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2022 IAS Exam Insights and Analysis

The document provides content for the GS Paper 1 of the UPSC Mains exam for March 2022. It covers topics related to Indian culture including literature, art forms and architecture from ancient to modern times. It also discusses aspects of modern Indian history, the freedom struggle and its key players. Other topics covered include post-independence consolidation, world history, Indian society, urbanization, globalization, and social issues. For each topic, it provides short answer questions and suggested responses ranging between 150-250 words.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

129 views88 pages

2022 IAS Exam Insights and Analysis

Uploaded by

Atul Anand

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INSIGHTSIAS

IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

MAINS MISSION - 2022

GS- I

MARCH 2022

www.insightsactivelearn.com | www.insightsonindia.com
INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is
content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.

Table of Contents
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to
modern times. ................................................................................................................................... 6
The journey of Indian literature is rooted in diversity and marked with a shift in theme, ideas and
styles. Substantiate with examples (250 Words) ............................................................................ 6
Assess the role played by Rabindranath Tagore and Abanindranath Tagore in the emergence of
the Bengal School of Art. (250 Words) ........................................................................................... 9
Throw light on progress of architecture and paintings during the Vijayanagar period. Can we say
that the Vijayanagar architecture is predominantly religious in character? Comment. (250 words)
.................................................................................................................................................... 12
Analyse the elements of continuity and change witnessed in the architecture of Mughals under
Shahjahan. (250 words) ............................................................................................................... 14
With the Gupta period India entered upon the classical phase of sculpture. By the efforts of the
centuries, techniques of art were perfected, definite types were evolved, and ideals of beauty
were formulated with precision. Discuss. (250 words) ................................................................. 16
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant
events, personalities, issues. ........................................................................................................... 17
The socio-religious reform movement took a new orientation under Jyotiba Phule and Savitri Bai
Phule as it became more inclusive and empowering. Elaborate. (250 words) ............................... 17
The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different
parts of the country. ........................................................................................................................ 19
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During the Quit India Movement, there was a paradigm shift in the nature of mass movement in
India’s freedom struggle. Explain. (250 words) ............................................................................. 19
Bhagat Singh symbolises the essence of revolutionary cult and character. A Political thinker with
clear-cut views on rationalism, revolution and the future society the revolutionaries wanted to
build. Elaborate. (250 words) ....................................................................................................... 23
Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country. ....................................... 25
Elaborate upon the roles and contributions of Morarji Desai towards nation-building in post-
independent India. (250 words) ................................................................................................... 25
History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars,
redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization. ....................................................... 27
Crimean Peninsula has been a source of turmoil in European politics right since the nineteenth
century. In the light of this statement, examine the impact of Crimean war (1853-1856) on Europe.
(250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 27
Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India. ........................................................................ 31
The socio-religious reform movement took a new orientation under Jyotiba Phule and Savitri Bai
Phule as it became more inclusive and empowering. Elaborate. (150 words, 10 marks) ............... 31
Start-ups can act as an agent of change by solving issues faced by the Indian society. Discuss. (150
words, 10 marks) ......................................................................................................................... 32
Philanthropy is a critical part of a democratic society as it focuses on the elimination of social
problems in the country. Explain. (250 words) ............................................................................. 35
Role of women and women’s organization; population and associated issues, poverty and
developmental issues, ..................................................................................................................... 37
The male domination of the ‘new and modern women’ is being done through a novel system of
neo-patriarchy. What is ‘Neo-Patriarchy’ and analyze its impact on Indian society with relevant
examples. (250 Words) ................................................................................................................ 37
Disasters and Pandemic have a huge impact on the lives of vulnerable sections, especially the
Children. Elucidate. (150 Words).................................................................................................. 39
Self Help Groups (SHG’s) have become indispensable as an agency of women empowerment but
their potential is yet to be fully harnessed as it remains constrained by various factors. Analyse.
(250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 42
The focus on the quality and coverage of health services through public health initiatives have
contributed majorly to the decline in the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in India. Precise focus
must however be continued in states still showing high mortality rate to achieve SDG-3. Discuss.
(250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 45
The role of women in the police has been steadily increasing, though at a slow pace. But it must
move beyond mere tokenism, so that they can champion the cause of women’s empowerment.
Examine. (250 words) .................................................................................................................. 47
Urbanization, their problems and their remedies............................................................................. 51
Solid waste management (SWM) in urban areas faces significant challenges associated with waste
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. Analyse. Suggest remedies to overcome these
challenges. (250 words) ............................................................................................................... 51

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Along with urbanization, the unpleasant by-products of urban living and municipal solid waste are
constantly increasing and they end up at unsanitary landfills causing hazards. Examine. What can
be the remedies for this problem? (250 words) ........................................................................... 53
Effects of globalization on Indian society ......................................................................................... 56
Start-ups can act as an agent of change by solving issues faced by the Indian society. Discuss. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 56
Phygital education – a hybrid of physical and digital education systems is a good way forward to
improve learning outcomes in the country but enabling infrastructure needs to be put in place for
it be a success. Discuss. (250 words, 15 marks) ............................................................................ 59
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism. ..................................................... 61
The national tele-mental health programme is a welcome step in main streaming mental health
and wellness. But its success will depend on its ability to reach masses and destigmatise mental
disorders in the society. Discuss. (250 words) ............................................................................. 61
Poor learning outcomes in education are rooted in poverty and various other societal factors
which hinder opportunities and hamper progress of education. Analyse. (250 words). ................ 64
Gender-based violence has adverse outcomes for woman’s physical, mental, sexual and
reproductive health. Moreover, various social and the cultural barriers make it difficult for victims
to access justice. Analyse. (250 words). ....................................................................................... 66
There have been various efforts towards securing a life of dignity for persons with disabilities
(PwD). However, to be able to realize the goal of inclusiveness, it is imperative to involve persons
with disabilities as equal partners in their development and decision-making. Comment. (250
words) ......................................................................................................................................... 69
Salient features of world’s physical geography. ............................................................................... 74
What are Karewas? How are they formed? Discuss their geographical distribution in India and
economic significance. (250 words) ............................................................................................. 74
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc. .. 76
Water stress causes deterioration of fresh water resources in terms of quantity as well as quality.
Suggest steps to overcome water stress in the country. (250 words) ........................................... 76
Geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-
bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes. .................................. 79
‘Climate change is adding to complexities of monsoon predictions at regional and local levels’. In
this context, briefly describe how the Monsoon mission will help improve the overall
understanding of Monsoon. (150 Words) .................................................................................... 79
Accounting for seasonal variations in the Indian monsoons, examine how climate change is
impacting the monsoon patterns across the subcontinent. What steps are needed to mitigate such
impact? (250 words) .................................................................................................................... 81
Despite being the lifeline of India’s water supplies, groundwater issues are often overlooked.
Examine the issues with ground water utilisation and suggest steps to promote its sustainable use
and management. (250 words) .................................................................................................... 84

