F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines

Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course Forensic 1 - Forensic Photography
Sem/AY Second Semester/2021-2022
Module No. 7
Lesson Title Crime Scene Photography
Week
2
Duration
Date April 26-May 6, 2022
Description This lesson will discuss the importance of photography in law enforcement. It will
of the focus on the guidelines and procedures in processing the crime scene in relation to
Lesson photography. This lesson will also provide activities and exercises to demonstrate
learned knowledge in documenting the crime scene.

Learning Outcomes

Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning • Restate the importance of photography in law enforcement
Outcomes • Demonstrate the procedure in documenting crime scene
• Identify the evidence that needs to be documented.
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives • Explain the essence of photography in police work
• Discuss the guideline on the recording of the crime scene
• Identify the roles of forensic photographer in the scene.

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in at least one hour class discussion on the history
Asynchronous) and elements of photography. To have access to the Online Discussion, refer to
this link:
Section 2-A https://meet.google.com/tjg-otwu-kdh
Section 2-B https://meet.google.com/nys-fhgh-umt
Section 2-C https://meet.google.com/jhd-qban-sqr
Section 2-D https://meet.google.com/mks-mfrk-dqm

The online discussion will happen on your given schedule from 5:00-6:30.

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 F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the schedule of
activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. How essential the photography is in the solution of a case?
2. How to document the crime scene?
3. What are the roles of forensic photographer in the scene?

Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning
Management System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

Lecture Guide
PHOTOGRAPHY IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
In modern scientific crime detection, photography is indeed, an
excellent aid of the investigator. The investigator could not just rely on his
memories and therefore need an artificial recorder for him to remember all
the things and facts that he had investigated. Aside from the notes of the
investigator, he needs a camera because there are things which require
accurate descriptions of subjects or objects being investigated, hence
photographs will serve the purpose.
The first application of photography in law enforcement was confined
to the problems of personal identification. The photographers of the criminal
Offline Activities were taken and used to supplement the classification made under the
Bertillon system of personal identification.
(e-Learning/Self-
Paced) Definition of Crime Scene:
Any area where potential evidence is found, passed through or
interacted with.

Note: Crime scene are diverse and unique, no two scenes are exactly the same.

Types of Crime Scene:

1. Primary Crime Scene- Location of original or first criminal act

2. Secondary Crime Scene - Location of subsequent criminal acts
Example: The site of a homicide vs. the location where the body is left

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Steps in Crime Scene Investigation

1. Coordination
2. Photograph – “as is condition” and overlapping in clockwise pattern
3. Preliminary Survey (by the IOC or the Team Leader of the SOCO Team) in
order to have a Narrative Description of the Crime Scene (NDCS)
4. Establish the Command Post – 1 to 2 meters from the last evidence
5. Search
6. Photographing the CS (Progressive and overlapping)
3R – Ideal size of the picture
7. Sketch – chalk outline (2-3 inches from the physical evidence)
Biological Evidence – outline 2 to 3 inches, put markings outside the
outline, photograph the cut and preserve it in the paper envelope
- Considered as the longest process (minimum of 30 minutes)
8. Collection and Marking
- marking of the evidence should be done at the crime scene

BODY SEARCH (CADAVER)

Collect for personal items, bring-out all the items and picture the items
with the caption
9. Final survey
10. Final photograph
11. Release of the Crime Scene

Five Forms of Crime Scene Documentation

1. Photography
2. Sketching
3. Notes taking or description
4. Videography
5. Audiotaping
• Supplements each other
• Crime scene documentation is considered as the most important in the
processing of the crime scene.
• The prime purpose of Crime Scene Documentation is that it will
permanently record the condition (i.e., location and relationship) of the
crime scene and its physical evidence.

Purposes of Photography in Crime Scene Documentation

1. Provide a true and accurate pictorial record of the crime scene and physical
evidence present.
2. Provide a record that can be analyzed or examined later.

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3. Serves as a permanent record for legal concerns.

Basic Importance of Crime Scene Photography
1. Refresh memory.
2. Preserve time and event.
3. Save money and effort.

Importance of Photography in Law Enforcement

1. The utmost use of it is a record purpose. Photography will record the
scene of the crime permanently.

2. Photography can preserve all perishable evidence like contusion in the

cases.

3. Photography can be used not only in the identification of physical

evidence.

4. Photography is necessary in the interrogation of suspects at the time

he made a confession.

