and ‘hak ng Occusonce event Ez are mabeeriigh f vos 2° Ne sm, Than the yoint dvsteilubion ot Me M---oy 1 géwan, by ¥ Ate POs mete) oo oP al a he ny. = at ~ i he : Ry nln) Pithough dhe — rudkinomial cLisisthution 8 technically a muthivasiate listo bution - Ib 18 nny Conternd wrt one ached ard so ib is Wot igetoally used by wulivantate onalysrs aTe mast - Gmmanly used MuLtWadlate.. clisiaibub on is wukalate weimal, dis\mibubion- the importance norma distatbuttor ig due ao ils dal vole as population model ov costedin Nokona pheno mena. ~ and lapprezcimate | sanpding distatbution For tany “shatisNes: while Yeah data ans teach exactly multivariate the mal dansy 18 hte useful approximate a ¢e the us populatien distribution «Also the sampling chistenu- ‘Hon of tnany wubkariate atatisiies ars approximately nowmal, nagar ales ortho Som 0% Aho poset populate because a a centwal Airmt offers gin multivariate — roimal density. 1s a qenoialesali ot two univariate, normal dlungity do pe adirtansiors a density Teneh’en ok Pp dimensvonal aN x 1S given by Li!

Bele Fl fey) = lel? Also nse Che (ar e*¥} now “the expected, Wabie ot Ane yah Campero oy t etd Je fa A [aa | Since Ye 00 ah 1 f Ve, Se * Yat de € y- =O wo She ’s an odd: Junction 4; thus &(¥) =o = 60) 2 pew) eh=htn velox do Mind the Naskance cnlariance _tmateioc we hae to %ind ~ & &-H)(x-H)! constalexiry ths swainslovmation te ue Woon PX donated by K- F (x-h) = PY- We get” E@-H)&-H) = © [PY py] = ews) =peAvp +o Now EV )= GS) vxp CC EM) prp- the ye elemat ot E (YY) 8: a8 E (44s) = J. Duy Tie ar ‘as, “el of fag, we howe oy ew fa aes Eee \4 \) ot 4p dy. z73- J pa ete L6 py” i a 3 2 ay, Jat ou a iy de FY a fue ea ne fe a 2(4.4) )- Jer “we J ae | ce mee f [awe chy wif 90 wene €& (VY)=cT- thus Axor ty) it Fellows drat -° e@-wte-u) = pays Pe a Soa a ad sme Bape T weg (P) § 2 pps pail Wel te a4 ( Pe prs (yLP \ 4 oy " si os Zeer 1 2- aay \pveas ban ade - a 4 Taxing verse on Aas * B= PP Wow cowmlance qotwia. OF ¥ Vs : (© )) PEP_| denelahion The covetalation cletinad as Si ty . ' my 2 . gine Fei = is the. Vortonce ox; coof{icient between” X and. Xj 8 This weoswe A association ts Syrmmetste An ord Mite Si i, Sine Fy oo” is postive dente, the detedininont - eer at 25% \ 2 tg - TOT | 3 ot af (\- 8a): is pots | 4 ‘shod 2 $a eh Tha muurvortate 0" mma angry Can \ye panancv iz al ————Pr tha bivoslate normal clansty Janction ts Weve ; \oow ws - 442% ) = \ eres ep “) re 3 ad a\r2 Jin [se aS GO) 4 tas] ot SY chasacteistic Function: » . ate characteristic = function of x distaibuted accoretiing 60 N Chie) ts ~ ~t ¢b6)- ¢ (“) = pith -ywtel: For every yeak Vector t ° Pooo? : - 7 Sine € is positive ddtente | is also Positive olefinite - then “there is a pon siqula Mataix p, atvix P such that Pap -J thus 2 = (ppl)Lek x- f= PY Thon pt Ca) = ‘New by aking Capectations we gt FY\= pt E (x-4) a —| — De - eq] EM) =h- . a