The Practice of Pharmacy
PRESCRIPTION WRITING
COMPOUNDING & INCOMPATIBILITIES
DISPENSING
HOSPITAL PHARMACY ADMINISTRATION
CLINICAL PHARMACY
MEDICATION COUNSELING
PHARMACEUTICAL ADMINISTRATION
PHARMACO-ECONOMICS & PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING
MEDICAL DEVICES & RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
COMPLEMENTARY & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS
Prescription Writing and Dispensing
Over the Counter Medicines Prescription Medicines
Mild symptoms for self-limiting diseases Moderate to severe symptoms of diseases requiring diagnosis
Advertise on TV & print ads Can not be advertised on TV/print ads; advertised on MIMS
Acute illnesses & syptoms for short-term treatments Chronic illnesses on long-term treatment
Mild symptoms with no complications Moderate to severe symptoms with complications
Antibiotics for systemic infections (oral/parenteral) Some topical anti-infections (mupirocin, TerramycinTM)
Corticosteroids for system conditions (oral/parenteral) Mometasone cream/ointment
Low potency vitamins High dose vitamins combined with a component requiring
prescription
Eye/ear drops use for lubrication & mild irritation Eye/ear drops used for eye diseases & infections
Those with mild side-effects Those with moderate to severe adverse drug reactions
Therapeutic duplication is the practice of prescribing multiple medications for the same indication without a clear distinction
of when one agent should be administered over another. Therapeutic duplication increases the likelihood that a patient can
experience adverse effects due to increased ingredient concentrations in the body, as well as drug-drug interactions.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, M.D.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, M.D.
Contact Information
Contact Information
Patient: Juan V. Dela Cruz Age/sex: 47/M
Patient: Juan V. Dela Cruz Age/sex: 47/M
Address: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Date: August 16, 2021
Address: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Date: August 16, 2021
Rx
Rx
Fluticase + Salmeterol (Seretide 25/125mcg MDI) - 1 puff BID
Losartan + HCTZ (Ccombizar 50/12.5mg) - 1 QAM
Salbutamol (Ventolin MDI) - 2 puffs prn
Candesartan (Candez 8mg) - 1 QAM
Levocetirizine + Montelukast (Zykast 5/30mg) - 1 OD prn
Amlodipine (Norvasc 5mg) - 1 QHS
Rosuvastatin (Crestor 10mg) - 1 QHS
Fenofibrate (Fenoflex 160mg) - 1 QPM
Gliclazide (Diamicron 80mg) - 1 QAM after breakfast
Metformin HCl (Glucophage 500mg ) - 1 BID
Febuxostat (Attenurix 40mg) - 1 BID
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, M.D. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, M.D.
Contact Information Contact Information
Patient Juan V. Dela Cruzxxxxxxx Age/sex: 47/M Patient Juan V. Dela Cruzxxxxxxx Age/sex: 47/M
Address: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Date: August 16, 2021 Address: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Date: August 16, 2021
Rx Rx
Levocetirizine + Montelukast (Zykast 5/30mg) - 1 OD Prednisone (Pred 10mg) - 1 TID
Hydroxyzine (Iterax 25mg) - 1 QHS Methylprednisolone (Medrol 16mg) - 1 QAM
Hydrocortisone 1% Cream (Cortizan) - apply prn Desloaratadine (Aerius 5mg) - 1 QPM
Methylprednisolone (Medrol 16mg) - 1 QAM Levocetirizine + Montelukast (Zykast 5/30mg) - 1 QAM
Impossible prescription shall not be filed. They shall be
and reported by the pharmacist of drug outlet or any
other interested party to the nearest DOH office for
appropriate action. The pharmacist shall advise the
prescriber of the problem and/or instruct the customer
to get the proper prescription.