5. Photography can provide a system or technique in making visible

things that cannot be seen by the naked eye.

6. Photography can be useful in court in the determination of the truth

respecting a matter of fact. Evidence that cannot be brought inside the
court room can be presented by means of photographs.

Crime Scene
A place where the crime was perpetrated and physical evidence found
thereat.

Objectives of Crime Scene Photography

1. To produce a pictorial record of everything regarding the crime.
2. To help in keeping the police officers’ memory accurately as possible
as where he finds things.
3. To help in securing or obtaining confession, description and
information to the case.

Importance of Crime Scene Photography

1. For identification of persons, documents, fingerprints, shoe print and
splashes of blood.
2. Preservation of evidence in court.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

3. Described better than words.

4. Proves statements.
5. Records things you may fail to notice.

Note:
Upon arrival at the crime scene, photograph the whole area before
anything is moved (this is known as “as is” method of taking photograph
of the crime scene) and it is considered as the first principle of
photography of Crime Scene Investigation. Take shots from different
angles (clockwise method) to show the whole area (this is known as
“over-lapping” method of taking photograph of the crime scene.

Overlapping Views of the Crime Scene

SOP’s in Crime Scene Photography
1. Obtain photographs of crime scene early in the investigation preferably
before anything has been moved (“as is” method).
2. Photograph from several angles so that so that proper dimensions may
be shown (over-lapping method).
3. When dimensions are important, use some sort of scale (ruler) in the
photography so that enlargement or reduction maybe measured.
4. Record in your note data concerning the photographs including
directions and distances from the principle objects in the crime.
Sketches maybe helpful also.
5. For special equipment call on the laboratory.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Procedures at the Crime Scene

1. General View
It portrays the over-all view of the scene.
The purpose is to show location, and to show all boundaries of the scene.

Exteriors: Depicts the surroundings, buildings and other major structures,

roads and paths of travel into or away from the scene, street signs, mail boxes
and addresses numbers and aerial shots.
• Help illustrate the victim/suspects approach/exit to/from the crime
scene
• Shows impressions: foot, tire, shoe
• Shows discarded cigarettes, cans, cups
• Broken branches or disturbed shrubbery
• Drag marks
• Any articles left behind like clothing, masks, gloves, etc.
• Any weapons, shell casings, etc.
Interiors: Use the four compass points or room corners as guides; take
overlapping views; doors leading into and from the structure.
• Evidence of struggle: torn clothing, overturned furniture, rifled drawers,
broken stuff, objects not in their usual position, drag marks
• Any item which mat indicate a disruption in the victim’s activities: meal
preparation. Television, lights
• Missing objects: dust where the tv was
• Status of locks on windows and doors
• Evidence

2. Medium or Midrange View

This view will best view the nature of the crime.
Purpose is to show relationship of an evidence to the crime scene perspective.

Steps:
• Follow a stepwise progression of views; use various lens change the focal
length of the lens to achieve a “focused” view of the individual items of
evidence within the original view of the crime scene.
• Used to show relation of an item of evidence to its surroundings.

3. Close-up View
individual photograph of the evidence to show the details of the crime.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

• Use documentation placards

• Take photographs with and without scales
• Detach flash from camera
• Use proper side lighting effects
• Fill in with flash when harsh shadow are present
• Used to document individualizing details on an item of evidence

4. Extreme Close-up View

Documenting foreign evidences by magnification in the laboratory (example:
fingerprint, bullet striations, and tools impressions).

Steps in Photography and/or Videography of a Crime Scene

1. “As is” condition of the crime scene (depicts how the crime scene was left
by the suspect/s).
2. “Progression Principle” – from general to specific
3. Overlapping photograph in clockwise pattern- to show all the four angles
of the crime scene
4. Close-up photograph
5. Extreme close-up of minute evidence.
6. Final photograph – undertaken after the final survey and before the release
of the crime scene.

Guidelines in Taking Photographs of a Crime Scene

A. General Guidelines:
1. Photographs of a crime scene should be taken as soon as possible, before
note taking, sketching or a search for evidence begins.
2. The pictures should illustrate the original, uncontaminated condition of the
crime scene.
3. Photographs should be taken of the crime scene only, without spectators or
police personnel.
4. To adequately present the crime scene initially, the photographs must form
an organized sequence and show all relevant locations and objects.
5. The crime scene photographs must progress from general to specific.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

B. Specific Guidelines:
1. Establish shot- this is an over-all view from extreme to the other, it shows
where we are, a busy intersection, a far, a residential area, an airport, a
factory, or even at the middle of a jungle.