we = 6 CHK) “ =O Webo. — E(¥¥)= ¢ [ Pie-4) GH! pot = pt gfe “F evewdley aon 40 cl fxn é 7 a) 2 PF -T part preg pene Yo N(aT) New thy Characteristic, functions ob Y is da) "Y) - (eZ, 4) - T's ( dvs)sine You N Qi) dw- 7° (2 : 1 dusi i we yyy P UF = XK on %- } - . Jj=t o? éuj" of au pince X-M = PY x - LtPY? eal ga) - ec Fak ) - Efe \ uses) a seh it oy] eit 7 e(e® ‘ey _ i ; E [e coy - axcad, where AX Cam asa’) ho : E (A+ ad) = a86)iad- : = Arad eo Gaal) = A aval” > Qéq'' Since a was arbitrary we an unite - xd N N( id, €) Theovem + pil subsets dh’ x ade nevmally Asta buted % we ‘Yespeckivaly Partition x its mean — Vectoy 'K and tts cvaxtance Matix s as XP ty) |) yn xy 4x, ke Yr Ya W(p-9 12 orp 2 =u qnq a. qeCe-a) 2 lZa(pgn. 4-9 hP-9 thay ok, 8 Axstaibated 3 Ng (i 20 st Nap” [ 7 ae r| thon OM Fy e (Ax) band (Ar) > e(e) = Sy ov c(Ax) = Ack) = Sy Saha § w i “Ga) and * Gx) oe netpenctets thor CON CX ,%) =0 04, 4p. makvia df zevos | ) :a Vy (* ~ "] + 49. ( (a) #]) thon 4) and % aw Inely My eq <0) Pnoit- 3 \C x, and Xy an’ nda penclant re Ho 2a and a2 distvibuted as Ng oC Hi En) and N4, (tH 2,2) “es pectivel ‘Than | x jhe Je] as Wrudtwartake — normal iste buen. Nanee COTS), Paoo e - ; ec eae Scere Xo Jor! / Xq,+) Xqi*4n Thin 2 | W4e) = et) ie , K Bnand Vastance” covaviance matrix can be poatittorad as s- Zu Zig. Za\ Sa WE Ky and xX age \ncapenclont thor A comporsy af xy. bs \ndapendant am the companant Xe, Thon @variance of each of tue component OF KL wrth each a component X_ 's zevo ie, Taq 45 =0 for «= y2-3° 4 Ta Ade =a lar js" ue ---¢b- Thee loas far & [c Ri-K) &e- We |. Sait) AGA’ - -- VkYe =o ‘Wt S2WAVe ie cou (0%) %2) 0ie x, and Xe ae Indsperctant then . cav Ca Xe )=0 2) Ww sheomem =i we’ howe peravedk that I x anc % aw \wolaperclons thon cou(X.X2) 20 Now we have to prove. that it 2, = cov(r,y,) =0 then KL and fare indeperdont * Tov the samo , SUppose thal SZ, =o -3. Qt Fon =) 4, .p : oe Now the inverse o} Ss mB -ci-|%, © , : i: o ee thon de Quadsate on a- GW 2' (4) - ll wh ( Wo] kK ‘| ie 'Pe =P Hw) Zhe) 3! 2K] OM) ES CHW) Get 2. Gat "= @+a, wher @= Gb 3 Ge-k) = Ca“) 2 Cn) aise (el =. [4] |40\ tow tha donsity 18 MCX, z)= \2\ \e * Grn Z ‘ft lea * Hew@) aa th (anh b \e,[® 2 al? (ey ary Ble = a(n[h Zu) n (% [tes 4,) iUhr marginal dbnaity oh % 6 nal 4i and marginal denaty ab X is A Xe he 4s) Thus the Jolin canst OX 5 the praduel of Marg\nal Alty Hx and Xe and hence x, And % ax Inds pendant Nate s- . Implication » indpenclence by lock. ot Covrvelation dtperdls on the asgumphon ot Netmality butt the Q) sine x= [i] Me : thn £6) - Peg) “fe EQ.) ba} and Valance covantance —ynacterea e In3) | Since KX, an X_ AB indepenclent a 20s Sy a Converse 13 alway s foue.ns ae [= © Naw lel esl Za: o E22 also the jolt dlnsity bunction can be wie as ‘ Paoduct a moaginal denertres when % ond X_ate inclypenclone : fey en CH] ty é, ) CA. [be =) = bd la * een) (am yt fan = \e(# oe” (ar) 8? what @ 2 (XH) 310-4) Q, = (rity)! 