INDUSTRIAL

TECHNOLOGY

FORM 3
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
IS THE USE OF ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY TO MAKE
PRODUCTION FASTER, SIMPLER AND MORE EFFICIENT.
ENGINEERING
 Is the use of scientific principles to
design and build machines,
structures, and other items,
including bridges, tunnels, roads,
vehicles, and buildings.
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGY

 Manufacturing technology is a term that can refer

to a number of modern methods of science,
production, and engineering that assist in
industrial production and various
manufacturing processes.
SECTORS AND THEIR
ROLES
INDUSTRY
DEFINITION

 Economic activity concerned with the processing of

raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.
SECTORS OF INDUSTRY.
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
CONSTRUCTION

 The branch of manufacture and trade based on the building, maintaining, and repairing structures.

 Is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.

Construction is a very diverse industry that includes activities ranging from mining, quarrying and forestry to the
construction of infrastructure and buildings, the manufacture and supply of products, as well as maintenance,
operation and disposal.
Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items
without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction
as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries. Construction
starts with planning, design, and financing; it continues until the project is built and ready for use.
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
  Manufacturing is the production of
products or creation of new goods, for use
or sale using labor and machines, tools,
chemical and biological processing, or
formulation, and is the essence of
MANUFACTURING secondary industry. The term may refer to a
range of human activity, from handicraft to
high tech, but is most commonly applied to
industrial design, in which raw materials
from primary industry are transformed into
finished goods on a large scale.
TYPES OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION

 Make to Stock (MTS)

The make-to-stock (MTS) strategy is a traditional production strategy that is based on demand forecasts. It is best
utilized when there is a predictable demand for a product, such as for toys and apparel at Christmastime. MTS can be
problematic when demand is more difficult to predict, however.
 Make to Order (MTO)

The make-to-order (MTO) strategy (also known as "built to order") allows customers to order products built to their
specifications, which is especially useful with heavily customized products. Examples of make-to-order products include
computers and computer products, automobiles, heavy equipment, and other big-ticket items. Companies can alleviate
inventory problems with MTO, but the customer wait time is usually significantly longer.
 Make to Assemble
The make-to-assemble (MTA) strategy is a hybrid of MTS and MTO in that companies
stock basic parts based on demand predictions, but do not assemble them until
customers place their order. The advantage of such a strategy is that it allows fast
customization of products based on customer demand. As such, a good example is
found in the restaurant industry, which prepares a number of raw materials in
advance and then awaits a customer order to start assembly. One downside to MTA
is a company may receive too many orders to handle given the labor and
components it has on hand.
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY
 although both Electrical Engineering and Electronic Engineering deal with
electricity and electromagnetic, the two specialties have a slightly different focus.

 Electrical Engineering deals primarily with power generation and distribution,

motors, electrical control systems, and generally large-scale, high-power systems.

 Electronic Engineering deals primarily with the processing and transmission of

analogue and digital information, which are usually low power systems. An
exception would be high power radio or television transmitters, which are within
the domain of electronics.
THE CONSTRUCTION SECTORS
ZONING/ LAND USE

 Zoning is a method of urban planning in which is use to divide land into areas according to functions called zones,
each of which has a set of regulations for new development that differs from other zones.
 The purpose of zoning is to allow the authorities to regulate and control land and property markets to ensure
complementary uses. Zoning can also provide the opportunity to stimulate or slow down development in specific
areas.
TYPES OF ZONING

 Residential Zoning. Residential zones can include:

 Commercial Zoning.

 Industrial Zoning.

 Agricultural Zoning.

 Rural Zoning.

 Combination Zoning.

 Historic Zoning.

 Aesthetic Zoning.
RESIDENTIAL
SECTOR
 Residential construction is the business of building and or selling
individual and multi-family dwellings. A building is regarded as a
residential when more than half of the floor area is used for dwelling
purposes.
 Industry participants in this market include developers and surveyors
as well as building firms.
 Examples of residential construction are apartments, townhomes,
condos, nursing homes, dormitories, etc
COMMERCIAL
SECTOR
includes all businesses except those involved in manufacturing and transport:

 usually has several categories and depends on the business use of the property, and often the number of business
patrons. Almost any kind of real estate (other than single-family home and single-family lots) can be considered
commercial real estate. Examples of commercial spaces include:
 Office buildings
 Shopping centers
 Nightclubs
 Hotels
 Certain warehouses
 Some apartment complexes as well as vacant land that has the potential for development into these types of buildings

 The availability of parking may affect the type of commercial zoning that is allowed. Additionally, there can be rules
regarding the proximity of certain types of businesses to others. Many zoning laws ban or limit adult entertainment
establishments to a certain geographical area
INDUSTRIAL
SECTOR
The Industrials Sector includes companies whose businesses are dominated by one
of the following activities:
 The manufacture and distribution of capital goods, including aerospace &
defense, construction, engineering & building products, electrical equipment and
industrial machinery. The provision of commercial services and supplies, including
printing, employment, environmental and office services. The provision of
transportation services, including airlines, couriers, marine, road & rail and
transportation infrastructure
CIVIC SECTOR
 Civic Sector or social sector are other terms for the sector, emphasizing its
relationship to civil society. Given the diversity of organizations that comprise the
sector, “non-profit and voluntary sector
 Civic buildings are building or facilities serving the general public. It include
libraries, town halls, concert halls, public squares, government buildings, schools
and landmarks such as bridges. They are linked by their strong architectural styles
and they're ideal for formal events such as weddings, gala dinners, receptions and
high-profile conferences.
MANUFACTURING
SECTORS:
WHAT MANUFACTURING SECTOR INCLUDES?

 The branch of manufacture and trade based on the fabrication, processing, or

preparation of products from raw materials and commodities. This includes all
foods, chemicals, textiles, machines, and equipment. This includes all lumber,
wood, and pulp products.
 THE ROLES OF THE
FOLLOWING IN THE
MANUFACTURING SECTORS:
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Engineering design specializes in designing and
developing manufacturing systems and equipment for
the production of high-quality, economically
competitive products.
They primarily conduct research and analyses, develop
drafts and prototypes, set and implement test systems,
troubleshoot issues, and maintain extensive records, to
find problems and solutions.
INDUSTRIAL
MAINTENANCE.
Industrial Maintenance involve install, repair and maintain
commercial or industrial machinery in buildings, a plant, or a
manufacturing setting. These technicians ensure all machines
function properly through troubleshooting and preventative
maintenance service.

It helps companies maintain their resources while

controlling time and costs to ensure maximum efficiency of
the manufacturing process, the utilities and related facilities. It
is a tool that helps to secure a reliable and satisfactory quality of
the production, safety for employees and protection for the
environment.
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
Industrial production is a measure of
output of the manufacturer. This makes
industrial production an important tool for
forecasting future economic performance
of the business.
It oversee the daily operations of
manufacturing and related plants. They
coordinate, plan, and direct the activities
used to create a wide range of goods.
THANK YOU FORM 3
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
 An organizational structure is a system that
outlines how certain activities are directed in order
to achieve the goals of an organization. These
activities can include rules, roles, and
(A) responsibilities.
ORGANIZATIONAL The organizational structure also determines how
CHART OF information flows between levels within the
PERSONNEL company. For example, in a centralized structure,
(MANAGERS, WORKERS, TASKS
AND RELATIONSHIPS) decisions flow from the top down, while in a
decentralized structure, decision-making power is
distributed among various levels of the
organization.
Having an organizational structure in place allows
companies to remain efficient and focused.
The six basic elements of organizational structure
are: departmentalization, chain of command, span
of control, centralization or decentralization, work
specialization and the degree of formalization.
TYPES OF  Top-down structure.
ORGANIZATIONAL  Flat structure
STRUCTURES  Matrix
TOP-DOWN/TALL
STRUCTURE.

