Ebola Contact Tracing

1) What are surveillance goals?

Surveillance goals were to detect Ebola cases promptly to provide an
effective response including rapid diagnosis, case isolation and
management, contact tracing, safe burials, and identification of
transmission chains.

2) How to implement practical contact tracing?

The identification and follow-up over 21 days of individuals who have
been in contact with a person confirmed to have been infected with Ebola.

3) What are challenges of paper-based system?

Incomplete identification of contacts and inefficiencies in paper-based

reporting systems, including missing contact lists, inadequate data
collection and training, transcription errors and delays.
4) Why most studies of mHealth applications are small-scale or pilot
implementation studies?
Due to inherent challenges in introducing technologies in complex
emergencies, including the feasibility of implementing technology during
an ongoing epidemic.

5) What are the primary reasons for using COMM Care?

- Enables information for an index Ebola case to be linked to multiple
contacts per case.
- The ability to share data on the Ebola cases and their contacts
between multiple users.

6) How the shortage of using phone affects CTC and CT evolution of

the app?

Although of this both CTCs and CTs preferred the ECT app for contact
tracing.
7) Mention 3 advantages of Ebola Contact Tracing app?

1. the elimination of the CTC’s travel time to receive the daily list of
contacts from the districts.
2. ability to keep track of a huge number of contacts accurately than
paper-based system.
3. the relative ease of transporting a phone compared with carrying paper
forms.
8) what are weaknesses of paper-based system?

1. Forget or didn’t install the app when there is a long delay between
assignments.
2. poor network coverage.
3. limited time and pressure to respond quickly to the emergency
4. difficulties in updating app design.
9) what are weaknesses of paper-based system?

1. A waste of money & time

2. data quality problem with missing &inaccurate information.
3. problem in data archiving of the standard paper-based system with the
majority of contact tracing forms not being returned.
10) What are Qualitative methods used in the study?

Semi structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with

district-level data entry and management staff were conducted in either
English or Krio and were audio recorded.
 MCQ :-

1) the remaining 16 cases, they were entered on an application called….. app to monitor
contacts.
a) TTY
b) RET
c) ECT

2) the median time from laboratory confirmation to first recorded visit by the CT
was…..h.
a) 70.2 h
b) 71 h
c) 72 h
3) ……case of Ebola was taken, and this case was the one to be used in training.
a) one
b) two
c) three
4) Strengths of the paper-based system for Ebola:

a) simple method of data collection

b) A waste of money & time

c) data quality

5) Weakpoints of the app-based system for Ebola:

a) short battery life

b) data quality problem with missing & inaccurate information

c) A waste of money & time

 Modeling The Outbreak of COVID-19

1) What is the importance of using Mathematical modeling and

simulations ?
• used as important tools to predict the probability and severity of disease
outbreaks and provide information to understand the dynamic behavior
of spread of infectious diseases.

2) What are the commonly mathematical models used to study the spread
of COVID-19?
1)SIR Model
2)SEIR Model
3)Logistic Growth Model
4)ARIMA Model
3)What is SIR Model?
• The classical model in epidemiology is the susceptible-infected-recovery
(SIR) model which characterizes the spread of infectious disease through
the majority of the population

4) Mention the Presumptions taken to predict the spread of COVID-19

infection by SIR Model .
• The birth and death rates are ignored or remain equal to make a constant
population size.
• The effects of exterior factors on the parameters of the model are
ignored.
• The spread of the disease transmits only from humans to humans

5) What this prefix refer to N ,S ,R , I ,E in The SEIR Model?

 • N ==> total population.
• S ==> number of humans that are not infected by the virus but may be
infected.
• E==>exposed (number of humans that are infected but do not spread the
virus).
• R ==> number of recovered.
• I==> number of infectious people.

6)The value of Ro is affected by several factors, What is this factors ?