2. (uh, ) Qr = Grob)! 25° Ga-te) &_ a Cale <3. Ss x: A a AGn alee vu. Theorem ¢, — Lok x= [| be distributed as wp (MH, ) ‘with He ch] ae a and \,| >o Thon tho Conditional distribution J Mt Yenan X2=X2 Js Nelmal as has mean = K+, -\ zs 2 = i \< 7 2, be) And. Oorante-\e & 202 ary Lek Pore = Tag oy =" oO ny { Paxg | (Po We-q) | then AGH )= A Dt } at 7 i 4 Cot) | oo fae | iS jointly wormiah| u Se The covariance materia hen is given by “ETRE = se = Wo 2 Be “Al Ve % 200 Ga Za 42 = r : ane $2, o |r 0 22\ 4a Sp fa) T ns = -% Snir 8 e-seNey cs a2 20 yo ae\ = -2Z 6 = 3 \2 z 2 0 222 _ Since Ximhy = 2? ( %- tn) and (Grbe) have Ze¥0 covaatances, Hu 4 we espe weaver Cita - $ 25)Cig- He) hos tha daivbutoo N (9, 3 a7 2 ie -) gwen that x, -my ka oe * G- le) isa Constant ' Bee NM ~ 2a Sa" GH) cock pete axa inclapenclont + the conditional clisivi button OF (ty P= =, a, ‘(x- 4, ) is Soma as “uncongLitiona) donation 7 } x\-Hy! =, 2 (xe: —H;). = 2 Since KW & & (a-He) 0 Ng (0, 12.9 #2.), So is ~| S Kh SZ (Xo-H,) whin x, has particulas valuss %, Equivalent givin that X,< ay x, is’ dist7\buted ~l \y Wes, e. @.-te) 4, . & 4%, ——————— Nete If Se 4 : Zo A Aaa tho Ws invese is “eg as 5 = ae! Lf (473 va 3a 2!) - ie 30 a) v/ - <1 12 3a ~\ ( -e ~< 3 \ “Auf Ce Sca B28) 2g" |, } é { %3 i 1a) » yo ayn ; ~ ( 3 4) ae the yandom Vectgyand its dakerminant is elle leg 3) 2 ar 12 me lel: e-5 6%4,). _ Bag yy (Jn) TG, 1) , the conditional Free) Aistai bution @n be — Loundocet: Howe 7 het x be diistoibutel as Np (KM, 2). wth [el>o,. than &-W S°(x-H) is distoibbuted . as Rp, whore Xp denotes x isto betion with P agent © a breeder Paook Let Y¥ = P (x-k) Ahon PP as .EN)=0 and E qd ) =T SBS Yr N@D-aso yy= Sy gz yy ass Independant ly disinibuted standasd. Normal — Vanlables - P Also we Know that Z, pres te. te Xp is dating as thy distribution of the Sum of P. indapencloat ni). Vaxlables- Hence the vesutk - Arssignmiant ~ Mer P@xi) is Me bNarlabe noymal density show “that Sex laa) big . N (ht ha Cra-te) oy 7 Se 2) “S22Wacimuro hivelihoad . SHieoahior oh jy_ gan Nectod and the clarion —wnalnix a Sappose that oP xl Veclevs 2 10, — - ey Yepresent ardlom Sample Fron a enuttivaril Normal Population wel mean Vectoy fk on) Wovone wakdia = SINCE Xap === aw Muddy inclopenctent + and each as clista belo Np (Ch 2) The likelioed Sunetvon - L Cae, - -- Xn) = Tv fa) : ey - q \ Me yd if Boe Me) ‘S 7 hh 2&2) |G [ate © =| tog h = a (oq |e) au leg @n) 2(,-0) 3 Che 4) dll eg dHNow — consicler S = (=) nh a log anf) 14, ; 4, of yj ~ he si [ I Then log = log |e3 4 Pgh sn a of ob 2al5,-H) JON 2 et \s A ! (¥i- 4) (Plage i, 4 h = eo) EG: -w(5-¥5 0 7: bs f (6) Cy - 8) Let A = 260 G7 [ (26, ~ Fy) C5) -% J] s = [ex] SM Sur -P which is te matrian dh sum a} Squars and ¢vass paoducts oh cleviation about van: Ths is alld SP mathc pet Bo