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Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and
Architecture from ancient to modern times.
The journey of Indian literature is rooted in diversity and marked with a shift in theme,
ideas and styles. Substantiate with examples (250 Words)
Difficulty level: Difficult
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2022 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
Write about shifting themes and directions of Indian literature.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give a brief intro to Indian literature
Body:

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Trace the evolution of Indian Literature with focus on changing themes, ideas and styles.
E.g. Earliest literature: There were no rules and no separation between singing, poetry, dance and
philosophy etc. Poetry dominated prose. Themes were mainly religious.
Medieval times: Newer forms of literature developed (e.g. Dohas by Kabir), languages diversified,
Use of Persian languages and poetry.
Modern times: Indian writers tried to emulate West, emergence of reformation literature e.g. Ram
Mohan Roy’s ‘Precepts of Jesus’
Conclusion:
Rapidly advancing technology and the digital world have reduced the gap between the author and
the reader. It has encouraged many youngsters to take up literature in a serious way. Self-
publication and digital platforms, new avatars like science fiction, flash fiction, Instagram
poetry has got evolved in the present times
Introduction

The Indian literary tradition is one of the oldest in the world. While a significant amount of the
Indian literature is written, a lot more is propagated orally in regional languages, all of which have
received an enormous reception worldwide. The hallmark of Indian literature over the past 3000
years or so is diversity. The key to this diversity is the linguistic density of the Indian sub-continent
and the willingness to absorb all wonderful things from any language or culture that people came
across.

Body

Journey of Indian literature

Ancient period

 In the initial days, there were no hard and fast rules and hence no separation between
singing, poetry, dance, philosophy etc.

 We find that the writers mainly sages wrote most astonishing poetry and music as in Sama
Veda, highest philosophy as in Rig Veda etc.

 During the time of Vedas in the northern plains region, exotic poetry and grammar were
being developed in Southern regions as well, in Tamil.

 We see early Sangam poetry that not only reflects the poet’s thoughts and emotions but
also provide a large number of clues to the highly civilised society that was in existence at
that time.

 The corpus of Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu,

Pathinenkilkanakku, and the two epics- Silappathigaram and Manimegalai.

 The Bhakti reformers adopted the common language of the people and preached in it
instead of preaching either in Sanskrit or in Persian. In this way a great impetus was given to
the development of the vernaculars.

 For instance, Basavanna and Akka Mahadevi wrote several Vachanas in Kannada language.
The Vira-Saivas contributed the most for the development of Kannada literature.

Medieval period

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 The emergence of a variety of literature in a large number of languages during die medieval
period and almost on all the subjects of human endeavour marks the medieval
period as Golden One for India.

 The literature during the Gupta period varied from topics of Science, astronomy, medicine
to Ayurveda by noted writers and poets.

 Sanskrit literature is as vast as the human life. Sanskrit literature refers to texts composed in
Sanskrit language since the 2nd-millennium BCE. Many of the prominent texts are associated
with Indian religions, i.e., Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, and were composed in ancient
India.
 Development of Sanskrit grammar began with Panini in 400 B.C. with his book Asthadhyayi
being the oldest book in Sanskrit grammar. Sanskrit literature reached its peak with works by
greats like Kalidasa, Vishnu Sharma etc.

 Persian became the official languageof Delhi sultanate. The development of Persian
literature in the sub continent entered a new era in the writings of Amir Khusrau. The court
chronicles were an important feature of the literature during the period of the Delhi
Sultanate.

 The Mughal period constitutes a brilliant epoch in the cultural history of India. The period
witnessed outburst of many-side cultural activities, of which, very significant strides were
made in the development of literature.

 Both original works and translations were produced in large numbers in Persian. Hindi also
saw important developments and so did Punjabi, Urdu. Moreover, many other regional
languages also found a period of growth during this period.

 Vijayanagara literature was produced in the Vijayanagara Empire during a golden age of
literature in South India in general. The rulers patronised Kannada, Telugu, Sanskrit and
Tamil scholars who wrote in the Jain, Virashaiva and Vaishnava traditions. The period
produced hundreds of works on all aspects of Indian culture, religion, biographies,
Prabhandas (stories), music, grammar, poetics and medicine.

Pre- independence

 In the late 19th and early 20th century many writers across the languages tried to emulate
their Western counterparts, especially when it came to stories and novels. That is no
surprise given the amount of success these two genres had in the West.

 Raja Ram mohan Roy’s prose works is noteworthy.

 Indian writers have huge contribution in awakening the masses for freedom struggle. Many
freedom fighters were also writers or vice-versa or both. Their writings, poem made people
aware about atrocities of British Raj.
 Bankim Chandra, Rabindranath tagore, Munshi Premchand, Subramania Bharthi are few
noted writers who stirred the minds of people.

 The trend of Indian romanticism ushered in by three great forces influenced the destiny of
modern Indian literature. These forces were Sri Aurobindo’s search for the divine in man,
Tagore’s quest for the beautiful in nature and man, and Mahatma Gandhi’s experiments

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with truth and non-violence. Jawaharlal Nehru’s prose works, The Discovery of India and
Glimpses of World History, are famous.

Post independence

 Post-independence India did see greater awareness on the part of the reading public as well
as the government of the existence of many more and richer languages and literatures,
beyond the limited periphery of one’s own mother-tongue or province.