 A top-down approach in
business describes a traditional
organizational style that
emphasizes the imperatives
and vision of upper
management. Company
directives and goals flow down
from the top to subordinates
below.
 Department heads and business unit managers report to vice presidents
and general managers, who report to the president.
 Inflexibility.
Harvard Business School professor John Kotter suggests that hierarchical
organizations inhibit timely transformations, which are essential if a
business is to survive in a rapidly changing environment. He suggests that
hierarchies work for standardized processes but they are not useful in
CONSTRAINT OF dynamic environments. They are slow to react to new opportunities, which
often require transformative change
TOP-DOWN
 Slow Decision-making
STRUCTURE Decision-making is usually slower in hierarchical structures because
responsibility and authority are concentrated in a few people at the top.
 Resistance to Creativity
Hierarchical systems can stifle creativity and innovation. The top-down
decision-making structure means that business units are unable to respond
rapidly to competitive threats.
THE PROS OF Clarity and managerial control. The narrow span of control allows for
close supervision of employees. Tall structures provide a clear, distinct
TALL/TOP DOWN layers with obvious lines of responsibility and control and a clear
STRUCTURES promotion structure. Challenges begin when a structure gets too tall.
FLAT STRUCTURE.
 The term "flat" is in reference to the way an organizational structure
chart looks when it has fewer managers, featuring fewer and wider
rows delineating the hierarchy of jobs.
 Flat organizations relatively have few layers or just one layer of
management. This means that the “Chain of Command” from top to
bottom is short and the “span of control is wide”. Span of control
refers to the number of employees that each manager is
responsible for. If a manager has lots of employees reporting to
them, their span of control is said to be wide. Due to the small
number of management layers, flat organizations are often small
organizations.
  • Decentralized Management Approach

 • Few levels of Management

 • Horizontal career path that cross functions

CHARACTERISTICS
 • Broadly defined jobs
OF A FLAT
 • General job descriptions
STRUCTURE
 • Flexible boundaries between jobs and units

 • Emphasis on teams

 • Strong focus on the customer

In flat organizational structure, vertical boundaries are removed to
flatten the hierarchy, and horizontal boundaries are removed in
order both to replace functional departments with cross-functional
teams and to organize activities around processes
When fully operational, boundary-less organizations remove the
barrier of geographic distance from external constituencies. Such
organizations are thus characterized by:
 Employee Motivation.
While employees in a flat organization may feel as though they have
more direct influence on the company, they may also feel as though
they have no room for advancement. On the other hand, employees
at a tall organization have many layers through which to advance
their careers, but may become frustrated at their relative lack of
influence at lower levels within the company.
 Organizational Complexity
Generally, the more complex an organization becomes, the
taller the organization must be. As they grow the person in charge
may need to delegate tasks.
 Organizational Flexibility
Organizations with fewer levels between managers and employees can more
easily implement strategic management plans, take action steps for short-
term goals and take action on policy and procedural changes
 Influence over Power
 Discussions before decisions
 Approachability over Unreachability
 Collective Ownership over Autocracy
 Accountability towards a Team than an Individual or a Role
 Better Communication
 Organizational Response
 Shared Organizational Goals
 Adaptability
 Collaboration
 Innovation and Creativity
  Motivational Leadership

it places more responsibility on individual employees to motivate them

and maximize their performance. This creates challenges at the same
CHALLENGES TO time, however, because employees have fewer leaders to motivate them
FLAT and give them individual attention.

ORGANIZATIONAL  Consistency

STRUCTURE Another advantage of flat structures is front-line employees' ability to

make decisions on their own to solve operational and customer-service
issues. Again, this strength introduces a new set of challenges.
 Decision-Making

Taller organizational structures center decision-making responsibility at

the upper layers of a company, increasing decision-making efficiency in
addition to consistency. Strategic decision-making in flat organizations
can become complicated and inefficient if a company relies on voting or
building consensus among its employees.
 Advancement

Employee development programs take on new challenges in flat

organizational structures. With a higher ratio of front-line employees to
managers, there are fewer managers to take note of the individual
performance levels of employees. This can make it easier for high-
performers to fall through the cracks in performance reviews, possibly
causing them to leave the company to find a position with more
personal recognition.
MATRIX

A matrix organizational structure is a workplace

format in which employees report to two or more
managers rather than one manager overseeing
every aspect of a project.
For example, an employee may have a primary
manager they report to as well as one or more
project managers they work under.
  A matrix organizational structure allows multiple departments to easily communicate and
collaborate on a project. Because employees answer to multiple managers as opposed to just
the functional manager, issues are resolved more quickly, and company-wide interaction is
increased.
 The matrix structure is designed to be partially impermanent, allow employees to learn new
things
 There are two kinds of managers: functional managers and project managers
 Managerial roles are fluid, not fixed. The balance of power between functional and project
ADVANTAGES OF managers isn't organizationally defined
 Clear articulation of project objectives
MATRIX  Workable way of integrating project objectives with functional objectives
STRUCTURE  Efficient use of limited human resources
 Rapid (often interdisciplinary) information flow through the project
 Retention of expert teams through the life of the project
 Rapid dispersion of team members back into the functional organization upon project
completion without organizational disruption
 Project management trains managers to become leaders in the functional organization
 Project structures develop team spirit and high morale
 Possibility of conflicts arising during the project carrying over to functional management
  Two-boss problems, leaving project members caught in the middle
 Project members playing bosses against one another
 Increases organizational complexity
 Requirement for high degree of cooperation between functional and
project management
DISADVANTAGES  Potential for conflicting management directives
OF MATRIX  Difficulty of establishing priorities suiting both functional and project
STRUCTURES management
 Possible slowdowns in management reaction to events when two
structures required for solution
 Possible structural collapse in "crunch time"
 Increase in management overhead costs
 To much work can cause overload.
THANK YOU FORM 3
(B) FUNDAMENTALS OF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP:
(I) ENTREPRENEURSHIP
MEANING.

 Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching and running a new business, which is often initially a small
business. The people who create these businesses are called entrepreneurs.
 Entrepreneurship is the process by which either an individual or a team identifies a business opportunity and
acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation
 Entrepreneurship has been described as the "capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a business
venture along with any of its risks to make a profit."
IMPORTANCE

Entrepreneurship is important as it has the ability to improve standards of living and create wealth, not only for the
entrepreneurs, but also for related businesses. Entrepreneurs also help drive change with innovation, where new and
improved products enable new markets to be developed.
• Pivot of Economic Development
• Basics of Business
• Contribution in Production of New Products
• Development of New Production Techniques
• Help in Removing Regional Disparities
• Helpful in Capital Formation
• Development of New Market
 • Establishment of New Industrial Enterprises

 • Help in Bringing Changes in Social Framework

 • Contribution to the Formation of Industrial Climate

 • Contribution to rising the Standard of Living

 • Encouragement to Investigation and Research

 • Contribution to Generate Employment Opportunities

 • Contribution in Development and Expansion of Existing Enterprises

RISK
 Financial Risk- the entrepreneurship has to invest money in the enterprise on the
expectation of getting in return sufficient profits along with the investment.
 Personal Risk- starting a new venture uses much of the entrepreneur’s energy
and time
 Market Risk
Many factors can affect the market for a product or service. The ups and downs of
the economy and new market trends to pose a risk to new businesses, and a certain
product might be popular one year but not the next.
 Competitive Risk
An entrepreneur should always be aware of its competitors.
 Reputational Risk
A business's reputation is everything, and this can be particularly so when a new
business is launched and customers have preconceived expectations.
 Environmental, Political, and Economic Risk
Some things cannot be controlled by a good business plan or the right insurance.
Earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, wars, and recessions are all risks that
companies and new entrepreneurs may face.
SUCCESS

 Be your own boss

 Do what you enjoy
 Opportunity to be creative
 Build an enterprise
 (II) PRINCIPLES OF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
GOAL SETTING

 A GOAL can be defined as, “ the end toward which effort is directed”
or “the object of a person's ambition or effort; an aim or desired
result”
 SMART (short, medium, long term )
The SMART acronym outlines a strategy for reaching any objective.
SMART goals are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and
anchored within a Time Frame.
A SHORT-TERM GOAL

 A short-term goal is something you want to do in the near future. The near future
can mean today, this week, this month, or even this year. A short-term goal is
something you want to accomplish soon. A short term goal is a goal you can
achieve in 12 months or less.
A MEDIUM TERM GOALS

 A medium term goal is one that takes a bit longer. It could be a goal to be
achieved in the next 2 weeks, a month or perhaps 6 months. It could be a goal to
be achieved in the next 6 months, a year or perhaps 5, 10 or 20 years.
A example of medium term goal might be to run 10km. The only way to run 10km is
to achieve several short term goals of running a shorter distance. A medium term
study goal might be, to be able to explain the steps in mitosis.
A LONG-TERM GOAL

 A long-term goal is something you want to accomplish in the future. Long-term

goals require time and planning. They are not something you can do this week or
even this year. Long-term goals are usually at least several years away.
DECISION-MAKING SKILLS

 Decision-making skills show your proficiency in choosing between two or more

alternatives. You can make decisions once you process all the information
available to you and speak with the right points of contact involved in a certain
situation.
 Why is decision making skill are important
Some decisions need to be made quickly while others need to be deliberated,
considered and weighed out over a longer period of time. Decision making is a
critical skill for effective management and leadership. Some people are just not
suited to leadership roles because of their lack of ability to make decisions.
DECISION MAKING SKILLS FOR SUCCESSFUL LEADERS.

 Identify critical factors which will affect the outcome of a decision. ...
 Evaluate options accurately and establish priorities. ...
 Anticipate outcomes and see logical consequences. ...
 Navigate risk and uncertainty. ...
 Reason well in contexts requiring quantitative analysis.
BUSINESS PLANS

 A business plan is a formal written document containing business goals, the

methods on how these goals can be attained, and the time frame within which
these goals need to be achieved. It also describes the nature of the business,
background information on the organization, the organization's financial
projections, and the strategies it intends to implement to achieve the stated
targets. In its entirety, this document serves as a road map that provides direction
to the business
It contains
Executive Summary, company description, market analysis, Organization and Management, Service or Product Line,
Marketing and Sales, Funding Request, Financial Projections, An Appendix.
 SMALL BUSINESS PLAN
BUSINESS PLAN MUST INCLUDE:
 DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS; Includes

✓ The company name

✓ What your company does

✓ Where you operate (or the market you serve)

✓ What you stand for, so people can better identify your business(people love to rally around a good cause, so give
people a reason to rally around your business. (fair trade, honesty, organic, transparent)
✓ Why you started your business

✓ Give your customers a taste of your future goals

 SMALL BUSINESS PLAN CON´T
 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE;
Reflects the main idea behind what you do.
✓ Write down expectations
✓ Explain business goals and outline how you will get there
✓ How your work will benefit your customers
✓ The amount of loan required to start your business
✓ The amount you putting in
✓ Purpose of the loan
✓ The loan period –for how many years you require the loan amount for
 SMALL BUSINESS PLAN CON´T

 SERVICES

Are referred to as the activities that assist business yet does not deliver a tangible commodity
✓ Describe what you sell or what services you offer

✓ Explain how it benefits your customers.

 SMALL BUSINESS PLAN CON´T
 MARKETING PLAN –includes
✓ Target market-describes the customers you are targeting
✓ Promotion strategy- details how you will reach new customers. There are numerous promotional tactics, such as television ads, trade show
marketing, press releases, online advertising, and event marketing.
✓ Specials-are special deals you put together to secure more new customers and drive past customers back to you. Offers may include free
trials, money-back guarantees, packages (e.g., combining different products and/or services) and discount offers.
✓ Prices-
✓ Distribution plan- details how customers will buy from you. For example, will customers purchase directly from you on your website? Will they
buy from distributors or other retailers? And so on.

[Link]
 SMALL BUSINESS PLAN CON´T

HOW YOUR BUSINESS OPERATES.

 Explain the organizational structure of your business (how your company will set up)

 Outline your business activities along with the strategies

 Staff and resources management

SUCCESS FACTORS
 (marketing and promotion, customer
satisfaction, competitiveness, leadership,
management of production and efficiency,
quality control);
MARKETING AND PROMOTION
 1. Marketing- the action or business of promoting and selling
products or services, including market research and advertising.
 2. Promotion refers to any type of marketing communication used to
inform or persuade target audiences of the relative merits of a
product, service, brand or issue. The aim of promotion is to increase
awareness, create interest, generate sales or create brand loyalty.
TYPES OF PROMOTION

 Physical- in concerts, festivals, trade shows, grocery or department

stores.
 Traditional media - newspapers and magazines, electronic media such
as radio and television, and outdoor media such as banner or
billboard advertisements.
 Digital media- Internet, social networking and social media sites
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

 is defined as a measurement that determines how happy

customers are with a company's products, services, and
capabilities. Customer satisfaction information, including
surveys and ratings, can help a company determine how to
best improve or changes its products and services (key
performance indicator).
COMPETITIVENESS

 the quality of being as good as or better than others of

a comparable nature and to produce goods and
services that successfully match the market's needs.
it’s important because it has been found to be the
main factor driving growth and income levels.
LEADERSHIP

 Entrepreneurial leadership involves organizing

and motivating a group of people to achieve a
common objective through innovation, risk
optimization, taking advantage of opportunities,
and managing the dynamic organizational
environment
SOME OF THE COMMON ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS
ARE AS FOLLOWS.

 [Link] skills
 2. Vision
 3. Supportive
 4. Self-belief
 5. Shares success
 6. Involved
 7. Create an atmosphere conducive to growth
 8. Honesty
 9. Perseverance
 10. Learning
MANAGEMENT OF PRODUCTION AND EFFICIENCY.