2. The Building- the next photograph should show the building in which the
crime was committed. This shows whether it is a private home, a factory, a
small shop, a hotel, or a garage; usually tow photograph will be needed of the
front and back of the building.

3. The Entrance- this is usually the door, but it may be a window in a house
breaking robbery. If there is a gate and a door, take photograph one for each
entrance.
4. The Hallway- the camera now shows us what we would observe
immediately after we enter the building. It should show the location of the
other doors or rooms through which we must pass to get to the room in which
the crime was committed.

5. The Room- this maybe a bedroom, an office or a bedroom. The most

difficult problem is to include the entire are sometimes like a building shot,
two photographs from opposite corners will be enough. A wide lens is used.
However, the investigator’s note should also be carefully marked with the
information.

6. Close-up- the number and types of close-up photograph will of course

depend upon the kind of crime. In general, close ups should be made on.

a. Object attacked- this maybe a person, safe cash box or a display

counter. The purpose of these pictures is to show the amount and kind of
damage the method of attack.

b. The weapon or tools used- the photographer must be careful here

to show a reference point in every picture, it shows which are right, left, up,
down, north, south etc.

c. Significant clues- these maybe fingerprint, bloodstain, footprints,

skid marks, tool marks, broken glass, or any other physical evidence,
fingerprint in particular should be photographed after dusting but before
lifting.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Items of Physical Evidence to be photographed

1. All materials which serve to establish the fact that the crime has been
committed or the corpus delicti.

2. Physical evidence which would connect the suspect to the crime. Any
marks such as fingerprint, shoe or footprint, splashes of blood, hair
strands, etc.

3. Evidence relating to the manner in which the crime committed or the

modus operandi of the criminal.

4. Objects which might provide clue to the identity of the perpetrator.

5. Clues which would connect the suspect to the crime.

Note:
Shoe print or tire impression should be photographed before addition
of a scale or label.

Duties and Responsibilities of a Crime Scene Photographer

1. In responding to SOCO requests, he should be well-equipped with all
the necessary equipment and materials such as camera with wide
angle and normal lens, tripod, flash unit, measuring tools, data board,
pencil and rolls of film (colored and monochrome)

2. Check and ensure the serviceability of his equipment.

3. Responsible in looking after his security as well as his equipment.

4. Record the detail of request responded, including the type of camera
and film used.

5. After an operation, he should immediately process the exposed film

and print the negative for filing and presentation in court.

6. He should strictly observe the procedures applicable in every crime

scene to include measurement and case identification.

Policies During Crime Scene Photography

1. A crime scene photographer should be well-equipped with all the
necessary equipment and materials, such as camera with wide angle
and normal lens, tripod, flash unit, measuring tools, data board, pencil
and some roll of film (colored and monochrome)

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

2. Photograph and entire scene or the general view to include nearby

surroundings, the address of the crime scene indicating the case
number, time, date and initial of the photographer.

3. Take an overlapping shot of the immediate scene from four different

angles.

4. Photograph the body (victim) showing the exact location, direction

where it tends. In homicide cases, photograph the victim in four
different sides (top view, close-up of the face, wound/s sustained (with
or without scale) and any identifying marks (if identified) and after the
body has been removed showing the white outline to indicate lace
where the victim was found.

5. Photograph the entrance and exit of the crime.

6. Photograph (close-up) all pieces of evidence found at the crime scene

with a measuring tool placed side by side. Evidence should be properly
labeled with the case number, time and date and initial of the
photographer.

7. Photograph location of bullet hole/s.

8. Crime scene should be sketched, measured and reflected on the

photographic log indicating position of the camera, weather condition,
type of lens, film, camera, aperture and shutter speed used.

Photographing the Crime Scene on Various Cases

a. Robbery Cases
Photograph the general view of the crime scene.

The point of entry begins with a distant shot, and works yourself into.
Take close up shots on the possible entry and exit to include pathways.
Each room in the house or building which was disturbed should be
photographed.