th Notes) z is’ a biased — esti cutor- sho unbiasel estimate o < is S- =e A. 1 Sail be metered as Simple Covarianceyo | asatcc « A Lek kX. -- Xn bea evandom sample fom mubiverlake — powmal Populatation with mean , | ond eovoaiance €, then ¥ and 6 M subficient statistics > THe maximum . Likelihood estimatey op, t's! wo? ish’ 3" A and 2: A te me op doy ws day whew ~ n NG oe =k 2 (Xa -%e) gimme oe = VK) kK Sampling Disivibution of % and 8. Lot «x2 --- xe, be a Vancom Sample d size n Fom a p-vaslate — novmal clistdibutin wah mean = fK and = eovastance = mata <- Thuy, i) ¥€ 19 ‘distvibited as Np (i, n®) (i) (h- 5 is ditvibured as wishaus dandom matvix with (n-) df. (ii) ¥ andl s ase Ihdapen clans - whew fl and 2 am mie of HHowells, Doe a On chil Ee fut Anfevence about & mean My Meh, Ve He Rt Ho: Lest statishe- ¥- Uo Vector 18 Suctont t df 1 Io \r2\\ Gay on wey): Shh > te Fy). +. is chistabuted as. (n-i poey Fe Ae -p)- oy taliene) |g} te) TL: (Ke) Sloe) Th & sample oraloque oh tho 4 -clistabuton Le Q Vnelepenclorct domples; 07 onaspective siz65, Mh and WY, be selected 4 ? cbésacters we shuely ': 4 the disper son rnatalc dr beth population ake which we can estimated by identical Y é 8-2 MUS * (0-3) 5p. Oy Ny-Q ve[a-al (neal — —— S$). \ & \nyen2 7 Ihe (ean: ; 11 7 2 oe Te nm (R-%) $ (R-¥®) Hyrne- 3? i dismibuted 48 Quen 72 Po 4 ECE nam-e-D neo “Po , @ Let te data maka fr a ganclow Sample of size, N=3- roma bivawahe novel” population be x= 6 4 lo 3 3 ee are al\ Evaluate de cosaved T?. For He -fi5] what ts thy Sample disinibublon in this ocale - X= GNOtR = W og 3 3 Bg eee 3 & Tr iFe} = [asd]. Sy = NO = : = ot ey n-\ Gi = A (6-sF+ (0-94 (3-8 |. he = pb So = V&A = st (a6) 46-04 0-F 2 gage = fl covaatan ce By 26069. LE al Ce -{ yA (Go@-e)r (10-2 (6-6) 7(-#)6-+) C 3-\ Z 1 [ars + 00} a = c&=3 a 3+ (3, Sp * « “3 Sy. Soa 7 4 gi = pad(s)q°: n (Xx (F- wo!) 8! (%- be) 5. (8. ¢]- fis) ii q 27 | i 4) 65)] } 2 Yq -\ Yq | (J on "| 14 4 lq 44 | 2 lel Eu) at “Bg " . + 497 : at aE | at : " WwW_— ae) = 77 tas 3Eh 4 “Gi a ak ty #E - 3 J tana rd . e) ah 7 : a sf) TY ‘Xs haat yweve calculated Value T* ig Zpeatin tan F dobled Value. 50 ewe Wheat Wo- So eduction leva and arin size helding a9 the differant for odaptors and non adaptors D edu distane bhw & po atten Genetic distance) oi (Wabalnobis isi O_fraliss come Hrs Huse isa nad to Knocw whethes - thors ony 6 nitieant dittevence between 2 populations anne (t thort.is a 6} niPreant Aitferonte- lew much clistance exist blu thow- based on BVO3al chanacters- for ocr Wy examining Q breads a+ cows based on seveval Prunelypieal: chagaclers whwthe those a breeds dites signiticonst ly and i they deftes sigan cont how tush ig auclistance btu eho Soa this.) Mahalanobis clavwlopectStabistics sown as, De sracishic te measure We distance bu a populations wens each Population’ was dlascat becl by P- chosacters weve Prt Let 1.1 be aby sample a ze 1ekS be. the pod\ed variance covariance Mateviac - ai) on : hee X and ac? muon’ Vectors oF 2 Popclakion. : : ‘ 5 v) = we Ke A { Bay z.