 Production management means planning, organizing, directing and

controlling of production activities.
 Production efficiency is based on a business's ability to produce the
highest number of units of a good while using the least amount of
resources possible. The aim is to find a balance between the use of
resources, the rate of production and quality of the goods being
produced.
QUALITY CONTROL.

 a system of maintaining standards in

manufactured products by testing a sample of
the output against the specification. (Protect the
brand or identity, maintain customers trust)
GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION

 Governments set many business regulations in place to protect employees' rights,

protect the environment and hold corporations accountable for the amount of
power they have in a very business-driven society. The government can implement
a policy that changes the social behavior in the business environment. Imposing
on a particular sector more taxes or duties than are necessary will make the
investors lose interest in that sector, or tax and duty exemptions on a particular
sector trigger investment in it and may generate growth.
LENDING INSTITUTIONS.
A financial institution that makes loans
 Financial institutions can be divided into two main groups: depository institutions
and nondepository institutions. Depository institutions include commercial banks,
thrift institutions, and credit unions. Nondepository institutions include insurance
companies, pension funds, brokerage firms, and finance companies.
 financial institution, financial organization, financial organization - an institution
(public or private) that collects funds (from the public or other institutions) and
invests them in financial assets.
 A lender is an individual, a public or private group, or a financial institution that
makes funds available to a person or business with the expectation that the funds
will be repaid. Repayment will include the payment of any interest or fees.
Commercial banks are generally stock corporations whose principal obligation is to
make a profit for their shareholders. Basically, banks receive deposits, and hold
them in a variety of different accounts; extend credit through loans and other
instruments: and facilitate the movement of funds. While commercial banks mostly
specialize in short-term business credit, they also make consumer loans and
mortgages, and have a broad range of financial powers. Their corporate charters
and the powers granted to them under state and federal law determine the range of
their activities.
Credit Unions
 Credit unions are cooperative financial institutions, formed by groups of people
with a "common bond." These groups of people pool their funds to form the
institution's deposit base; the group owns and controls the institution together.
Membership in a credit union is not open to the general public, but is restricted to
people who share the common bond of the group that created the credit union.
Examples of this common bond are working for the same employer, belonging to
the same church or social group, or living in the same community. Credit unions
are nonprofit institutions that seek to encourage savings and make excess funds
within a community available at low cost to their members.
 Credit unions accept deposits in a variety of accounts. All
credit unions offer savings accounts, or time deposits; the
larger institutions also offer checking and money market
accounts. Credit unions' financial powers have expanded to
include almost anything a bank or savings association can
do, including making home loans, issuing credit cards, and
even making some commercial loans.
BENEFITS OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

1. Risk assessment.
 A financial institution will lay down a detailed plan which will have sufficient risk assessment in the amount of loan
you have decided to take. Not only that, the institution will also recommend the amount you should take up based
on your present and future financial needs and will offer a decent repayment plan which may include automatic
financing from your income or collection of the amount monthly with the specified interest rate.
2. Convenience.
 By seeking the advice of a financial institution before loaning an amount you are making a lot of decisions more
convenient for yourself to make simply because their knowledge base on the area of loaning and finances is pretty
much perfect. A credible financial institution will offer convenient solutions to all your queries about the potential
loan you are about to take from them or any other institute, hence making the entire procedure more convenient.
3. Memberships.
 When you become a regular client of a financial institution to address your financial needs, they are likely to give
you a premium membership for customer loyalty that can help you make your borrowing easier for the future. These
memberships can include benefits such as lower interest rates on repayment, extended repayment time, and
financing of the loan at will instead of by measures taken by the institution itself. This confidence that the two
parties have in each other can make the task of loaning seem a lot less daunting and can improve business
prospects between the two.
4. Security.
 A financial institution will not only ensure that your loaned amount is kept securely in an account but will also make
it certain that the installments you pay back for your loan reach the designated authority safely. For this very reason
it is recommended to clients to opt for credible services such as [Link] which can connect you
to credible institutions for securing your transaction wherever you are in the world. This security acts as a relief for
the customer to get out of the vibe of pressure that seems to surround the world ‘loan’.
 5. Financial future.

 Sometimes loans stay with you for life, and it simply gets annoying when every month you have to pay a huge sum of
money from your income to the loaning authority. Financial institutions aim to make this procedure of paying back
the money as less harmful to your financial position as possible. It will offer a long term plan and incentivize you to
do business with them by using premium tools such as no taxation on cash withdrawals for the duration of the time
in which the loan has to be paid back.
Risks.
 A credit risk is risk of default on a debt that may arise from a borrower failing to make required payments. In the first
resort, the risk is that of the lender and includes lost principal and interest, disruption to cash flows, and increased
collection costs. The loss may be complete or partial. In an efficient market, higher levels of credit risk will be
associated with higher borrowing costs.
OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS).
Occupational Health and Safety
Standards.
Also commonly referred to as occupational health and
safety (OHS), occupational health, or workplace health
and safety (WHS), is a multidisciplinary field concerned
with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work.
The focus in occupational health
is on three different objectives:
(i) The maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and
working capacity;
(ii) The improvement of working environment and work to
become conducive to safety and health
(iii) Development of work organizations and working cultures in a
direction which supports health and safety at work and in doing so also
promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may
enhance productivity of the undertakings.
(A) INDUSTRY
HEALTH AND
SAFETY
REGULATIONS:
These Regulations require employers to
consider the health and safety risks to
employees and to carry out a risk
assessment to protect employees from
exposure to reasonably foreseeable risks.
(I) LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF
EMPLOYERS
Employers have an obligation to provide a work environment free from
hazards and to ensure the health and safety of themselves, their workers and
other people affected by the workplace.
The employer must:
• Provide and maintain (so far as reasonably practicable) safe plant
(machinery, tools) and systems of work
• Ensure that (so far as reasonably practicable) the use, handling, storage &
transport of plant and substances (chemicals) is safe & without risks to
health
• Ensure that (so far as reasonably practicable) the workplace under his
control is safe and without risks to health
• Provide adequate facilities (washrooms, toilets, lockers, dining areas, first
aid, etc) again, so far as reasonably practicable
• Provide as much information, instruction, training and supervision to the
workers so that they can work safely, etc
• An employer must, so far as is reasonably practicable:
- monitor the health of the employees; and
- monitor the conditions at the workplace under their management
and control (eg heat, cold, dust levels, fumes, and so on) ; and
• Provide information to employees (including in appropriate other
languages) on health and safety, including the names of who to take an ohs
issue/enquiry to
• An employer must, so far as is reasonably practicable:
- keep information and records on the health and safety of
employees; and
-employ experts (people who are 'suitably qualified') to provide
advice
(II) GENERAL DUTIES OF
EMPLOYEES.
Workers must:
• Take reasonable care for their own health and safety
• Take reasonable care for the health and safety of others who may
affected by their acts or omissions
• Cooperate with anything the employer does to comply with OHS
requirements
• Not 'intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse' anything
provided at the workplace for OHS.
b) Environmental safety
practices.
Environmental safety is practices, policies, and procedures that
ensure the safety and well-being of anyone in the immediate area.
This can include safety in terms of proper waste disposal,
containment and storage of potentially toxic chemicals and much
more.