• Period of infectiousness.
• Probability of infection being transmitted during contact between an
infected person (with or without symptoms) and a susceptible person.
• Rate of contact between infected and susceptible people.

7) What is Logistic Growth Model Used For?

• Is used to describe the rate of change in infectious persons depending on
the rate of growth and capacity of the population.
• Is used to predict population growth rates with limited resources and
space.

8)How they expressed the prediction of infection of COVID-19 in Logistic

Growth Model?
• The dynamics of the epidemic are expressed as a cumulative number of
cases in predicting the infecti0n of COVID-19.
• At the initial stage of the epidemic, the solution is represented by as
exponential function(C(t) = C0e^rt).

9)What is ARIMA Model refer to?

• Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average

10)What is ARIMA Model depends on?

• The ARIMA model is a model that depends on random time series
because it is natural that it depends on linear time series and statistical
distribution
MCQ :-
1) Ro is effected by ……………….
a) Period of infectiousness
b) Probability of infection being transmitted during contact between an infected person
(with or without symptoms) and a susceptible person
c) Rate of contact between infected and susceptible people Compared with the basic
reproduction number.
d) All of the above

2) (N) refers to ………..

a)Total population c) Recovered people
b)Effected people d) Susceptible people

3) the asymptotic transmission is slightly ……….. that of the symptomatic transmission

a)Higher than b)lower than c)equal to

4) In Logistic Model, The dynamics of the epidemic are expressed as …..

a)The Culminative Number Of Cases
b)The Number Of Cases
c)None Of The Above

5) In Logistic Model’s graph of the exponential equation approximates the ………. in the
number of cases at the initial stage, We can determine the growth rate r.
a)Increase b) Decrease c) Equality
 Chapter 5
1) What is the difference between effectiveness and evidence?
Effectiveness means whether a policy or program works in real life,
while evidence is the information on which a judgment can be based or a
proof established.
2) what is the What Works for Health in (Wisconsin) ?
Policies and Programs to Improve Wisconsin’s Health, was developed to
move policymakers and other leaders in Wisconsin from information to
action, focusing on identifying effective policies and programs that can
affect the multiple drivers of health, which in turn affect our health
outcomes.
3) on what basis are policies and programs of What Works for Health
established?
The policies and programs are divided into three categories, based on
the overarching goals of improving
(1) health behaviours
(2) the social and physical environment
(3) healthcare and public health system

(4)what are causes of death over the past century in four eras in The
United States ?
environmental factors, health care, health behaviors, and social and
economic factors.

(5)In the United States, why we called The era of 1900 "The Era of
Environmental Disease "?
Because the leading causes of disease and death were associated with the
unhealthy environments in which people lived.
(6)In the early 1900s in the United States, what are the leading causes of
death ?
pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis, diarrhea, enteritis, and ulceration of the
intestines were the leading causes of death.

(7)what are the leading causes of death during the middle part of the
century in The United States?
chronic diseases
(8) What's the biologically affect health and disease?
Antibiotics
Air population
Cigarette smoke
(9) What is the strong case for the social determinants?
Income
Education
Occupation
(10) What is the categories of population health model?
Health outcomes
Health determinants