Package Inserts:
The FDA requires the following information to appear in the drug labelling materials accompanying all drug products:
Rx - at least 1/5 the size of the panel
Generic name & brand name Identify which are required to appear in primary
Dosage Form and strength packaging materials for oral solid and liquid
Pharmacologic Category preparaions? for semi-solid preparations in
Formulation: salts/esters equivalent to base collapsible ointment tubes? in small volume
Indications parenterals (vials and ampules)?
Dosage and Mode of Administration
Caution, contraindications, precaution, warnings Contains sodium bisulfite / metabisulfite that may
Drug Interactions, side effects/adverse drug reactions cause anaphylactic reactions in certain susceptible
Overdose and Treatment people
Storage Condition
Net Content or Pack Size Food. Drug & Cosmetic Act prevents dispensing
Name and Address of MAH (importer or trader) without prescription (List B’)
Name and Address of Manufacturer Pharmacovigilance action - in case of ADR, please
Pharacogivilance & ADR Reporting Statement contact?
Drug Registration Number (DR-XY), Batch/lot number
Expiration Date and Date of Manufacture
Medical terms:
1. astringent - protein precipitants that constrict pores, contraction/wrinkling of tissues; alum, aluminum acetate, AlCl 3
2. bitters - improves salivation and gastric secretion to improve appetite
3. caustic/corrosive - destroys tissue at site of application; podophyllum, HCl, KOH
4. carminative - agents that relieve flatulence; simethicone
5. cholagogue - promotes discharge or flow of bile
6. choleretic - improves secretion of bile from the liver
7. cyclopegic - muscarinic blockers used to paralayze eye ciliary muscles to determine refractive errors (i.e., atropine)
7. demulcent - protective against irritants (mucous membranes or abraided tissue); benzoin, gelatin, glycerin, pectin
8. diaphoretic - induces perspiration or sweating
9. digestants - promote digestion in the GIT; pancreatic enzymes
10. emmenagogue - stimulates or increases menstrual flow
11. emollient - fatty oleaginous agetns applied to skin/mucous membrane to render it soft; cold cream, white petrolatum
12. escharotic / cauterizants - precipitates proteins and inflammed exudates, leading to scar formation
13. irritants - applied to skin or mucous membranes to induce hyperemia & inflammation; icthamol, pine tar
14. keratolytics - irritants that causes tissue to desquamate and peel off; salicylic acid, sulfur
15. lactagogue/galatacogue - induces lactaton
16. palliative - relieving pain without dealing with the cause of the condition
17. sialagouge - promotes the secretion of saliva
18. rubefacient - topically applied to produce skin redness
19. idiopathic - of unknown cause
20. vesicants - agents that induce blisters; cantharides
List B medicines include IR solid oral dosage forms of generic drug products
that require the conduct of in-vivo bioequivalence studies as proposedby
the World Health Organization (WHO)
Indinavir Sulfate 400mg
TM
Acetazolamide 250mg Tab. (Diamox ) Ivermectin 6mg
Albendazole 400mg Tab. Lopinavir + Ritonavir 133.3/33.3mg
Artemether + Lumefantrine 20/120mg Mefloquine HCl 250mg
Artesunate 50mg Mercaptopurine 50mg
Azathioprine Sodium 50mg Tab. Nelinavir Mesilate 250mg
TM
Azithromycin 500mg Tab. (Zithromax ) Nevirapine 200mg
TM
Carbamazepine 200mg Tab. (Tegretol ) Nifedipine 10mg (AdalatTM)
Cefixime 400mg Tab. (TergecefTM) Nitrofurantoin 100mg (MacrodantinTM)
Ciclosporin 25mg Phenytoin Sodium (DilantinTM)