• Environmental safety, just like any other form of safety or compliance,

requires BEING OBSERVANT AND COMPLIANT AT ALL TIMES to
ensure the safety of your workers and anyone that resides in the area.
Doing so minimizes liabilities and protects everyone
 THERE ARE Occupational safety and health
THREE
PRIMARY
AREAS WHERE
ENVIRONMENT Environmental control
AL SAFETY IS
OF
PARTICULAR
CONCERN. Chemical safety
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
PRACTICES OR
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACE
• Occupational safety and health practices are focused on environmental
safety in the workplace, thereby reducing risks to employees in any
given workplace. After all, many workplaces have dangerous chemicals,
gases/fumes, waste and other potential threats to the health and safety
of workers.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
Extreme temperatures, poor air quality, excessive noise and radiation in
the workplace can all harm workers, potentially causing respiratory
problems, hearing loss and cancer, among other problems.
 Environmental control &
Chemical safety
• Environmental control, is concerned with preventing pollution and
other threats to the environment and anyone that may be affected by it.
For instance, preventing dumping of chemicals into the local ecosystem
or ensuring proper management of waste materials.
• Chemical safety, concerns the safe storage, use, disposal of various
chemicals.
Practices to Ensure Environmental
safety in the workplace
1. TRAIN EMPLOYEES WELL.
Comprehensive training is a must for preventing workplace injury.
Make sure that all of your employees have access to – and complete –
all safety training for their positions.
2. REWARD EMPLOYEES FOR SAFE BEHAVIOR.
Rewards are an easy way to encourage workplace safety. Giving out
small rewards to employees who follow safety policies keeps them
engaged, which can make a big difference in reducing workplace
injuries.
3. PARTNER WITH OCCUPATIONAL CLINICIANS/COORDINATE WITH
PROFESSIONALS
These clinicians can help you prevent work injuries by visiting your
worksite and identifying areas where there’s a high risk for employee
injury. Physical and occupational therapists can also improve workplace
ergonomics and develop human performance evaluations to help you
screen candidates for physically demanding roles and aid in the return-
to-work process.
4. USE LABELS AND SIGNS.
Labels and signs are a cheap and effective way to quickly communicate
important information.
• 5. KEEP THINGS CLEAN. DISPOSE Of WASTE PROPERLY
A messy workplace can lead to unnecessary accidents. Make sure boxes
are stacked safely and spills are cleaned up quickly. Conduct regular
inspections to check for potential dangers such as tangled cords, messy
floors, and disorganized tools.
6. MAKE SURE EMPLOYEES HAVE THE RIGHT TOOLS AND HAVE
REGULAR EQUIPMENT INSPECTIONS.
The right tools and equipment create a better product and a safer work
environment. It’s also important that all equipment is cleaned,
serviced, and inspected regularly.
7. ENCOURAGE BREAKS.
Stretch breaks are an easy way to improve workplace ergonomics and
employee health. Taking even five minutes to stretch can ease muscle
tension and loosen joints, reducing the potential for repetitive motion
injuries.
8. IMPLEMENT SAFETY PROTOCOLS FROM THE START.
Workplace safety starts from day one, which means hiring qualified
people who pay attention to detail. A safe workplace starts with
employees who follow safety requirements and perform their jobs per
the established procedure
9. KEEP AN OPEN DIALOGUE.
Make it easy for your employees to come to you with health and safety
concerns. They can report hazards right away and identify potential
areas of concern you may not have noticed.
10. REVIEW PAST MISTAKES
Your goal should be to ensure workplace safety and environmental
compliance. Unfortunately, accidents can occur. Even if you manage to
avoid them in the future, there’s a good chance your company has had
incidents in the past
GUIDELINES
FOR:
(i) working safely; (ii) enhancing wellness; and,
(iii) preventing injury and accident.
 (i) WORKING SAFELY;
• Under the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970, employers are responsible for
providing a safe and healthy work
environment. The Act requires employers to
comply with specific occupational safety and
health standards and to keep records of
occupational injuries and illnesses. Employers
must set up safe work practices at their
workplace and make sure these practices are
followed.
• A hazard assessment must be done so that
they can take the necessary precautions.
• Persons working alone must take special care on their job site. They
cannot be seen or heard by another worker; cannot expect a visit
from another worker for some time; and/or where assistance is not
readily available when needed. It is important for employers to
consider the wide variety of situations where workers work alone,
consider the hazards specific to their workplaces and develop and
adopt effective health and safety procedures and policies that
address these hazards.

Unsafe conditions are hazards that have the potential to cause injury or
death to an employee. Some of these hazards include erroneous safety
procedures, malfunctioning equipment or tools, or failure to utilize
necessary safety equipment such as goggles and masks.
SAFETY REQUIRES A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH,
AND MAY MEAN ALL OF THE FOLLOWING:
• Hiring – Tell employees about the importance of safety when they start
• Educating – workers about safety measures and the importance of
following rules
• Training – Properly train workers for new job duties
• Monitoring – Make sure employees properly follow all safety procedures,
and correctly use equipment
• Enforcing – Institute consequences for failure to follow safety measures
• Discussing – Talk about safety all the time; at staff meetings, performance
evaluations, etc.
• Assessment job requirements – Define physical capabilities for specific jobs
• Placement – Only place workers in jobs if they possess the necessary
physical capabilities
• Providing – Supply personal protective equipment (i.e. safety glasses,
boots, respirators)
• Reviewing injuries – If there is an injury figure out what went wrong,
why, and try to fix it for the future
• Identifying weaknesses – Learn what your most frequent injuries are,
and then develop strategies to address them
• Reviewing work practices – Know that working overtime or unsafe
staffing practices may increase injuries
• Rewarding – Recognize or reward workers, teams, or shifts who assist
or initiate training or monitoring. develop risks list or warning posters
GENERAL SAFETY RULES (NB. SOME THESE RULES
MAY VARY DEPENDING ON THE WORKPLACE)
• - Create a plan to promote workplace health and safety.
• - Inspect your workplace and be aware of your surroundings
• - Train employees and talk regularly with them.
• - Investigate incidents.
• - Maintain records.
• - Make safety a key part of the business.
• - Keep Correct Posture to Protect Your Back
• - Take Regular Breaks (when you are tired you don’t perform at you best)
• - Use Mechanical Aids Whenever Possible (don’t lift heavy stuff use
wheelbarrow, conveyor belt, crank or forklift to ease the pressure from your body
• - Stay Sober
• - Reduce Workplace Stress
- Report all work injuries, illnesses, unsafe acts or unsafe conditions immediately.
- Firearms, weapons, or explosives are not permitted on Company Property.
- Use, possession, sale or being under the influence of illegal drugs, misuse of prescription
drugs and/or alcohol is not permitted on Company Property or while "on duty".
- Only authorized and trained Employees may repair or adjust machinery and equipment
- Only qualified and trained Employees may work on or near Exposed Energized
Electrical Parts or Electrical Equipment.
- Only authorized and trained Employees may dispense or use chemicals. It is your
responsibility to know where SDS's (Safety Data Sheets) are located and that they are
available for your use and review.
- Keep work areas clean and aisles clear. Do not block emergency equipment or exits.
- Wear and use the prescribed Personal Protective Safety Equipment. This includes foot
protection, head protection, gloves, etc.
 What is workplace health and wellness?
• Health is ‘a state of complete physical, mental and
social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of
disease’ (World Health Organization) and wellness as
‘a composite of physical, emotional, spiritual,
intellectual, occupational, and social health (Reardon,
1998).