 Writers received the opportunity of visiting new places and publicise their works. All this,
with all its limitations, did stimulate a literary climate. Further, the industrial and scientific
advancement throughout the country after independence also had an impact on Indian
literature. In spite of the new vistas opened to the writers in the form of writing for the new
mass media like the film, the Radio and TV, the character of Indian literature continues to
remain feudal, romantic, pastoral, idyllic and medievalist.

 Dalit literature is literature written by Dalits about their lives. Dalit literature emerged in the
1960s in the Marathi language, and it soon appeared in Bangla, Hindi, Kannada, Punjabi,
sindhi, and Tamil languages, through narratives such as poems, short stories, and
autobiographies, which stood out due to their stark portrayal of reality and the Dalit political
scene.

 In contemporary times, many new genres and sub-genres have come into existence-
Fantasy, Science Fiction, Flash Fiction, Mythology in a new avatar, Instagram poetry etc.

 Rapidly advancing technology and the digital world have reduced the gap between the
author and the reader. In fact, it has encouraged many youngsters lo take up literature in a
serious way. Self-publication and digital platforms have also helped in this cause.

Conclusion

Indian literature always had its own, unique style from the beginning. Contrary to the
popular perception two decades ago, Indian literature did not go the Western way and taking up of
Mythology in a significant way in many languages and presenting the same to suit the sensibilities of
the 21 century is one example.

Assess the role played by Rabindranath Tagore and Abanindranath Tagore in the
emergence of the Bengal School of Art. (250 Words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: NCERT
Why the question:
The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1 and mentioned as part of
Mission-2022 Secure timetable.
Key Demand of the question:
Contributions of each in the genesis of Bengal School of Art
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Briefly introduce Bengal School of Art
Body:
Write about the emergence of Bengal School of Art, its features and contribution of each –
E.g. Emergence: As a reaction to the company paintings promoted by British
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Features: Based on Indian Traditions, Influence of Ajanta Paintings, Linear Delicacy, etc.
Contribution of Abanindranath Tagore: Creator of ‘Indian society of Oriental Art’, promoted
National Indian Styles withing colonial art institutions.
Contributions of Rabindranath Tagore: He opened up his house to young artists, and started the
‘vichitra club’. He created ‘Kala Bhavan’ at Viswa Bharati University in 1919.
Conclusion:
Thus, both played a major role in the emergence and development of Bengal School of Art.
Introduction

Originating in Calcutta and Shantiniketan, the Bengal School of Art promoted a distinctly Indian
modernism which blossomed throughout India during the British Raj of the early 20th century.
Founded by Abanindranath Tagore, this movement was associated with Indian Nationalism more
specifically by the Swadeshi movement as a revolt against the tyranny of the British that posed a
threat to Indian sensibilities and to revive traditional art forms. The Bengal school of art paved the
way for the Progressive Artists Group which now constitutes a major portion of the Modern Indian
artists.

Body

Characteristic features of Bengal School of art

 Based on Indian Traditions : The Bengal School is fully based on the Indian traditional style
as the subject matter of this school is based on Indian culture. The paintings based on Indian
theme like ‘Mahakali, ‘Shiva Parwati’Krishna and Gopis etc. prove the Bengal School’s Indian
mentality.

 Influence of Ajanta Paintings : Bengal school is influenced from Ajanta Art. The qualities of
Ajanta Art like rhythm, grace, harmony etc. are visible in Bengal School.

 Linear Delicacy : The lines of Bengal School resemble the Ajanta Paintings. Lines are delicate
and rhythmic.

 Softness and Rhythm in Figures : The figures of Bengal School give soft effect and no
hardness is there. They are graceful and have delicacy. They are rhythmic and provide
pleasant experience to eyes.

 Beautiful Colour Scheme : The colours of Bengal School are very attractive. Wash technique
is used and colours are not bright and gaudy at all.

 Influence of Mughal and Rajasthani Schools : Mughal and Rajasthani Schools’ influence can
also be seen at some places.

 Light and Shade : The softness in the paintings of Bengal School is due to its quality of
brilliant light and shade.

 Impressive and Indian Subject Matter : The subject matter of Bengal School is very
impressive and Indian in character. Themes used are historical, religious, literary etc.

Role of Rabindranath Tagore

 Santiniketan was a path breaking educational institution Rabindranath Tagore set up in rural
Bengal in early twentieth century.

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 Tagore’s radical ideas of basing education in freedom and in the midst of nature played a
central role in ushering the radical modernism that emerged from its art department, Kala
Bhavana, set up in 1919.

 Rabindranath liked Nandlal Bose’s work and asked him to look after Kala Bhavan in 1922.
With Bose at the helm, the Bengal art movement flourished with Binode Bihari Mukherjee
and Ramkinker Baij as his students

 However, Rabindranath Tagore began painting relatively late in his career —in his 60s.

 Nevertheless, he produced thousands of works and was the first Indian artist to exhibit his
works across Europe, Russia and the United States in 1930s.

 His style was characterised by simple bold forms and a rhythmic quality.

 Gaganendranath and Abanindranath, who were Rabindranath’s nephews, were deeply

involved in painting.

Role of Abanindranath Tagore

 Abanindranath first created the ‘Indian Society of Oriental Art’and later went on to
establish Bengal school of art.

 He believed that Indian art and its art forms gave importance to spirituality as opposed to
the West which stressed on materialism, thus rejecting it.
 His idea of modernizing Mughal and Rajput paintings eventually gave rise to modern Indian
painting, which took birth at his Bengal school of art.

 Most of his works revolved around Hindu philosophy and other things Indian.

 A series of paintings titled ‘Arabian Nights’, which depicted Calcutta’s emerging

cosmopolitanism but used the stories from Arabian Nights as its trope.
 In his later works, Abanindranath started integrating Chinese and Japanese calligraphic
traditionsinto his style. The intention behind this move was to construct an amalgamation
of the modern pan-Asian artistic tradition and the common elements of Eastern artistic
and spiritual culture.

 His works reflected his ideologies and since they were simple in nature, his paintings were a
hit among Indian art lovers.

 Ganesh Janani, Bharat Mata, The Victory of Buddha, The Passing of Shah Jahan, Journey’s
End, Birds and Animals series are few of his master-pieces.