Clofazimine 100mg Praziquantrel 600mg
Dapsone 100mg Pyrimethamine 25mg
Diloxanide Furoate 500mg Retinol Palmitate 110mg
Evevirenz 200mg Rifampicin
Erythromycin Stearate 250mg Ritonavir 100mg
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate 250mg Saquinavir 200mg
Etoposide 100mg Spirinolactone 25mg (AldactoneTM)
Furosemide 40mg Tab. (LasixTM) Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine 500/25mg
TM
Glibenclamide 5mg Tab. (Euglocon ) Cotrimoxazole 800/160mg & 400/80mg (BactrimTM)
Griseofulvin 250mg Theophylline Anhydrous (NuelinTM)
Haloperidol 2mg Tab. (HaldolTM, SerenaceTM) Verapamil HCl 80mg Tab. (IsoptinTM)
PDEA License Dangerous Drugs Entities PDEA License Controlled Substances & Precursors
S1 Retailer of controlled substances except as P1 Retail distributor
norephedrine & phenylpropanolamine at
doses 25mg below (OTC) P3 End-user
S2 Prescriber of dangerous drugs except P4 Wholesale distributor
norephedrine & phenylpropanolamine at P5-I Importer
doses 25mg below (OTC)
P-5C Manufacturer
S3 Retailer of dangerous drugs except ast
P-5E Exporter
stated above
S4 Wholesaler / distributor of dangerous drugs S-5D Bulk depot/storage
except as stated above P-5IM Importer / end user
S-5C Manufacturer; should not apply to
compouding in retail stores
S-5D Bulk/depot storage
S-5E Exporter
S-5I Importer
6 Research analysis/instructional program
List A1 Prohibited Dangerous Drug Preparations to
be prescribed using DOH official Rx form. 6 DDP per
Rx. Partial filling allowed! No Refill!
Buprenorphine (NorspanTM Patch)
Diazepam (ValiumTM Ampule)
Ephedrine Sulfate Ampule
Fentanyl Citrate Ampule (SublimazeTM)
Hydromorphone HCl Tab. (JurinstaTM)
Methylphenidate Tab. (RitalinTM)
Midazolam Ampule (DormicrumTM)
Morphine Sulfate Ampule/Tablet/CR (MST ContinusTM)
Oxycodone Caps. / PR Tab. (OxycontinTM)
Pethidine HCl Ampule/Vial (DemerolTM)
Pentobarbital Sodium Vial (EuthalTM)
Phenobarbital Sodium Ampule (LuminalTM)
List A2 - Regulated drugs not in injectable form (i.e. capsule,tablet or syrup) to be
prescribed using ordinary Rx with S2; 1 DDP per Rx; partial filling allowed; No Refill!
Alprazolam Tab. / XR Tab. (XanorTM)
Bromazepam Tab. (LexotanTM)
Clonazepam Tab. (RivotrilTM)
Chlorazepate Dipotassium Caps. (TranxeneTM)
Diazepam Tab. (ValiumTM)
List A2 - to be prescribed
Estazolam Tab. (EsilganTM)
using ordinary Rx with S2;
Flurazepam Caps. (DalmaneTM)
partial filling allowed; No
Mazindol Tab. (MazzolTM)
Refill!
Midazolam Tab. (DormicumTM)
Nitrazepam Tab. (MozepamTM)
Phenobarbital Sodium Tab.
Phentermine Resin Caps. (DuromineTM)
Zolpidem Tab. / MR Tab. (StilnoxTM)
Pseudoephedrine HCl SR Tab. (RhinosTM)
Pseudoephedrine Sulfate Tab./Syr. (ClarinaseTM)
Ergotamne Tartrate Tab. (AvamigranTM)
Methylergometrine Tab./Amp.
AMADO L. BALTAZAR M.D.
Agoo Medical Clinica
Agoo, La Union
Lic. No. 0026738
PTR # 7377106
S2 # 019511RM18-414-A
An initial license issued shall be valid for three (3) years b. A
renewed license shall be valid for five (5) years.
Pharmacists should be meticulous on the validity of a doctor to prescribe
regulated drugs. Usually a doctor must apply or renew for his S2 license at the
compliance service of PDEA bringing all the required documents. The doctors
are given a temporary license which consists of nine alpha-numeral code that
can be used for a maximum of 3 months after the requisition of the ID. A valid
S2 license ID must contain twelve alpha-numeral code making the last three
numbers as the control number, that temporary S2 # does not possess this.