(I) ENHANCING • The European Network for Workplace Health

Promotion has defined workplace health promotion
as the combined efforts of employers, employees and
WELLNESS society to improve the health and wellbeing of people
at work. This can be achieved through:
• Improving the work organization and the working
environment
• Promoting active participation,
• Encouraging personal development.
• A healthy workplace encourages
the development of a healthy
workforce and implements
workplace health and wellness
programs and policies to create a
supportive culture and physical
environment that encourages
healthy lifestyles.
• In order to enhance wellness
employers must seek to build
physical, emotional, spiritual,
intellectual, occupational, and
social health of its employees. They
can implement programs that
support and build these areas.
These programs can focus on
• 1. Keeping employee health costs down.
• Healthier employees can generally lead to less expenses on both
sides. Offering health incentive programs keeps those costs lower for
employees. Employer can offer healthy snack, organize company
sports etc.
• 2. Increase Productivity. By providing a less stressful environment
• 3. Stay Competitive in the Talent Market. By providing additional
training so employees can better themselves.
• 4. Strengthen Employee Engagement. Keep them involve in all
relevant areas give them a voice.
(I) PREVENTING INJURY AND ACCIDENT.

The best way of preventing injury and accident is to

identifying possible hazards.
There are a number of ways to find hazards in the
workplace:
• Walk around and look at your workplace and
observe how work is done. Ask your workers what
they consider unsafe or unhealthy.
• Think about what could possibly go wrong and do
not overlook the things that people may have
‘worked around’ for years. Ask yourself “what
if….?”
• Review any information you may have on a
particular piece of equipment (manufacturer’s
specifications) or chemical (Material Safety Data
Sheets - MSDS) to see what it says about safety
precautions.
Talk to others in similar industries to find out what sort of incidents they have had.

More formal processes for conducting a hazard assessment may include:

Physical inspections - using a checklist or job task hazard assessment (see end of section) – breaking jobs down into tasks or a
series of events and identifying the hazards involved with each task.

Manufacturing process analysis – following a process from start to finish and identifying the hazards involved at each stage.

Incident investigation – results of incident investigation and analysis of first-aid records may identify the hazards involved.

Provide advisory services on safety and health problems and other matters relating to accident prevention.
 Physical Hazards

Hazards
may be Chemical Hazards

grouped
into four Biological Hazards

categories.
Psychosocial Hazards
 Here are some ways prevent accidents in the workplace:
- Always be alert.
- Don't rush your work.
- Wear required safety gear.
- Follow instructions to a tee.
Risk control - Pay attention to and follow emergency drills.
- Insist upon proper training.
of general - Provide Training. It's invaluable to provide new
hazards. workers proper training when it comes to safety practices.
- Don't just talk about safety, reinforce it.
- Safety weaknesses.
- Focus on your workplace injuries.
- Review your work practices.
 Effective machinery and equipment risk controls reflect
some or all of the following characteristics:
Where exposure to • the hazard is controlled at its source
machinery and • contact or access to the hazard is prevented
equipment hazards • sturdy construction (correct materials with few points of
cannot be eliminated potential failure)
or substituted, risk • fail-safe (failure of the control system to be effective will
controls must be result in machinery shut-down)
applied to the • tamper-proof design (as difficult as possible to bypass)
hazards to prevent or • presents minimum impediment to machinery and
reduce the risk equipment operator
(chance) of injury or • easy to inspect and maintain
harm. • does not introduce further hazards through the risk
control action.
Separation is a simple and effective machinery and equipment risk
control and may be achieved by DISTANCE, BARRIER or TIME.
• Distance separation means a person cannot reach the hazard due to
distance.
• Barrier separation means an effective barrier or guard denies access
and controls ejection of parts, products or waste.
• Time separation means at the time of access, the machinery and/or
equipment is disabled.
TYPES OF MACHINERY
AND EQUIPMENT
PROTECTION.

Guarding
A guard can perform several
functions including:
• denying bodily access
• containing ejected parts,
tools, off-cuts or swath
• preventing emissions
escaping
• forming part of a safe working
platform.
Captive key systems
• rely upon a single key that is shared between
the control panel (‘on’ switch) and the access
gate lock of the physical barrier to the danger
area. Removal of the key from the control panel
can only occur when the switch is in the ‘off’
position, and the gate will only release the key
when in the locked position.
Simultaneous two-handed operation
• Where a machine has only one operator, the
use of simultaneous two-handed operation
buttons can serve as a risk control. This ensures
that operation of the hazardous mechanism
cannot occur until both hands are clear of the
danger area.
Presence sensing systems
• If physical guards cannot be used, then
a presence sensing system can be used
as a control to reduce risk. Presence
sensing systems detect when a person is
in the identified danger area, and stops
or reduces the power or speed of the
mechanism at the time of entry to
provide for safe access
High integrity/fail-safe control
• All safety control systems should be
designed and built to prevent failure or,
in the event of failure, de-activate the
operation of the machinery and
equipment.
First Aid
A first aid kit
• is a collection of supplies and equipment that is used to give medical
treatment.
• The international standard for first aid kits is that they should be
identified with the ISO graphical symbol for first aid (from ISO 7010)
which is an equal white cross on a green background.
• First aid kits can be assembled in almost any type of container, and
this will depend on whether they are commercially produced or
assembled by an individual. Standard kits often come in durable
plastic boxes, fabric pouches or in wall mounted cabinets. The type of
container will vary depending on purpose, and they range in size from
wallet sized through to large box.
• It is recommended that all kits are in a clean, waterproof container to
keep the contents safe and aseptic. Kits should also be checked
regularly and restocked if any items are damaged or are out of date.
Your basic first aid kit
• A basic first aid kit may contain:
• • plasters in a variety of different sizes and shapes
• • small, medium and large sterile gauze dressings
• • at least 2 sterile eye dressings
• • triangular bandages, crêpe rolled bandages
• • safety pins
• • disposable sterile gloves
• • tweezers
• • scissors
• • alcohol-free cleansing wipes
Your basic first aid kit
• sticky tape
• thermometer (preferably digital)
• skin rash cream, such as hydrocortisone or calendula
• cream or spray to relieve insect bites and stings
• antiseptic cream
• painkillers such as paracetamol (or infant paracetamol for children), aspirin (not
to be given to children under 16), or ibuprofen
• cough medicine
• antihistamine cream or tablets
• distilled water for cleaning wounds
• eye wash and eye bath
• Class A Kits. Class B Kits. Class A first aid kits are intended to provide a
basic range of products to deal with most common types of injuries
encountered in the workplace including: major wounds, minor
wounds (cuts and abrasions), minor burns and eye injuries.
(b) Responsibilities of a First Aider.
• Who is first aider definition?
An appointed person or is someone who is nominated to take charge of first
aid arrangements, such as looking after the first aid kit and calling an
ambulance in an emergency. A first aider is someone who is qualified to give
first aid treatment in the event of an injury or illness.