Conclusion

With the spread of modernist ideas in the 1920s, the influence of the Bengal School began
to decline. But there is no doubt that the revolutionary movement fuelled artists to look for a
distinct Indian identity, and in that sense, the Bengal School was the harbinger of Modern Art in
India. The other artists of this group were Gaganendranath Tagore, Asit Kumar Haldar, M.A.R
Chughtai, Sunayani Devi (sister of Abanindranath Tagore), Kshitindranath Majumdar, Nandalal Bose,
Kalipada Ghoshal, Sughra Rababi and Sudhir Khastgir.

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Throw light on progress of architecture and paintings during the Vijayanagar period.
Can we say that the Vijayanagar architecture is predominantly religious in character?
Comment. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Reference: New Indian Express
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the progress of Vijayanagar architecture and its nature.
Directive word:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall
opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by mentioning the Vijayanagar rulers were great patrons of art and architecture.
Body:
First, Mention the various features of Vijayanagar architecture and their progress – Vijayanagar
temples are surrounded by strong enclosures and characterized by ornate pillared kalyanamandapa
(marriage halls); tall rayagopurams (carved monumental towers at the entrance of the temple) built
of wood, brick, and stucco in the Chola style; and adorned with life-sized figures of gods and
goddesses.
Next, write about the development of paintings under Vijayanagar period and give examples of finest
works produced developed during this period.
Next, with examples analyse if the Vijayanagar architecture was predominantly religious in nature.
Conclusion:
Conclude by commenting on the overall nature of architecture of Vijayanagar.
Introduction

Vijayanagara or “city of victory” was the name of both a city and an empire. The empire was
founded in the fourteenth century. In its heyday it stretched from the river Krishna in the north to
the extreme south of the peninsula. People remember it as Hampi, a name derived from that of the
local mother goddess, Pampadevi.

Body

Vijayanagar Architecture

 Vijayanagar temples are surrounded by strong enclosures and characterized by

ornate pillared kalyanamandapa (marriage halls); tall rayagopurams (carved monumental
towers at the entrance of the temple) built of wood, brick, and stucco in the Chola style; and
adorned with life-sized figures of gods and goddesses.

 This Tamil dravida-influenced style became popular during the rule of king Krishnadevaraya
and is seen in South Indian temples constructed over the next 200 years.

 Examples of Rayagopuram are the Chennakesava Temple in Belur and the temples at
Srisailam and Srirangam.

 In addition to these structures, medium-size temples have a closed circumambulatory

(Pradakshinapatha) passage around the sanctum, an open mahamantapa (large hall) and a
temple tank to serve the needs of annual celebrations.
 Vijayanagar temples are also known for their carved pillars, which depict charging horses,
figures from Hindu mythology, and yali (hippogriphs).

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 Some of the larger temples are dedicated to a male deity, with a separate shrine intended
for the worship of his female counterpart.

 Some famous temples exemplifying the Vijayanagar style include the Virupaksha Temple at
Hampi and the Hazara Rama temple of Deva Raya I etc.

 Hampi Stone chariot is influenced by Raths made in Mahabalipuram by Pandayas. Example:

Dharmaraya rath, Draupadi Rath etc.

Vijayanagar Paintings

 Human faces usually appear in the profile, figures stand with a slight slant with both feet
pointing in the same direction

 Most paintings are seen mainly on the ceilings of the mandapas and in the corridors of the
temple.

 The themes of painting are generally religious. Eg Lepakshi Temple.

 There is simplicity and vigour in the style of the paintings with a sense of movement and
energy caught in the figures

 These paintings show a rhythmic forward movement and do not look overcrowded.

 Most of these Vijayanagar paintings depict the mythological legends of Siva and stories from
the epics but they also represent the life and customs of the Vijayanagar Empire.

 Some of the South Indian Temples are known to be adorned with Vijayanagar paintings.
They are the Veerabhadra Temple, Virupaksha Temple and Kalyana Sundareswara Temple.

Vijayanagar architecture was not predominantly religious in character

Vijayanagar era architecture has a lot of courtly, and civic architecture apart from the religious
architecture.

 Palaces and Courtly Architecture:

o Most of the palaces faced east or north and stood within compounds surrounded by
high, tapering stone and earth walls.

o They were built on raised granite platforms with multiple tiers of mouldings
decorated with carved friezes.

o The courtly architecture of Vijayanagar is generally made of mortar mixed with

stone rubble and often shows secular styles with Islamic-influenced arches, domes,
and vaults.

o Examples are the Lotus Mahal palace, Elephant stables, and watch towers.

 Civic Architecture
o Gateways were distinctive architectural features that often defined the structures to
which they regulated access.

o The arch on the gateway leading into the fortified settlement as well as the dome
over the gate are regarded as typical features of the architecture introduced by the
Turkish Sultans.
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o Located on one of the highest points in the city, the “mahanavami dibba” is a
massive platform rising from a base of about 11,000 sq. ft to a height of40 ft. There
is evidence that it supported a wooden structure.

Conclusion

The Vijayanagara style is an amalgation of the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya and Chola styles evolved
earlier in the centuries when these empires ruled and is characterised by a return to the simplistic
and serene art of the past.

Analyse the elements of continuity and change witnessed in the architecture of

Mughals under Shahjahan. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
A monument of national importance, the Taj Mahal is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. UNESCO
describes it as a “masterpiece of architectural style in conception, treatment and execution”. This
17th century wonder is again at the centre of multiple narratives driven by ideologicy. In the process,
history is being pushed into the shadows.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the changes and continuity in Mughal architecture under Shahjahan.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by mentioning that the Mughal architecture reached new heights under Shahjahan.
Body:
Frist, write about the major changes witnessed in the architecture of Mughal under Shahjahan –
Variety of buildings, Specific characteristic, embellishments, use of marble etc. Give examples for
substantiate.
Next, write about the elements that remained the same and continued under Shahjahan.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning due to above reasons Mughal architecture reached its zenith under
Shahjahan.
Introduction

Mughal architecture, building style that flourished in northern and central India under the
patronage of the Mughal emperors from the mid-16th to the late 17th century. The Mughal period
marked a striking revival of Islamic architecture in northern India. Under the patronage of the
Mughal emperors, Persian, Turkish, Indian, and various provincial styles were fused to produce
works of unusual quality and refinement. Mughal architecture reached its apex during the reign of
Shah Jahan.