JOHN MICHAEL L. REYES, M.D.
UE-RMMC
Aurora Blvd., Quezon City
Lic. No. 138803
PTR # 3341206
S2 # 030433RM20-012
1. Drugs that decolorizes with light & the use light-resistant containers
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Include: Quinine and chlorpromazine
Nitroglycerin
Should not be refrigerated
after reconstitution:
Requires refrigeration or
storage at cold
temperature
All insulin preparations
Requires refrigeration or
storage at cold
temperature
Physical incompatibilities - salting out, polymorphic changes, eutexia, caking of
suspensions, cracking of emulsions, immiscibility/insolubility, changes in
organoleptic properties, adsorption, sorption, liquefaction
Chemical incompatibiities - precipitation (alkaloids), oxidation-reduction,
hydrolysis, isomerization/racemization, decarboxylation/deamination,
effervescence, color changes, photolysis, polymerization, decomposition,
complex formation, denaturation, ionization
Therapeutic alternatives are drugs that
may have chemically different contents
but are purported to have the same
effect as other drugs for treating a
condition.
Hospital Pharmacy Administration
HOSPITAL PHARMACY ADMINISTRATION
1. Palliative care
Principal divisions of pediatrics:
1. Generalists 11. endocrinology and metabolism
2. cardiology 12. intensive care
3. pulmonary and chest medicine 13. perinatology
4. nephrology 14. neonatology
5. oncology 15. adolescent
6. hematology 16. ambulatory
7. infectious diseases
8. rheumatology
9. immunology and allergology
10. gastro-enterology
Principal divisions of surgery:
1. General surgery 13. oncologic surgery
2. neurosurgery 14. ophthalmology
3. cardiothoracic/pulmonary surgery 15. proctology
4. ENT 16. biopsy
5. endoscopic surgery 17. gastroenerologic surgery
6. bariartric surgery
7. obstetrics & gynecology
8. urology
9. cosmetic surgery
10. orthopedics
11. pediatric surgery
12. geriartrics surgery
Principal divisions of internal medicine: Miscellaneous division of internal
medicine:
1. Generalists
2. cardiology - interventional cardiology 1. geriartrics
2. pulmonary and chest medicine 2. dermatology
3. nephrology 3. neurology
4. oncology 4. psychiatry
5. hematology 5. pathology
6. infectious diseases 6. radiology
7. rheumatology 7. radio - oncology
8. immunology and allergology 8. anesthesiology
9. gastro-enterology - hepatology 9. rehabiliation / sports medicine
10. endocrinology and metabolism 10. emergency medicine
Restricted Antimicrobials
Restricted Antimicrobials
Medication therapy management (MTM) is
a distinct service or group of services
provided by health care providers, including
pharmacists, to ensure the best therapeutic
outcomes for patients.
Hospital pharmacy drug delivery systems
Floor-stock drugs means those drugs consisting of
emergency drugs and controlled substances which are
routinely maintained on patient care units and
accessible by nursing staff for patient administration.
Floor-stock drugs means those drugs consisting of
emergency drugs and controlled substances which are
routinely maintained on patient care units and
accessible by nursing staff for patient administration.