MCQ:
1)National Cancer Institute was established ……….. helps communicate information
about evidence-based cancer control programs and policies.
 (1) CDC
(2) NCHS
(3) CCP
2)What Works for Health is Policies and Programs to Improve Wisconsin’s …….
(1) Education
(2) Health
(3) Environment
3)Over the past century in the United States, Infant mortality has fallen from 150
deaths per
1,000 live births in 1900 to ...... per 1,000 in 2005.
(1) 8
(2) 9.6
(3) 6.9
(4) 7.2
4)In health outcomes represent quality of life (true)
5)In health determinants health behaviours represent 50% (false)
 Chapter 9
1. Define Formative Research.
The information-gathering activities you conduct prior to developing a health
communication strategy.
•Involves the target audience in development of concepts, messages, materials,
and media selection.
•May use qualitative and quantitative methods.
2. What is the purpose of formative research?
The purpose is to examine characteristics of the target audience in order to
identify the factors that influence their behavior.
3. State the difference between quantitative and qualitative Methods.
•Quantitative research
-identify problems and precursors prior to intervention
-evaluate the delivery and impact of a communication intervention
•Qualitative research
-Provides context and details
-Explains 'why'
-Generates creative strategy
•Mixed Methods
4. When are qualitative methods preferred to quantitative methods? What are
mixed methods?
If researchers uses numbers, it’s preferred to use quantitative methods; if they
use a descriptive style, it is qualitative method; and if they are somewhere in
between, it is a mixed method
5. Mention examples of research methods.
•Anthropological Methods
-Behavioral Observations
-Asking Questions: In-Depth Interviews
-Free Listing
-Pile Sorting and Ranking
•Focus Group Discussions
•Intercept Interviews
6. What does it mean to “start with the early adopters”?
People that are already aware of the need to change and are comfortable to
adopting new ideas
 7. How would you use a positive deviance approach to distinguish the doers from
the non-doers for a behavior?
By comparing members of an audience who do a behavior to those who do not,
you can identify the factors that may be important for behavior change.
8. What is the difference between a setting and a channel?
Settings: places where the audience will make contact with the communication
-Somewhere they go
-Where the media are brought to them

Channels: The way the media are conveyed

-Your home is a setting.
-The internet is a channel.

9. What self-efficacy is constructed from?

Self-efficacy is an individual’s belief that he or she can adopt a new behavior and
it is constructed from:
-knowledge and skills
-expectations of the outcomes
-the value placed on getting these results (expectancies)
-reinforcement given to the individual to perform the behavior
10.What is Mass Media and how is it effective?
It’s known as Media that reach large populations,
It’s known to be effective in raising awareness and knowledge and changing
attitudes.

MCQ:
1. _______research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount.

A. Qualitative

B. Descriptive

C. Quantitative
 D. Numerical

2. _____ research is concerned with qualitative phenomena.

A. Qualitative

B. Descriptive

C. Quantitative

D. Numerical

3. defined as the group of people who you hope to influence their behavior.
A. Primary Audience
B. Secondary Audience
C. Hidden
D. none of above
4. Social marketing efforts often target new products to
A. Early Adopters
B. Majority
C. Everyone on the curve
D. none of above
5. In which step, we use what is called Saturation In Qualitative Research
A. Tabulate the results
B. Organize the data collection
C. Develop the attitude questions
D. Interpret your results

INFECTIOUS DISEASEMODELLING
1)What is the Model?
A mathematical representation of a system, That can be used to explore its
behavior

2)How can models be used to inform public health measures at different

stages of an outbreak?

- Early in an outbreak

- when a major outbreak is ongoing

-End of an outbreak

3)What is the strategies of Modelling intervention?

 Adherence
 Care home model
 Household isolation modelling

?What is the definition of Extinction probabilities )4

Social distancing, isolation and lockdowns act to mitigate the spread of an -

.infectious disease and reduce the number of cases

? What is the definition of Contact tracing)5

.Contact tracing is a complementary control policy to isolation or quarantine -

MCQ *

1-Each case gives rise to 3 new cases every day It's a relationship that

explains this......

a) I = 2t b) I = 3t c) I = t
2-Accounting for biases and producing robust parameter estimates is

important throughout the duration of an epidemic, both for.....our

understanding of the underlying dynamics

a) Decrease b) Increase

3-Each Strategies to Help Patients Improve Adherence that explains

this......

a) Determine Adherence. b) Identify Barriers

c) Offer Resources d) All of the above

4-Contact tracing isn't a complementary control policy to isolation or

quarantine.

a) True b) False

5-Social distancing, isolation and lockdowns act to mitigate the spread of

an infectious disease and increase the number of cases.