Take some shots of all the furniture or articles which show as evidence
of being ransacked.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Determine his possible point of exit. Usually the burglar may leave
something at the crime scene especially when he is surprised by
someone such as hat, gloves and scarf or cigarette butts.

b. Homicide/Murder Cases
When photographing the scene, the Forensic Photographer relates
what he has seen and defends it before the court during the trial.
Through photograph, he has to show the manner by which the
homicide occurred, views of the room with all possible entrance and
exit.

He must show whether there is any evidence of struggle and try to

show what happen inside prior to the crime. Obvious evidence such as
cigarette butts, blood stains and broken glass should not be
overlooked.

The circumstances of death can be illustrated by various views of the

body. Take close-up shots of the wounds, bruises, weapon used and the
place where it was taken.

Photographing the corpse:

- In photographing the corpse on the scene, several pictures of the
conditions at the time of discovery including the environment of the
corpse must be taken from various photographic directions.

- Show when photographing the general condition of the corpse, if has

being deformed as a whole.

- When photographing the damaged parts of a corpse, consider the

range of photographing to the damage pat clearly; take some close-up
shots on several directions, if possible so as to clarify their relation.

Additional Tips:

• Take photographs in relation to the room from all four sides and in
relation to certain features of evidence
• Close-up of wound(s)
• Blood spatter on clothing
• Unusual activities involving the body (example: presence of insect or
animal activity)

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

• Hands and feet

• Possible drug use
• Area under the body once body has been moved
• Evidence
• Personal items of the deceased

c. Suicide Cases
- We should not conclude in responding such cases. It needs thorough
examination and investigation. Suicide note should not be
photographed.

Suicide by Shooting
- Photograph the both entrance and exit wounds. Place identification
alongside each wound as well as ruler for measuring the entrance
wound. The entrance wounds are always larger than the diameter of
the bullet. Usually hairs surrounding the entrance will be signed and
the skin be burned to a reddish or graying-brown color. Also, if that
shot is fired from range of less than 8 inches, a smeary black residue
may be evident.

- If possible, photograph close ups of the wound in color to show these

various discolorations.

Suicide by Hanging
- Strangulation by hanging is the most common form of suicide, but
investigator must not assume that a victim found hanging is a suicide.
Photograph the subject at a distant from 4 views, showing the full body
then move in close and show the knot, bruise marks, and the
discoloration in the body.

Note: Do not untie the knot, just cut it.

d. Sex Offense Cases

The crime of rape may be taken as typical type of offense. There must
be a written permission from the victim, the photograph must be taken
in the presence of their parents or guardians or medico-legal officer.
The indication of the victim’s effort to resist as bruises (black and blue
marks) and evidence of the presence of either or both parties at the
scene.

Photographing the Victim:

- Evidence of resistance of the criminal is of particular importance in sex
offenses; verify the head, neck including marks and discoloration of the

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

body in genital, the conditions of specifically affected parts and the

presence of foreign hairs, fibers, and biological stains. Bite mark
wounds should be photographed at the 12 to 24-hour intervals for the
proceeding several days.

Photographing the Suspect

- The suspect’s body may show evidence of physical struggle such as
scratches or bruises, foreign hairs that may be discovered by the
physician. The garments of the suspect may reveal bloodstains, semen,
hair strands, etc.

e. Arson Cases
The photographer should go to the scene for every fire. He should be
the first man to arrive at the scene so that he will be able to begin
photographing the scene; before the fire trucks arrive, he should have
his photographic equipment ready to start shooting immediately. He
should shoot the entire operation of the fire as it progresses, taking 5
pictures and leaving the sensational photographs for the sensational
newspaperman.

While the fire is burning, be sure to photograph as many of the

spectators as you can. It is common knowledge that most or the
arsonist get their kicks out of watching the fire and may be in the
crowd.

After the fire is extinguished, take interior views of the scene from
diagonally opposite corners of the buildings. Also get up a high ladder
and take more photographs of the ruins of the fire to show the entire
extent of the fire.

The immediate vicinity of the fire should also be photographed after

the fire to show the location of the building in relation to the other
buildings of the neighborhood.

Lighting for Fire Photography

- Lighting is particularly troublesome when photographing burned
interior because it is difficult to illuminate charred areas sufficiently.
Some photographer use floodlights and move them about during long
exposures to produce the effect of “painting the light.” Others find
photo flash illumination suitable. In partially burned rooms when the
ceiling is not blackened, a type of photoflash lighting known as
“bouncing flash” produce good results.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

- For black and white picture of fire and explosion scene, use a fast
panchromatic film. With this fast film, short exposures can be used
which will be excellent for producing shadow details. This is
particularly important when photographing fire scene, which usually
contain may large, blackened areas. The exposure may have to be long
side in order to show as much as details as possible in the charred
areas.