\a| . Bia k=] a %e| | *e: Be G° 2 se". x) lb may be Found thak the Selects © comporots explain gveabest potion oF ahs foal Vorlance: the remaining p-« cornyoorontS potion ot tho Fobal vautance explain very smmalh and hance Huy a0 Biscardad’ Faoro Ane arabs) the question ob how many components sth total asa. norded 40 satisfactory explain is an unvesolved one Thar aw 0 sratistical tests 40 datey mine the signiFicernce . ie can be \nclucled soma thumb Wass 23: number d} vaslance of @ component so that \n tho analyses Howevey » cnailable qo daterming ths optional fackorS: Among dram Kaiser's e gen voAur cyitemion ie the most wnielaly used. mathod Ewen valua ‘veprasents tho totak yaatance explained by a partirewtas compons ob factaY {bis the gum 0} squared values i 7 column AO facked mmatvia - Factor matt % sho matrix ot Factoy Stauckero coetficion 'N uhich he. factors are powsentedl asi a. pmesentes! ag coefhicients is Ww columns and 4h Vasiables Vows. the facto stauctuas Coefficient A conelation between a vartable and Vector the StVuctur — agefRicionts <2e Ostia termd a8 foctoy loading, hs. etgen Vahug ig darotect by 5. Wn principal components analis.s desived, components may be used as leak Voolables ina multiple magnassion analysis Howeveyd in Yeporting athe clesutbs SE cregeression ON Petine\pal companants - it is geawaaliy dus iWable ho teromnsforino thy reetal ing nagnasslan ey auton - into an equation in tevms oh the origi vouables: thers are advantages as wall as disodhiantages ot pa Using peincipah comporan \N Teqvess\on ancilysis. Th thitd step is jo colate the seluted) factors 40 Nal salubvon: sho votation simplifies the facet Shuctuas and thowfove makes its interpretation easiey and move moaning eu— a a thuvstone Sugg ested Rive critevia 4 achieve the goal o3 dotation. Thay ayy Listed below Each Yow o} dhe Jactod mateo at least one zeve - ie K factors OR Racker rte should Fe evey paver dt actos some vastables arth Roctor ard — {oaqr lo Sov eveny pair’ a poten of tre yaulables wrth Fox eveny pay oO only a small qhws axe dwo majo tnatino Thay ase oithog ona) ghould contain each coon 4h exairod ak (east ™& zeNvas nove porn shoal be zero (oadu.ng ons, ov 5 on Wo ora Facn Arould be sia) zene loading Rackors there should be adiing Racks 18 numer oF large (oascuing ds A cforati maeketan rokabion and ob\ique votations produce connvelation factor the tthogonal foctovs ave sitnple ulnle do\iqus Lactevs efea\\S\C- The dnoice y +o hanolle Oho empta cally more between ww dwoie wifes Hi Wethads 13 at tke discretion dL tly esearch based on wo Naods da q CoOmMan mMebhods, o4 08 Vavimax, quantimax and Yoraubven Maccnapes : ven svesearch pool orthogonal Motabion Ogu max - Vaul max