a)True b) False

The Strategic Health Communication

1- Define communication :
It’s about forming a common ground of understanding, to share information,
ideas or attitudes and transmit information

2- Define health communication :

It’s about art of informing, influencing and motivating individuals or larger

audiences about important health issues

3- Define result oriented action of Bangladesh Project :

Son bring pumpkin home to cook and that DiL (Daughter in law) prepare it for
.family, including small child

4- Define result oriented maintenance of Bangladesh Project :

MiL (Mother in law) approves of ongoing preparation of pumpkin or other

cooked vegetables for family, including small children

5- Define result oriented Sustainability of Bangladesh Project :

Begins planting pumpkins in home vegetable garden

6- Define Precontemplation of Bangladesh Project :

MiL (Mother in law) is aware of the positive effects of cooked vegetables and that
cooked vegetables were being eaten by children in this age group with no ill
effects

7- Define Contemplation of Bangladesh Project :

MiL had thought about discussing the issue with her daughter-in-law (DiL)

8- Define Ready-to-Act of Bangladesh Project :

MiL expressed a commitment to discussing this with her DiL and had discussed it
with her son

9- List the eight principles of strategic health communication :

Result oriented - Benefit oriented - Science based - User centered – Participatory
– Distributed – Functions - Multi media

10- What’s Performance Objective of Bangladesh Project ?

.Primary Audience (Mom) Ask husband to bring pumpkin home

-:MCQ
1-The difference between the health communication and health marketing that
health marketing require ………

(a) CTA ( right answer )

(b) GTA
(c) NBA
(d) CIA

2- The objective in which the target population demonstrate the change within the
proposed time frame …………

(a) Achievable ( right answer )

(b) Time bound
(c) Specific
(d) Measurable

3- The objective in which action exactly are we trying to achieve ………

(a) Achievable
(b) Time bound
(c) Specific ( right answer )
(d) Measurable

4- The objective in which the phenomenon be measured, and do we have the ability
to measure it ………………

a)Achievable

b)Time bound

c)Specific
d)Measurable ( right answer )

………… The objective in which the time can be accomplished -5

a)Achievable

b)Time bound ( right answer )

c)Specific

d)Measurable

Interactive Health Communication

1. Define Health communication and Interactive Health

communication.
- Health communication: the science and art of using communication
to advance the health and well-being of people and populations.
- Interactive Health Communication: the interaction of an individual
- consumer, patient, caregiver, or professional - with or through an
electronic device or communication technology to access or transmit
health information or receive guidance and support on a health-
related issue.

1. Mention four of Capacities and Advantages of Computer-

Mediated Communication Approaches.

1. Convenience : Computer-mediated communication eliminates the

time restrictions on access to intervention and educational
material.
2. Appeal :Young adults have reported greater preference for
computer-delivered information than for traditional print-based
information.
3. Multi-media interfaces: The use video graphics and recorded
sound files reduces the literacy requirements for intervention and
educational material.
4. Flexibility:Program recipients can choose what material they
receive, when, and how often they receive it.

1. define Interactive Health Communication Applications (IHCAs).

- The operational software programmes or modules that interface
with the end user.This includes health information and support web
sites and clinical decision-support and risk assessment software .

1. what are the Opportunities for delivery of health material

in(HTML)?
- Health professionals need little or no knowledge of markup to
produce effective websites.

1. Mention the Technologies or applications for (IHC)

1-Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML).
2-Portable document files (PDF).
3-Rich text format (RTF) files.
4-Online forms.
5-Shockwave.

1. Mention the functions of Interactive Health Communication

Applications
1-relay information
2-Enable informed decision making
3-promote health behaviours
4-promote peer information exchange and emotional support
5-promote self-care
6-manage demand for health services.

1. What is advantage of Interactive health communication over

more traditional face-to-face?
It can now be explored cost-effectively using new Internet-based
technologies and using Internet-delivery programs include
instantaneous interactivity, the capacity for individual tailoring, and
the low cost of delivery.