• What qualifications should a first aider have?

person does not have to be a trained and qualified emergency first-aider or
first-aider, although many employers regard this as best practice. To become
an emergency first-aider the minimum level of first aid training you need is
the Emergency First Aid at Work qualification.
The 3 P's in first aid?
One set of goals of first aid is called the "Three P's":
• Preserve life – stop the person from dying.
• Prevent further injury – stop the person from being injured even
more. If possible, an injured person should not be moved. ...
• Promote recovery – try to help the person heal their injuries.
The role of a first aider
First aid is the help given to someone who is injured or ill, to keep them
safe until they can get more advanced medical treatment by seeing a
doctor, health professional or go to hospital.
• The role of a first aider is to give someone this help, while making
sure that they and anyone else involved are safe and that they don’t
make the situation worse.
If you think someone needs your help, these are
the seven things you need to do as a first aider:
1. Assess the situation quickly and calmly:
• Safety: Are you or they in any danger? Is it safe for you to go up to them?
• Scene: What caused the accident or situation? How many casualties are
there?
• Situation: What’s happened? How many people are involved and how old are
they? What do you think the main injuries could be?
2. Protect yourself and them from any danger:
• Always protect yourself first - never put yourself at risk
• Only move them to safety if leaving them would cause them more harm
• If you can’t make an area safe, call for emergency help
3. Prevent infection between you and them:
• Wash your hands or use alcohol gel
• Wear disposable gloves
• Don’t touch an open wound without gloves on
• Don’t breathe, cough or sneeze over a wound or a casualty
4. Comfort and reassure:
• Stay calm and take charge of the situation
• Introduce yourself to them to help gain their trust
• Explain what’s happening and why
• Say what you’re going to do before you do it
5. Assess the casualty:
• If there’s more than one casualty, help those with life-threatening conditions
first
• Start with the Primary Survey and deal with any life-threatening conditions
• Then, if you’ve dealt with these successfully, move on to the Secondary
Survey
6. Give first aid treatment:
• Prioritize the most life-threatening conditions
• Then move on to less serious ones
• Get help from others if possible
• 7. Arrange for the right kind of help:
• Call for an ambulance if you think it’s serious
• Take or send them to hospital if it’s a serious condition but is unlikely to get
worse
• Suggest they see their doctor if they’re concerned about a less serious
condition
• Advise them to go home to rest, but to seek help if they feel worse
• Stay with them until you can leave them in the right care.
How to assess a casualty
• First, you need to look and see if they have any injuries or conditions
that could be immediately life-threatening, and deal with these as
quickly as possible. To do this, the letters DR. ABC will help you to
remember to check for Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing and
Circulation.
• The Secondary Survey
If you manage to deal with anything life-threatening successfully, or
there is nothing life-threatening to deal with, then you can assess
someone in more detail for any other injuries or conditions.
Treating:
Burns.
Definition
• A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold,
electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation.
• Burns are characterized by severe skin damage that causes the affected
skin cells to die.
• Burn levels (degree)
First-, Second-, and Third-degree.
Each degree is based on the severity of damage to the skin, with first-
degree being the most minor and third-degree being the most severe.

• Damage includes:
First-degree burns: red, non blistered skin
Second-degree burns: blisters and some thickening of the skin
Third-degree burns: widespread thickness with a white, leathery
appearance
There are also fourth-degree burns. This type of burn includes all of the
symptoms of a third-degree burn and also extends beyond the skin into
tendons and bones.

The type of burn is not based on the cause of it. Scalding, for example,
can cause all three burns, depending on how hot the liquid is and how
long it stays in contact with the skin.
Chemical and electrical burns warrant immediate medical attention
because they can affect the inside of the body, even if skin damage is
minor.
First-degree burn
• First-degree burns cause minimal skin damage. They are also called
“superficial burns” because they affect the outermost layer of skin.
Signs of a first-degree burn include:
• Redness, minor inflammation, or swelling, pain, dry, peeling skin
occurs as the burn heals
• Since this burn affects the top layer of skin, the signs and symptoms
disappear once the skin cells shed. First-degree burns usually heal
within 7 to 10 days without scarring. You should still see your doctor if
the burn affects a large area of skin, more than three inches, and if it’s
on your face or a major joint, which include:
Knee, ankle, foot, spine, shoulder, elbow, forearm
First-degree burns are usually treated with home care.
Treatments for a first-degree burn include:
• soak the wound in cool water for five minutes or
longer taking acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain
relief applying lidocaine (an anesthetic) with aloe vera
gel or cream to soothe the skin using an antibiotic
ointment and loose gauze to protect the affected area

• Make sure you don’t use ice, as this may make the
damage worse. Never apply cotton balls to a burn
because the small fibers can stick to the injury and
increase the risk of infection
Second-degree burn
• Second-degree burns damage extends beyond the top layer of skin. This
type burn causes the skin to blister and become extremely red and
sore. Some blisters pop open, giving the burn a wet or weeping
appearance.
• Due to the delicate nature of these wounds, keeping the area clean and
bandaging it properly is required to prevent infection. This also helps
the burn heal quicker.
• The worse the blisters are, the longer the burn will take to heal. In some
severe cases, skin grafting is required to fix the damage. Skin grafting
takes healthy skin from another area of the body and moves it to the
site of the burned skin.
• As with first-degree burns, avoid cotton balls and questionable home
remedies.
Treatments for a mild second-degree burn
generally include:
• running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer
• taking over-the-counter pain medication (acetaminophen or
ibuprofen) applying antibiotic cream to blisters and seek emergency
medical treatment if the burn affects a widespread area, such as any
of the following:
• face, hands, buttocks, groin, feet
Third-degree burn
Third-degree burns are the most severe. They cause the most damage,
extending through every layer of skin. Depending on the cause, the
symptoms third-degree burns can exhibit include:
• waxy and white color, char, dark brown color, raised and leathery texture,
blisters that do not develop
• Without surgery, these wounds heal with severe scarring and contracture.
• Never attempt to self-treat a third-degree burn. Call 911 immediately.
While you’re waiting for medical treatment, raise the injury above your
heart. Don’t get undressed, but make sure no clothing is stuck to the burn.
Treating burns
• [Link]
Electric burns
• Why are electrical burns so dangerous?
• Electrical burns are very dangerous, as the electrical current can harm
internal organs and tissues, as well as causing burns on the skin. The
electrical shock may also cause the patient to be thrown or to fall, which
may result in fractures or other injuries.
• Why does electrocution cause burns at the skin?
• They can exclusively cause surface damage, but more often tissues deeper
underneath the skin have been severely damaged. In extreme cases,
electricity can cause shock to the brain, strain to the heart, and injury to
other organs. For a burn to be classified as electrical, electricity must be
the direct cause.
Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help:
• 1. Turn off the source of electricity if possible. If not, move the
source away from both you and the injured person using a dry,
nonconducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood.
• 2. Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of circulation, such as
breathing, coughing or movement.
• 3. Try to prevent the injured person from becoming chilled.
• 4. Apply a bandage. Cover any burned areas with a sterile gauze
bandage, if available, or a clean cloth. Don't use a blanket or towel,
because loose fibers can stick to the burns.
How is an electrical burn treated. — Treatment depends on the type of skin burn
you have and how serious it is.
• Treatments for a mild skin burn can include:
• 1. Cooling the burn – You can put a cool cloth on your burn or soak it in cool
water. Do not put ice on a burn.
• 2. Clean the burnt site (using sterile gauze)
• 3. Apply an antibiotic ointment
• 4. Covering the burn with a clean bandage – Your doctor might also
recommend or prescribe a cream or ointment to soothe the skin or prevent an
infection.
• 5. Treating the pain – To ease your pain, you can raise the burned part of your
body above the level of your heart. For example, you can prop your foot or leg up
on pillows. You can also take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as
acetaminophen (sample brand name: Tylenol) or ibuprofen (sample brand
names: Advil, Motrin).