Body

Shah Jahan and architecture

 Shah Jahan was one of the greatest patron of architecture and his buildings are unmatched
in exquisite beauty of form.

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 He is rightly called ‘the prince of builders’ as the Mughal architecture reached its zenith
under his reign.

 He immortalized himself as he built the Taj Mahal in the memory of his late wife, Mumtaz
Mahal.

 He built Shahjahanabad, the 7th city of Delhi, today is known as Old Delhi.

 His period in specific came to be known as the golden period of Indian architecture.

Elements of continuity during Shah Jahan’s rule:

 Shah Jahan’s buildings also display a synthesis of Indian and foreign architectural style
i.e. Indo-Sarcenic style.
 The employment of calligraphy, pietra-dura works, foreshortening method, Charbagh style
gardens, and the usage of water in the premises for ornamentation were all hallmarks of
Mughal architecture which continued in Shah Jahan’s time too.

Elements of change during Shah Jahan’s rule:

 Shah Jahan’s buildings have a great variety—cities, forts, gardens, mosques and palaces

 He made extensive use of white marble as opposed to red sandstone which was preferred
by his predecessors. E.g.: Tajmahal in Agra

 The decorative art of inlaying achieved distinction with the introduction of semiprecious
stones as inlay material, called pietra dura.

 He also built the Jama Masjid in Delhi, Moti Masjid in the Agra Fort, and the Sheesh Mahal
in the Lahore Fort brilliantly using pietra dura and complex mirror work.

 He introduced the bulbous domes and convoluted arches in the buildings. E.g.: Tajmahal in
Agra

 The employment of calligraphy, pietra-dura works, foreshortening method, Charbagh style

gardens, and the usage of water in the premises for ornamentation were all hallmarks of
Mughal architecture. Apart from that, the Taj Mahal has several distinctive features:

o The jaali work in Taj Mahal is lace-like and incredibly exquisite;

o The marble carvings were low relief.

 The buildings during his time have no parallel in symmetry of design and are unsurpassed in
grandeur.

 Aside from large-scale structures, one of his outstanding works was the Peacock Throne,
which is considered one of the finest examples of metalwork during this time period.

Conclusion
Thus, during Shah Jahan’s reign, architecture reached its highest water mark in India. Shah Jahan’s
buildings combine firmness and vastness with beauty and delicacy. As observed by the noted art
critic Percy Brown, “As it was the proud statement of Augustus that he found Rome built of bricks
and left it of marble, similarly Shah Jahan had found the Mughal cities of stones, he left them of
marble”.

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With the Gupta period India entered upon the classical phase of sculpture. By the
efforts of the centuries, techniques of art were perfected, definite types were
evolved, and ideals of beauty were formulated with precision. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: New Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question:
Archaeologist Debala Mitra has published a monograph on the iconography of Gupta sculpture.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about how Gupta period marked a classical phase in sculptural art and its major features.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by mentioning that progress in sculpture reached new heights during the Gupta era.
Body:
Write about the various features of Gupta sculpture – intelligent grasp of the true aims and essential
principles of art, a highly developed aesthetic sense and masterly execution by skilled hands,
remarkable images, amalgamation of various schools etc. Cite examples of the various works
produced during it.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

The Gupta dynasty is an important dynasty which ruled ancient India between 4th century to 6th
century. They have left amazing examples of their glorious reign which has been called the ‘Golden
era’ of India’s history. During their rule art, sculpture, inventions, philosophy, mathematics and
literature has flourished.

Gupta sculpture seems to belong to a sphere that is entirely different. The Gupta artist seems to
have been working for a higher ideal. A new orientation in the attitude towards art is noticed in the
attempt to establish a closer harmony between art and thought, between the outer forms and the
inner intellectual and spiritual conception of the people.

Body

Salient features of Gupta Sculpture

 The human figure, taken as the image, is the pivot of Gupta sculpture. A new canon of
beauty is evolved leading to the emergence of a new aesthetic ideal.

 This ideal is based upon an explicit understanding of the human body in its inherent
softness and suppleness.

 The soft and pliant body of the Gupta sculpture with its smooth and shining
texture, facilitates free and easy movement

 Gupta sculptures are characterized by elaborate draperies, jewellery, etc.

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 The wet or transparent clinging drapery hence became the fashion of this age. But the
sensuous effect of these draperies especially in the case of female figures was restrained by
a conscious moral sense, and nudity as a rule was eliminated from Gupta sculpture.

 The magnificent red sandstone image of the Buddha from Mathurais a most remarkable
example of Gupta workmanship datable to the 5th century A.D. The great Master, in all his
sublimity, is here shown standing with his right hand in Abhayamudra, assuring protection,
and the left holding the hem of the garment.

 The smiling countenance with down-cast eyes is robed in spiritual ecstasy. The robe covering
both shoulders is skillfullyrepresented with delicately covered schematic folds and clings to
the body. The head is covered with schematic spiral curls with a central protuberance and
the elaborate halo decorated with concentric bands of graceful ornamentation.

Highlights of Gupta Sculpture

 The Gupta sculptural style probably grew out of the Kushan style that survived at Mathura.

 The Buddha images at Sarnath reflect serenity and contentment mirroring the religious
atmosphere of the age. This practice of carving images was picked up by Hinduism also.

 A great example of Gupta sculpture created at Sarnath is that of the seated Buddha
preaching the Law, carved of Chunar sandstone.

 The Gupta craftsmen distinguished themselves by their work in iron and bronze.

 Bronze images of the Buddha began to be produced on a considerable scale because of the
knowledge the smiths had of advanced metal technology.

 With regard to iron objects, the best example is the iron pillar found at Mehrauli in Delhi.

 A remarkable piece of Gupta metal-casting found at Sultanganj in Bihar is nearly feet high.
Another metal figure but of a smaller size in bronze was found in U.P.

 A group of small ivory images of Buddhas and Bodhisattavas founding the Kashmri area are
prime examples of late Gupta art from about the eighth century.