1. What are The development majors of (PA Web)?

- First, the material incorporated in the site was compiled from our
previous print-based physical activity intervention materials and
from our recent review of the evidence for mediated physical
activity interventions .
- Second phase of the PA Website development on the findings of
the pilot trial and substantively revised the site.

1. What is the difference between PDF and RTF ?

- Portable document files (PDF) : A file format that captures the
visual elements of a printed document as an electronic image that
can be printed, viewed, or sent to other computers.
- Rich text format (RTF): A file format that facilitates exchange of
documents between different word processors or different
operating systems.

 MCQ
1. ….… is used to describe the applications of computer-mediated
communication.
a. IHCA
b. IHC
c. CMC
d. PA Web
1. ….… is defined as using the Internet to deliver and access learning
materials, interact with other learners and instructors, and obtain
support during the learning process.
a)Interactive Health Communication
b)Individual tailoring
c) Internet-based education
d)Credible simulations
3. ………. is a new software packages automate the markup process,
making website construction little different from ordinary word
processing.
a) PDF
b)HTML
c) RTF
d) CSS
4. The aim of ………. is to provide an efficient, simulated hands-on by
which students learn about several aspects of human structure and
function that are relevant to physical activity.
a) IHC
b)V-lab
c) CMC
d) PA Web
1. ….… can collect information, using database backed pages and
questionnaires completed at the click of a button, generating data
files without ongoing database management.
a. Online Forms
b. Shockwave
c. Rich text format
d. Portable document files

Systematic Review of Healthcare Big Data

Q1) When the term ‘big date’ first introduced and by whom?

In 1997

Q2) What is the definition of big data?

the data go beyond the processing capacity of traditional database management system

Q3) What 5Vs stand for?

The 5 Characteristics of Big Data volume, velocity, variety, veracity and value.

Q4) What Health information technology (HIT) has developed last years?

(HIT) has developed the power to generate, store, and transmit data electronically
worldwide.

Q5) How healthcare sectors produce huge amounts of healthcare?

by keeping records (EMRs) such as patient’s medical history, physician notes and other
data related to health.

Q6) List the some of main categories of Big data issues

 Data Governance.

 Economic Challenges.
  Big Data Technology Challenges

 Security and Privacy Issues.

Q7) What is the definition of big data technologies?

Advanced technologies that have a high computing power and analytical ability.

Q8) What is Hadoop?

Hadoop is an open source software framework for BDA in healthcare.

Q9) What are the tools and techniques that support the Hadoop distributed platform?

 Hadoop Common.

 HDFS

 Hive

 Apache Mahout

List 2 applications on big data in healthcare

▪ Healthcare Monitoring.

▪ Healthcare Risk Prediction

MCQs

1-Big data characteristics includes ….

a- Veracity
b- Velocity
c- A and b
d- Similarity

2- Is the Data management and regulation of data ….

A. Data Governance.

B. Economic Challenges.

C. Big Data Technology Challenges

 D. Security and Privacy Issues.

3- Tool that designed for machine learning using the MapReduce program

A. HDFS

B. Pig Latin

C. Apache Mahout

D. Hive

4- Hadoop provide the processing of …… data

A. structured

B. semi-structured

C. unstructured

D. all of the above

5- Big data in healthcare can …… medical cost for the patients

A. increase

B. reduce

C. not change

misinformation

Defining misinformation-1
Misinformation is information that is false, inaccurate, or misleading
according to the best available evidence at the time
Mention three types of nutrition misinformation -2
Food fads and diets, health fraud, misdirected health claims

Why health misinformation matters -3

Health misinformation is a serious threat to public health, it can cause
confusion, sow mistrust, harm people’s health, and undermine public
health efforts.

4-What is the difference between misinformation and

disinformation
Misinformation is information that is false, inaccurate, or misleading
according to the best available evidence at the time.