1. epinephrine/dobutamine
2. digoxin, nitroglycerine
3. aminophylline
1. Anti-allergies 4. lidocaine
2. Corticosteroids 5. laxatives
3. Anticoagulants 6. atropine sulfate
4. Penicillin G Inj. 7. glucose, Na bicarbonate
5. Inj. proton pump inhibitors 8. KCl elixir
9. multivitamins
10. infant formula
10. paracetamol
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
Macronutrients Source Properties Recommended Intake
Carbohydrates Dextrose monohydrate Nitrogen-sparing energy source; 2 - 5 mg/kg/minute
hyperosmolar; 3.4 Kcal/g 50 - 65% of total calories
Amino acids Crystalline AAs or branch Essential AA = 40 - 50%; Non-essential 0.8 - 2.0 g/kg/day
chain AAs (valine, leucine AA = 50 - 60%; 4.0 Kcal/g 15 - 20% of total calories
& isoleucine) Complication: azotemia
Lipids Phospholipids; fat 4% - 10% Kcal meets EFA requirements 2g fat/kg
emulsions; essential FAs 25 - 35% of toal calories
(linoleic, linolenic)
Other components include:
1. Fluids (sterile water): 30 - 50ml/kg/day or 1.5 - 3.0 L/day
2. Electrolytes - to correct acidosis or alkalosis; Ca2+, Na1+, K+1, Mg1+,
PO4-3, CH3COO-1, Cl-1 (to correct acidosis/alkalosis)
3. Vitamins - ADEK/C, B-complex, folates, niacin
4. Trace elements
Sepsis is the body's extreme
response to an infection. It is a
life-threatening medical
emergency.
Intravenous admixtures
TPN & IV drug admixture incompatibilities
Physical Incompatibility Example Remarks
Adsoption - non polar drugs Nitroglycerine adsorbs into polyvinylchloride Use glass bottles, polyolefin or
partition into plastic container bag or IV set polyethylene plastics
Leaching - the release of toxic DEHP Exacerbated by chlordiazepoxide, docetaxel, DEHP targets the testes, liver &
(di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) cyclosporine, etoposide, paclitaxel kidney; susceptible are pregnant &
lactating women, pediatrics,
adolescent boys & cancer patients
Precipitation of a drug upon Diazepam in 50% propylene glycol & 10%
dilution with water or saline ethanol; digoxin, phenytoin, clonazepam,
amiodarone, phytomenadione
Interpreting clinical laboratory results
Proteinuria (albuminuria) = kidney damage
WBC (pus cells) = urinary tract infection, liver disease
2.5 - 7.1 mM/L or
7 - 20 mg/dL
565.4 - 119.3 mM/L or
0.74 - 1.35 mg/dL
A low level of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can be
seen in kidney disease and is one of the
earliest changes to occur in persons with early
kidney failure.
A high fructosamine level means that the average blood glucose over the
previous 2 to 3 weeks has been elevated. In general, the higher the
fructosamine level, the higher the average blood glucose level.
Hyperinsulinemia means the amount of insulin in your blood is higher than
what's considered normal. Alone, it isn't diabetes. But hyperinsulinemia is
often associated with type 2 diabetes.
Creatinine kinase (CK) is an enzyme that
leaks out of damaged muscle. Elevated
CK levels means muscles are being
destroyed by abnormal processes, such
as a muscular dystrophy or
inflammation.
Polycythemia vera is a blood cancer
which causes the bone marrow to make
too many RBCs which may thicken the
blood and cause blood clots.
CRP = C-reactive protein
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is the rate at which RBCs in anticoagulated whole blood descend in a standardized
tube over a period of one hour. It is a common hematology test, and is a non-specific measure of inflammation.
Hyperproteinemia means you have more protein in your blood than is normal. Blood contains two main kinds of proteins:
albumin and globulins. These substances include hormones, enzymes and antibodies. High blood protein is not a specific
disease, but it might indicate you have a disease. It rarely causes symptoms on its own. But sometimes it is uncovered while
you're having blood tests done as part of an evaluation for some other symptoms.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme involved in energy production in the cells of the heart, liver, muscles, kidneys,
lungs and in blood cells; elevated LDH indicates tissue damage.
In the liver, bilirubin is changed into a form that
the body can get rid of - conjugated bilirubin or
SGOT direct bilirubin. This bilirubin travels from the
liver into the small intestine. A small amount is
SGPT excreted in the urine. Hyperbilirubinemia
indicates is caused by alcohol, infectious
hepatitis, autoimmune disorders & posthepatic
disorders.