Problems for Arson photography

- The greatest scourge to the fire photographer is lens fogging produced
by contact with heat and steam. The photographer must wait for the
air to cool somewhat because attempting to photograph indoor
damages. Smoke also forms a barrier which light sometimes cannot
penetrate.

- Be careful when using a flash unit which may explode in the

atmosphere surrounding the fire.

f. Traffic Accident Cases

Basic Rules in Photographing Road/Traffic Accidents
1. Avoid unnecessary surroundings/objects that are not pertinent to the
case.

2. “See through the driver’s eye”. Photography should be taken from the
eye level of the driver. If there are witnesses, photographs should be
taken at their level from the spot where they have seen the incident.

3. Shots should be taken from four points of the compass and twenty-five
(25) feet from point of impact to show the approach and terrain.

4. Take close-up shots of the damage area in two angles from a distance
of 8 to 10 feet.

5. Take shots in order and properly noted at the photographer notes so it

will guide him and the investigator how the accident occurred.

What to photograph?
1. All vehicles in their original position.

2. All victims which through the vehicle.

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3. Debris is the best indication that the photographer can show off where
the first impact occurred.

4. License plate of vehicles. These should be clear on at least one

photograph of each vehicle.

5. All skid and tire marks, patches of oil o water.

6. If the vehicle had gone off the road and has made any marks in soil,
these should be photographed. They may give indication of the speed
of the vehicle.

7. A close mark made in asphalt roadway should be taken to indicate the

texture of the road.

8. Photograph the vicinity of the accident that does not include the
accident itself for reference point.

9. In photographing a hit-and-run case, a special care should be taken.

Mug Shot Photography

The camera should be attached to a tripod facing the plain white
background with two flood lamps, one on each side at approximately 45
degrees angle to light the subject. The other two lamps are similarly set at each
side of the back of the subject to eliminate or remove the shadow. The subject
is placed at the background barefooted, without eyeglasses and holding at
breast level the title board with corresponding name and other data. The front
whole body, front right and left side view, right and left side quarter view from
head to elbow.

Safekeeping and Release of photographic Evidence

Disposition or Safekeeping of Photographic Evidence
- Negatives and photographs should be placed in a plastic holder and put
same inside a white mailing envelope with proper case identification
such as case number, time and date before filing in a steel cabinet.

Issuance or Release of Photographic Evidence

- A written request addressed to Director, Crime Laboratory is required
from the investigating units having jurisdiction over the case prior
release or issuance of photographic evidence.

- Upon receipt of the approved request, photographs and other

photographic evidence should be released within a minimum period of

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

one (1) day. Likewise, requests for court presentation should be

personally print the negatives as soon as possible and prepare the
materials for court presentation.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Performance Tasks

PT 1. Essay
Directions: State and explain at least three (30 importance of crime scene photography (30 points).

PT 2. Essay
Directions: Explain how crucial the role of forensic photographer is in processing of the crime scene
(10 points).

PT 3. Essay
Directions: Explain how essential is photography in the solution of a case? (10 points).

PT 4. Essay
Directions: State and explain how the crime scene is documented? (10 points).

PT 5. Essay
Directions: Compare and contrast the photography from sketching. State their advantages and
disadvantages (10 points).

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 F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

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 F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Understanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Designing Lesson Plan (PT 2)

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Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Learning Resources

Books

Delizo, D. B. G. (2019). Criminalistics: Textbook and review materials. Crimzone Enterprises.

Manlusoc, A.C. Yang, B.T. and Bolante, R. B. (2011). Forensic photography.: Wiseman Publishing
Inc.
Robinson E. (2016) Crime scene photography. Academic Press
Marsh, N. (2014) Forensic Photography: a practitioner's guide. John Wiley & Sons, LTD

Internet Resources

Nola Taylor Redd (2022, February 1). How fast does light travel? | The speed of light.
https://www.space.com/15830-light-speed.html
Ryan (n.d.). (2022, February 1). Theories of light. http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/light/
Theories,html
Shaw Academy.(2022, February). The importance of light in photography.
https://blog.shawacademy.com/light-in-photography/

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