Disinformation is when misinformation is used to serve a malicious purpose,

such as to trick people into believing something for financial gain or political
advantage.

5-How to determine information is accurate

Ask a credible source, such as a doctor or nurse, if they have additional information.

Type the claim into a search engine to see if it has been verified by a credible source.

Look at the “About Us” page on the website to see if you can trust the source.
MCQ:-

The key difference between misinformation and disinformation is _______.

A. Intent to harm

B. Effect to society

C. Level of falseness

D. None of them

 This term is coined to refer to “the many ways our information environment is
polluted”.
A. Information overload

B. Information disorder

C. Information distress

D. None of them

 The ________ of the term “fake news” happens when the term is used by politicians
and other groups to attack the credibility of professional news organizations .
A. Contamination

B. Weaponization

C. Popularization

D. None of them

 Misinformation happens when people unknowingly share false or misleading

information. Often this happens because ______.
A. They don’t care whether information is right or wrong.

B. They don’t understand technology.

C. They are trying to help.

D. None of them
 Which of the seven types of mis-/ disinformation is not intended to cause harm but
has potential to fool?
A. Satire

B. Misleading content

C. Fabricated content

D. None of them

Big Data

1) what is the definition of big data ?

Big data is massive amounts of information, so various public and private
sector industries generate, store, and analyze big data with an aim to
improve the services they provide. Big data represents large amounts of data
that is unmanageable using traditional software or internet-based platforms.

2)why data collection is an important part for

every organization ?
We can also use this data for the prediction of current
trends of certain parameters and future events.

3)what is The major components of a healthcare

system ?
The major components of a healthcare system are the
health professionals (physicians or nurses), health
facilities (clinics, hospitals for delivering medicines and
other diagnosis or treatment technologies), and a
financing institution supporting the former two.
4)what is an unstructured ?
An unstructured data is the information that does not
adhere to a pre-defined model or organizational
framework.

5)what The major challenge with big data ?

The major challenge with big data is how to handle
large volume of information. To make it available for
scientific community, the data is required to be stored in
a file format that is easily accessible and readable for an
efficient analysis. Another major challenge is the
implementation of high-end computing tools, protocols
and high-end hardware in the clinical setting.

6)why big data requires proper management and

analysis ?
in order to derive meaningful information, so we
need to develop new strategies to organize this data
and derive meaningful information.
7)what is the Storing large volume of data ?
Storing large volume of data is one of the primary
challenges, but many organizations are comfortable with
data storage on their own premises. It has several
advantages like control over security and access.
 8)what is reason for opting unstructured format ?
The reason for this choice may simply be that we can
record it in a myriad of formats. Another reason for
opting unstructured format is that often the structured
input options (drop-down menus, radio buttons, and
check boxes) can fall short for capturing data of
complex nature.
9) what did the companies do to tackle big data
challenges and perform smoother analytics ?
In order to tackle big data challenges and perform
smoother analytics, various companies have
implemented AI to analyze published results, textual
data, and image data to obtain meaningful outcomes.

? what does Biomedical research also generate)10

Biomedical research also generates a significant portion of big
data relevant to public healthcare, this data requires proper
management and analysis in order to derive meaningful
.information

MCQ
1) A Challenge associated with healthcare big data is
………………………….

a) Storing. b) Accuracy.
c) Security. d) all of the above.
2) Big data representing large amounts of data can be
managed using ………………………

a) traditional software. b) internet-based platforms.

c) a and b. d) none of them.

3) we can record the non-standard data regarding a

patient’s clinical suspicions, socioeconomic data, and
other by …………………………………

a) a structured format. b) advanced analytics.

c) an unstructured format. d) internet-based platforms.

4) in the healthcare industry, various sources for big

data include ……………………….

a) hospital records. b) medical records of patients.

c) results of medical examinations. d) all of the above.