Conclusion

The cultural creativity of the Golden Age of India produced magnificent architecture, including
palaces and temples, as well as sculptures and paintings of the highest quality. The Gupta Dynasty
promoted Hinduism, but supported Buddhist and Jain cultures as well. Gupta Buddhist art influenced
East and Southeast Asia as trade between regions increased. The Gupta Empire became an
important cultural center and influenced nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, and
Southeast Asia. Classical forms of Indian music and dance, created under the Guptas, are still
practiced all over Asia today.

Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the
present- significant events, personalities, issues.
The socio-religious reform movement took a new orientation under Jyotiba Phule and
Savitri Bai Phule as it became more inclusive and empowering. Elaborate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
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Reference: Indian Express

Why the question:
Mahatma Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule stand out as an extraordinary couple in the social and
educational history of India. They spearheaded path-breaking work towards female education and
empowerment, and towards ending caste- and gender-based discrimination.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the role of Jyotiba Phule and Savitri Bai Phule in socio-religious reform movements
and their contributions.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context regarding socio-religious reforms in India.
Body:
Frist, write about the role played by Jyoti Ba Phule and his contributions to the social reforms in India.
Next, write about the role played by Savitri Bai Phule and his contributions to the social reforms in
India.
Next, write how these contributions by the Phule’s provided a new orientation to the movement as it
was more inclusive (emphasis on lower caste and women) and focussed on empowerment from
within.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

Jyotirao Govindrao Phule was an Indian social activist, thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer
from Maharashtra. His work extended to many fields, including eradication of untouchability and the
caste system, and women’s emancipation.

Savitribai was born on January 3, 1831, in Naigaon village in Maharashtra. She is formally recognised
as India’s first female teacher. Savitribai played a pivotal role in women’s empowerment with the
support of her husband, Jyotiba Phule.
Maharashtra Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari has recently received flak for his remarks on the
social reformist couple Jyotiba and Savitribai Phule.

Body

Contributions of JyotibaRao and Savitribai in social reforms

Social reforms and key contributions:

 His work is related mainly to eradication of untouchability and caste system, emancipation
and empowerment of women, reform of Hindu family life.

 Along with his wife, Savitribai Phule, he is regarded as pioneers of women’s education in
India.

 The couples were the first native Indians to open the first indigenously-run school for
girls in India in August 1848 at Pune in Maharashtra.

 Later, the Phules started schools for children from the then untouchable castes such as
Mahar and Mang.

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 Afterwards, Jyotiba and Savitribai opened a night school for women and the children of
those from the working-class community.

 They set up 52 free hostels for poor students across Maharashtra.

 In 1863, he opened a home for pregnant Brahmin widows to give birth in a safe and secure
place.

 He opened an orphanage home to avoid infanticide. In this regard, he is believed to be the

first Hindu to start an orphanage for the unfortunate children.

 In 1868, Jyotirao decided to construct a common bathing tank outside his house to exhibit
his embracing attitude towards all human beings and wished to dine with everyone,
regardless of their caste.

 In 1873, Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, or the Society of Seekers of Truth, for
the rights of depressed classes, to denounce the caste system and to spread rational
thinking.

 Savitribai, a true feminist, set up Mahila Seva Mandali to raise awareness among
women against child marriage, female foeticide and the sati system.

 At the time, widows were often sexually exploited and pregnant widows suffered even more
physical abuse and humiliation. To address this problem, the couple set up ‘Balyata
Pratibandak Gruha’,a childcare centre for the protection of pregnant widows and rape
victims.

 Savitribai also encouraged the adoption of children borne out of such sexual abuse. She
opened an ashram for widows and orphans.

 She organised a boycott by barbers against the tradition of head tonsuring of widows.

 Savitribai appealed to women to come out of the caste barriers and encouraged them to sit
together at her meetings.

Conclusion
Complete women’s empowerment is still a distant dream in India. While celebrating her legacy, we
must also remember the contributions of her husband Jyotiba, who dreamt of equity for women and
people of lower castes.

The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors

/contributions from different parts of the country.
During the Quit India Movement, there was a paradigm shift in the nature of mass
movement in India’s freedom struggle. Explain. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Chapter 35- India’s Struggle for Independence by Bipan Chandra.
Key Demand of the question:
To write how Quit India movement was different from the previous mass movements.
Directive word:

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Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give the context of political scene of the country that led to the launch of Quit India movement
Body:
Write about the factors that made the movement stand apart from other struggles or movements
against the Imperial rule, on lines of, Gandhi’s strategy, emergence of new leaders, Violence, Princely
States, new developments and mass involvement etc and the way it aligned the local interest with
that of national interest.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning that the much-needed impetus towards conclusion to the national freedom
struggle can be credited to the Quit India movement.
Introduction

The failure of the Cripps Mission in April 1942 made it clear that Britain was unwilling to offer an
honourable settlement and a real constitutional advance during the War. Consequently, Gandhiji
drafted a resolution for the Congress Working Committee calling for Britain’s withdrawal and nation
edged towards Quit India Movement or August Kranti. Mahatma Gandhi’s clarion call of ‘Do or
Die’ inspired thousands of party workers but also created frenzy among the British who rushed to
imprison the entire Congress leadership.

Body

Quit India Movement: Paradigm shift in nature of mass movement in India’s freedom struggle

 Social radicalism of Gandhi:

o In a sharp contrast to Non-cooperation movement, where Gandhi withdrew after

Chauri Chaura incident, in Quit India movement he not only refused to condemn
the people’s resort to violence but unequivocally held government responsible for
it.

o Though the need for non-violence was always reiterated, Gandhi’s mantra of Do or
Die represents the militant mood of Gandhi.

o Gandhi also gave a call to all sections of the people, the princes, the Jagirdars, the
Zamindars, the propertied and moneyed classes, who derive their wealth and
property from the workers in the fields and factories and elsewhere, to whom
eventually power and authority belong.

o This indicates Gandhi’s social radicalism and shift in the philosophy of the
Congress, by now people with the goals of socialism and communism have become
a part of the broad-based Congress organization.

 Violent at some places:

o The Quit India Movement was mainly a non-violent movement. However, it became
violent at some places.Rails were uprooted, post offices were set on fire and offices
were destroyed.