ALP = alkaline phosphatase
High levels of VLDL cholesterol have been
associated with the development of plaque
deposits on artery walls, which narrow the
passage and restrict blood flow. There's no
simple, direct way to measure VLDL
cholesterol, which is why it's normally not
mentioned during a routine cholesterol
screening. VLDL = TG/5
A higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
indicates that the RBCs (erythrocytes) are
larger than average
High mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) are
a sign of macrocytic anemia. This condition
occurs when the RBCs (erythrocytes) are too
big, which can be a result of not having enough
vitamin B12 or folic acid; high MCH scores may
also be a result of liver disease.
A lack of either vitamin B-12 or folate causes megaloblastic anemia (pernicious anemia) where the RBCs do not develop
normally and are very large. Symptoms include fatigue, damage to nerves, memory & thinking.
A low hematocrit level means the are too few RBCs; a person experience symptoms that signal anemia, fatigue & weakness.
Reticulocytes are newly produced, relatively immature red blood cells. They form and mature in the bone marrow before
being released into the blood. A low reticulocyte count is caused by aplastic or iron deficiency anemia.
Ferritin is a blood protein that stores iron. A low ferritin count indicates iron deficiency anemia.
Homocysteine is an amino acid which is broken down by vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folic acid; raised levels of
homocysteine is caused by poor diet, smoking, coffee, alcohol, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and poor thyroid function.
Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the
calcium level in your blood is above normal. Too
much calcium in your blood can weaken your
bones, create kidney stones, and interfere with
how your heart and brain work. Hypercalcemia
is usually a result of overactive parathyroid
glands.
Hypoalbuminemia is the most common cause of
hypocalcemia. Causes include cirrhosis,
nephrosis, malnutrition, burns, chronic illness,
and sepsis.
An increased level of blood chloride (hyperchloremia) usually indicates
dehydration, but can also occur with other problems that cause high
blood sodium, such as Cushing syndrome or kidney disease.
Hyperphosphatemia or a high level of phosphorus indicates a kidney
having difficulty clearing phosphorus from the blood, particularly in kidney
disease, uncontrolled diabetes and other endocrine disorders.
Higher than normal amount of magnesium may be a sign of Addison’s
disease, a disorder of the adrenal glands. High blood magnesium levels
can lead to heart problems, difficulty breathing, shock, coma & death
A high monocyte count (monocytosis) is
associated with chronic infections and
leukemia; it can also occur when you
are recovering from an infection
High lymphocyte blood levels indicate your body is dealing with an infection,
inflammation and leukemia. A count higher than 3,000 lymphocytes in a
microliter of blood is considered to be lymphocytosis in adults.
High % of blood neutrophils (neutrophilia) is a sign of bacterial infection.
Eosinophilia is a higher than normal level of eosinophils. Eosinophils are a type
of disease-fighting WBCs (leukocytes). Eosinophilia indicates a parasitic
infection, allergy or cancer.
Basophils play a part in "immune surveillance" and have the ability to
detect and destroy early cancer cells, release histamines during an asthma
or allergy. An abnormally high basophil (basophilia) is a sign of chronic
inflammation and is associated with leukemia and lymphoma
Anticoagulants
The prothrombin time is the time it takes plasma to clot
after addition of tissue factor (obtained from rabbits,
recombinant tissue factor or from brains of autopsy
patients). This measures the quality of the extrinsic and
common pathways of coagulation. The speed of the
extrinsic pathway is greatly affected by levels of functional
factor VII in the body. Factor VII has a short half-life and the
carboxylation of its glutamate residues requires vitamin K.
The prothrombin time can be prolonged as a result of
deficiencies in vitamin K, warfarin therapy, malabsorption,
or lack of intestinal colonization by bacteria (such as in
newborns). In addition, poor factor VII synthesis (due to
liver disease) or increased consumption (in disseminated
intravascular coagulation) may prolong the PT.