• . [Link]
TREATING CUTS AND ABRASIONS.
• The body begins repairing a wound immediately and the process may
continue for days, weeks, months or even years, depending on the injury.
Some wounds are too large for the body to seal without help. Your doctor
will decide whether a wound requires stitching or gluing.
Cut- an opening, incision, or wound in (something) with a sharp-edged tool
or object.
• Things to consider when with dealing with cuts.
• The size of the cut
• The location of the cut
• Medical problems
• The amount of bleeding
TREATING CUTS
• Minor cuts.
• Minor cuts and scrapes that are oozing a little blood usually don't
require any bleeding control. They typically stop bleeding on their
own, though you can apply pressure to help this. Your next step is to
clean the wound. Use an Antibiotic Ointment
severe cuts
[Link] emergency services. It is important to get medical personal on the
scene as quickly as possible. If you and the injured person are alone, you
need to get extreme bleeding under control before going for help.
[Link] gloves: on if you are treating someone else. It is important to keep a
barrier between you and someone else's blood. Latex gloves will protect you
from any possible transfer of disease from the other person's blood.
[Link] the severity of the wound and the injured person's responses to the
injury. Also check the patient's breathing and circulation. Ask the person to
lay down or sit down if possible, to allow the person to rest and relax. Check
it to see what the problem is.
[Link] away clothing, if needed, so that you can see the wound. Be careful to
avoid getting debris in the wound as you cut away the clothing.
[Link] life-threatening issues. If the wound is causing severe bleeding
from an arm or leg, ask the patient to elevate his or her affected limb. Then,
place supports under the limb. Keep it in this position until the bleeding
stops.
NB. Shock can also be a life-threatening issue. If the patient is in shock,
keep him or her warm and relaxed as possible. Symptoms of shock
include pale, cold, clammy skin, disorientation, and decreased alertness.
Do not try to remove any object, such as a glass splinter, unless you are
properly trained to do so; removal could cause a great deal of blood
loss if the item is the only thing stoppering the flow.
[Link] the deep cut. Put a clean and non-fluffy dressing pad over the
cut. Apply firm pressure directly to the cut.
• A compression bandage can be made from clothing, fabric, rags, wrap
the compression bandage around the wound. Do not wrap too
tightly; ensure that two fingers can slip under the bandage.
• 7. Place another dressing over the bandage if blood seeps
through. Do not attempt to remove the existing dressing and
bandage, as this would disturb the wound.
• 8. Monitor the patient's breathing and circulation. Reassure the
person until help arrives (if severe) or until the bleeding stops (less
severe). An ambulance must be called if the cut is severe and/or the
bleeding fails to stop.
• Be sure to describe the person's injury when you call emergency
services. This will make it easier for paramedics to arrive on the scene
prepared to immediately assist.
Check the wound.
• If you can see fat, muscle, or bone through the cut, or if the cut is
wide and jagged, it will most likely need stitches.
• Signs that it is a problem needing quick attention can include any or a
combination of the following: extreme pain, a lot of bleeding, signs of
shock (such as cold, sweaty skin, feeling cold, or paleness of skin and
appearance).
• You know a cut is through the skin if you can see fat (yellow-tan,
lumpy tissue), muscle (deep-red, stringy tissue), or bone (tan-white,
hard surface).
• However, any cut that is more than three centimeters long or 1/2 inch
deep requires medical attention.
ABRASION
• An abrasion is a type of open wound that’s caused by the skin rubbing
against a rough surface. It may be called a scrape or a graze. When an
abrasion is caused by the skin sliding across hard ground, it may be
called road rash.
• They can range from mild to severe. Abrasions are most likely to occur
on the:
• Elbows, knees, shins, ankles, upper extremities

• Abrasions can be painful, since they sometimes expose many of the

skin’s nerve endings.
DIFFERENT GRADES OF ABRASIONS AND
THEIR SYMPTOMS
First-degree abrasion
• A first-degree abrasion involves superficial damage to the epidermis. A
first-degree abrasion is considered mild. It won’t bleed.
• First-degree abrasions are sometimes called scrapes or grazes.
Second-degree abrasion
• A second-degree abrasion results in damage to the epidermis as well as the
dermis. A second-degree abrasion may bleed mildly.
Third-degree abrasion
• A third-degree abrasion is a severe abrasion. It’s also known as an avulsion
(action of pulling or tearing) wound. It involves friction and tearing of the
skin to the layer of tissue deeper than the dermis. An avulsion may bleed
heavily and require more intense medical care.
Treating an abrasion
• A first- or second-degree abrasion can usually be treated at home. To care
for an abrasion:
• Begin with washed hands. Gently clean the area with cool to lukewarm
water and mild soap. Remove dirt or other particles from the wound using
sterilized tweezers.
• For a mild scrape that’s not bleeding, leave the wound uncovered.
• If the wound is bleeding, use a clean cloth or bandage, and apply gentle
pressure to the area to stop any bleeding. Elevating the area can also help
stop bleeding.
• Cover a wound that bled with a thin layer of topical antibiotic ointment,
like Bacitracin, or a sterile moisture barrier ointment, like Aquaphor. Cover
it with a clean bandage or gauze. Gently clean the wound and change the
ointment and bandage once per day.
• Watch the area for signs of infection, like pain or redness and swelling. See
your doctor if you suspect infection.
TREATING HEAVY BLEEDING.
• It is important to pay to the location of the bleeding.
• If the bleeding is not controlled quickly the injured person can go into
shock and become unresponsive.
• Bleeding from the mouth or nose can affect the persons breathing a
care must be taken to keep their air way free.
Treating a severe bleed
• 1. Call emergency services
• 2. Ware protective gloves
• 3. If wound if cover by clothes, remove or cut them
• 4. If there is an object in the wound do not remove as it may be
acting as a plug, leave it in and apply pressure on either side.
• 5. If no object in in the wound apply direct pressure on the wound
• NB. Apply pressure to main arteries if needing ( brachial arteries,
under arm. femoral arteries for legs)
• 6. Use a sterile dressing to stop the bleeding
• 7. The person may develop shock so its best to let them lay down
on a blanket and keep them warm.
• 8. Raise and support their legs above the level of their heart but do
not do so it the leg is injured
• 9. Secure the dressing with a bandage that in firm enough to secure
the pressure but not to cut of the circulation of blood.
• NB. do not remove bandage if blood flow through just add a second
one over it
• 10. Support injured area and monitor the person response.
PRACTICING MOUTH-TO-MOUTH
RESUSCITATION AND RECOVERY POSITION.
• Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, a form of artificial ventilation, is the
act of assisting or stimulating respiration in which a rescuer presses
his or her mouth against that of the victim and blows air into the
person's lungs. Artificial respiration takes many forms, but generally
entails providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not
making sufficient respiratory effort on his/her own. It is used on a
patient with a beating heart or as part of cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) to achieve the internal respiration.
• Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is a part of most protocols for
performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
STEP FOR MOUTH TO MOUTH
• 1. Open the airway by performing the head tilt chin lift maneuver
• 2. Pinch the nose to prevent air from escaping
• 3. Create a seal with your lips around the individual’s mouth
• 4. Blow into the individual’s mouth and watch the chest if it does
not rise check to see if there is any blockage.
• 5. Give additional breath with a duration of a full second if the
chest doesn’t rise on the first try
• 6. If the chest does not rise in two breaths, continue giving chest
compressions.
• For kids pay careful attention.
• [Link]
RECOVERY POSITION
• The recovery position is designed to prevent suffocation through
obstruction of the airway, which can occur in unconscious supine
patients
• [Link]
• [Link]