 Leaderless movement:

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o Even before the formal launching of the movement, the government in a single
sweep arrested all the top leaders of the Congress. This led to spontaneous
outburst of mass anger against the arrest of leaders.

o The spontaneous participation of the massesin the Quit India movement made it
one of the most popular mass movements.

 Demand for independence:

o This historic movement placed the demand for independence on the immediate
agendaof the national movement.

o The spirit unleashed was carried further by Indian National Army of Subhas Chandra
Bose. After ‘Quit India’ there could be no retreat. Independence was no longer a
matter of bargain.

o It accelerated and sustained the urge for freedom and enabled India to achieve
freedom in 1947.

 Establishment of Parallel Governments:

o Parallel governments were established at many places.

o Ballia under Chittu Pandey, got many Congress leaders released.

o In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore in West Bengal, the local populace
were successful in establishing Jatiya Sarkar, which undertook cyclone relief work,
sanctioned grants to schools, supplied paddy from the rich to the poor, organised
Vidyut Vahinis, etc.

o In Satara (Maharashtra), “Prati Sarkar”, was organised under leaders like Y.B.
Chavan, Nana Patil, etc. Village libraries and Nyayadan Mandals were organised

 Underground Activity:

o Many nationalists went underground and took to subversive activities.

o The participants in these activities were the Socialists, Forward Bloc members,
Gandhi ashramites, revolutionary nationalists and local organisations in Bombay,
Poona, Satara, Baroda and other parts of Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra, United
Provinces, Bihar and Delhi.

o The main personalities taking up underground activity were Rammanohar Lohia,

Jayaprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta, Biju Patnaik, Chhotubhai
Puranik, Achyut Patwardhan, Sucheta Kripalani and R.P. Goenka.

o Usha Mehta started an underground radio in Bombay.

o This phase of underground activity was meant to keep up popular morale by
continuing to provide a line of command and guidance to distribute arms and
ammunition

 Strong women participation:

o Quit India movement was unique in the sense that it saw women participation
where they not only participated as equals but also led the movement.
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o Women, especially school and college girls, actively participated, and included Aruna
Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kripalani and Usha Mehta.

o There was Matangini Hazra, who lead a procession of 6,000 people, mostly women,
to ransack a local police station.

 Extent of Mass Participation

o The participation was on many levels.

o Youth, especially the students of schools and colleges, remained in the forefront.

o Workers went on strikes and faced repression.

o Peasants of all strata were at the heart of the movement.

o Even some zamindars

o Government officials, especially those belonging to lower levels in police and

administration, participated resulting in erosion of government loyalty.

o Muslims helped by giving shelter to underground activists. There were no

communal clashes during the movement.

Conclusion

Despite its failure, the Quit India movement is considered significant as it made the British
Government realize that India was ungovernable in the long run. Post the Second World War, the
question that was most prominent for the British was on how to exit India peacefully.

Value addition:

The quit India resolution stated the provisions of the movement as:

 An immediate end to British rule over India.

 Declaration of the commitment of free India to defend itself against all kinds of imperialism
and fascism.

 Formation of a provisional government of India after British withdrawal.

 Sanctioning a civil disobedience movement against British rule.

Non-participants:

 The Communists did not join the movement; in the wake of Russia (where the communists
were in power) being attacked by Nazi Germany, the communists began to support the
British war against Germany and the ‘Imperialist War’ became the ‘People’s War’.

 The Muslim League opposed the movement, fearing that if the British left India at that time,
the minorities would be oppressed by the Hindus.

 The Hindu Mahasabha boycotted the movement.

 The Princely states showed a low-key response.

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Bhagat Singh symbolises the essence of revolutionary cult and character. A Political
thinker with clear-cut views on rationalism, revolution and the future society the
revolutionaries wanted to build. Elaborate. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question: The Punjab government’s decision to display a likeness of Bhagat Singh — based
on a painting by one Amar Singh — rather than any of the revolutionary’s four available authentic
photographs at its offices is illustrative of the approach taken over the years by India’s governments
towards the hero who was hanged by the British on this day, March 23, ninety years ago.
Key Demand of the question: To write about how the philosophy and nature of revolution evolved
under Bhagat Singh and its essential dimensions.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give a brief about the ideology of Bhagat Singh.
Body:
Mention how the ideology evolved. From the belief in violence and heroic action towards national
liberation and then the building of a new socialist society.
Mention the features of the new revolution they believed in. Preventing exploitation of all forms,
Freedom, justice, ending communalism, scientific temper etc. Mention the various approaches taken
by him to achieve the above goals.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing about the legacy of Bhagat Singh.

Introduction

Bhagat Singh, an iconic revolutionary, thinker, voracious reader and one of the well-read of
political leaders at that time, was a giant of an intellectual. He pursued his passion for reading and
writing relentlessly, despite fighting violently against Britishers. He studied to arm himself with
arguments in favour of his cult of patriotism and enabled himself to face the arguments advanced
by opposition.

Body:

Bhagat Singh: a hero of the masses:

 He was revered by the youth, loathed by British Raj and opposed by none other than
Mahatma Gandhi, like other revolutionaries he dreamt of freedom for motherland.

 As much as he was involved in violence against the government, he exercised his conscience
and used non-violence and fasting as a tool to break the hegemony of British power.

 He always vouched for human dignity and rights beyond sectarian divide.

A new idea and interpretation of revolution:

 Revolution was no longer equated with militancy and violence.

 Its objective was to be national liberation—imperialism was to be overthrown but beyond
that a new socialist order was to be achieved, ending “exploitation of man by man”.

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 As Bhagat Singh said in the court, “Revolution does not necessarily involve sanguinary strife,
nor is there a place in it for personal vendetta. It is not the cult of bomb and pistol. By
revolution we mean the present order of things, which is based on manifest injustice, must
change.”

 Bhagat fully accepted Marxism and the class approach to society—”Peasants have to free
themselves not only from the foreign yoke, but also from the yoke of landlords and
capitalists.”

 He also said, “The struggle in India will continue, so long as a handful of exploiters continue
to exploit labour of common people to further their own interests.
 It matters little whether these exploiters are British capitalists, British and Indian capitalists
in alliance, or even purely Indians.”

 He defined socialism scientifically as abolition of capitalism and class domination.