The normal range of PT is 11 - 13.5 seconds. When the PT
is high, it takes longer for the blood to clot. This happens
when the liver is not making the right amount of blood
clotting proteins, so the clotting process takes longer. A
high PT usually means that there is serious liver damage or
cirrhosis.
The result (in seconds) for a prothrombin time performed on a normal individual will vary according to the type of analytical
system employed. and is due to the variations between different types and batches of manufacturer's tissue factor used in
the reagents. The international normalized ratio (INR) was devised to standardize the results. Each manufacturer assigns
an ISI value (International Sensitivity Index) for any tissue factor they manufacture. The ISI value indicates how a particular
batch of tissue factor compares to an international reference tissue factor.
In healthy people an INR of 1.1 or below is considered normal. An INR range of 2.0 to
3.0 is generally an effective therapeutic range for people taking warfarin for disorders
such as atrial fibrillation or a blood clot in the leg or lung. The higher your PT or INR,
the longer your blood takes to clot. An elevated PT or INR means your blood is taking
longer to clot than your healthcare provider believes is healthy for you. When your PT
or INR is too high, you have an increased risk of bleeding.
The new oral anticoagulants dabigatran,
rivaroxaban, and apixaban were developed
and approved for use without the need for
routine laboratory monitoring.
Warfarin dose adjustments
Black box warning
MEDICATION COUNSELING:
1. Compare & contrast pharmaceutical intervention & care
2. Drug allergies, examples & suggesting alternatives
3. Barriers to effective communication during patient counseling
4. Photosensitivity to drugs
5. Pleiotrophic effects, idiopathic, tolerance and idiosyncracies.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficency
Beer’s list of inappropriate medicines for the elderly
Category B drugs - insulin, macrolides, penicillins,
cephalosporins, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine,
cetirizine, loratadine, levocetirizine, ibuprofen,
famotidine, paracetamol
Esomeprazole & omeprazole
To be taken with food to increase absorption:
Protease inhibitors: Kaletra, indinavir, saquinar, nelfinavir
PHARMACEUTICAL ADMINISTRATION:
1. Purchasing, inventory control/levels & turn-over rates, with calculatons
2. Interpreting financial statements, their components & significance
3. Indices of drugstore liquidity & profitability
4. Compare & contrast between feasibility studies & business plans
PHARMACO-ECONOMICS & PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING:
1. Definition of pharmaco-economics and 5 cost ratios, with example
2. Quality of life measurements
3. The Mexican principle and drug promotional activities
4. The product life cycle, milking & cannibalism
5. Marketing mix
COMPLEMENTARY & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE:
1. Diferentiate between herbal medicine & food supplements, give examples
2. Classify CAM according to the 5 domains & give examples of each
MEDICAL DEVICES & RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS:
1. Needle sizes & shapes
2. Membrane filter sizes & shapes
3. Correct use of inhalers, nebules, diskus, turbuhaler, rotahaler etc.; priming
4. Correct administration of insulin preparations
5. Terminologies & units used in nuclear pharmacy
6. Contrast media & diagnostic/therapeutic radiopharmaceutical agents
PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS
1. Units of measurements & conversions
2. Units of soluton concentrations with interconversions
2. Multilevel aligation medial & alternate, with ratio & proportion
3. Stock solutions, ppm & and proof strength
4. Different ways of calculating pediatric doses
5. Preservation of syrups with ethanol and sucrose
6. Calorie calculations in TPN
7. Adjusting solutions to isotonicity - White-Vincent, Sprowl, E values, ΔTf
8. Classification of CKD, renal dosing & techniques of GFR measurements
9. IV Drip rates / flow rates
10. Problems with specific gravity as a variable
11. Pricing strategies for regular/SC/PWD customers
12. Temperature conversions
13. Ideal body weight and body mass index
14. e-GFR and renal dosing
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