 Bhagat was fully and consciously secular—two of the six rules drafted by Bhagat for
the Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha were that its members would have nothing to do with
communal bodies and that they would propagate a general feeling of tolerance among
people, considering religion to be a matter of personal belief.

 Bhagat Singh also saw the importance of freeing people from the mental bondage of
religion and superstition—”to be a revolutionary, one required immense moral strength,
but one also required criticism and independent thinking”

Conclusion:

Bhagat Singh and his comrades made an abiding contribution to the national freedom movement.
Their deep patriotism, courage and determination, and sense of sacrifice stirred the Indian people.
They helped spread nationalist consciousness in the land.

Value addition:

Vision of Bhagat Singh:

At tender age he realised the larger goals of life rather than being circumscribed to accomplishing
personal goals. He transformed the revolution ‘terrorism’ movement to a socialist one. He was a
great innovator in two areas of politics

 Raised the serious issues and threats of communalism

 Raised the conscience of people in freeing them from mental bondage of religion and
superstition.

Revolutionary ideology and goals of revolution:

 A real breakthrough was made by Bhagat Singh and his comrades in terms of revolutionary
ideology, forms of revolutionary struggle and the goals of revolution.

 The Hindustan republican association’s (HRA) Manifesto (1925) declared that the it stood
for abolition of all systems which made exploitation of man by man possible. Its founding
council had decided to preach social revolutionary and communistic principles.

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 The HRA had also decided to start labour and peasant organizations and to work for an
organized and armed revolution.

 Emphasizing the role of ideas in the making of revolution, Bhagat Singh declared that
the sword of revolution is sharpened on the whetting-stone of ideas. This atmosphere of
wide reading and deep thinking pervaded the ranks of the HSRA leadership.

 Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha:

o Singh had turned to Marxism and had come to believe that popular broad-based
mass movements alone could lead to a successful revolution.

o That is why Bhagat Singh helped establish the Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha in
1926 as the open wing of the revolutionaries.

o The Sabha was to carry out open political work among the youth, peasants and
workers.

 Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev also organized the Lahore Students Union for open, legal
work among the students.

 Patient intellectual and political work appealed to be too slow and too akin to the Congress
style of politics which the revolutionaries wanted to transcend.

 Effective acquisition of new ideology is a prolonged and historical process whereas the need
of the time was a quick change in the way of thinking.

 These young intellectuals faced the classic dilemma of how to mobilise people and recruit
them. Here, they decided to opt for propaganda by deed, i.e., through individual heroic
action and by using courts as a forum for revolutionary propaganda.

Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.

Elaborate upon the roles and contributions of Morarji Desai towards nation-building in
post-independent India. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Business Standard
Why the question:
PM Modi pays homage to former PM Morarji Desai on his birth anniversary
Key Demand of the question:
The varied role played by Morarji Desai as a nation builder and his peace activism.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate them with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give a brief about Morarji Desai and his contribution to India’s freedom struggle.
Body:
Write about the role played by Morarji Desai in post-independent India – as a leader, as a peace
activist, as an opposition leader, etc.
Also, enumerate various contributions towards nation building e.g. fight for political rights during
emergency, stabilising after emergency and undoing its wrong, providing an alternative to congress,
Against Inequality etc.
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Next, write about his efforts as a peace activist – efforts to initiate peace between, Pakistan and
India, restoring friendly relations with China and Pakistan and vowed to avoid armed conflict.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising his contributions.
Introduction

Morarji Desai was the 4th Prime Minister (1977-79) and the first non-Congress Prime Minister of
India. The 125th birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Morarji Desai was observed in 2021.

In December 2021, Union Ministry for culture announced a project of building a ‘Museum for PMs’
at the Teen Murti house, New Delhi which houses artefacts used by former PMs.

Body

Roles and Contributions of Morarji Desai towards nation-building in post independent India

 Before the independence of India, he became Bombay’s Home Minister and later was
elected as Chief Minister of Bombay State in 1952.

 Considered as a tough leader, Desai was also known for pioneering beliefs and enforcing
strict discipline and authority and thus possessed a radical mindset.
 Although a staunch Gandhian, Desai was socially conservative, pro-business, and in favour of
free enterprise reforms, as opposed to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s socialistic policies.

 In a petition filed by veteran socialist leader Raj Narain, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was
convicted in June 1975 of wrongfully using government machinery for election work and
corruption, Desai joined Jaya Prakash Narayan and Raj Narain in organising mass protests
throughout the country calling for her resignation.
 In a show of intolerance towards any sort of opposition, Indira Gandhi declared Emergency
and had all the opposition leaders including Desai arrested.

 Morarji Desai finally came into office as the Prime Minister when Jaiprakash Narayan picked
him as the man most likely to keep the coalition united.
 Controversial trials of prominent Congress leaders, including Indira Gandhi over Emergency-
era abuses worsened the fortunes of his administration.

 His government undid many amendments made to the constitution during emergency and
made it difficult for any future government to impose national emergency.

 According to him, unless the poor and the under privileged living in villages and towns enjoy
a decent standard of life, the talk of socialism will not have much meaning.

 He gave concrete expression to his anxiety by enacting progressive legislation to ameliorate

the hardships of peasants and tenants.

 Sardar Patel deputed him to conduct meetings of farmers in Kaira district which finally led to
the establishment of the AMUL Cooperative movement.

 During his rule, he withdrew intervention in Public Distribution System and rationing shops
were literally lost due to cheap sugar and oil available in the market.

Desai was known for his “Peace activism”

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 Desai worked to improve relations with neighbour and arch-rival Pakistan and restored
normal relations with China, for the first time since the 1962 war.

 He communicated with Zia-ul-Haq and established friendly relations and diplomatic relations
were also re-established with China.

 Since India’s first nuclear test in 1974, Desai kept India’s nuclear reactors stating “they will
never be used for atomic bombs, and I will see to it if I can help it”.

 In 1977, the Carter administration sold India, heavy water and uranium for its nuclear
reactors but required American on-site inspection of nuclear materials.

 Desai declined, seeing the American stance as contradictory, in light of its own nuclear
arsenal.

 He closed down much of the R&AW, and reduced its budget and operations.

Conclusion

A stubborn man with a stern demeanour, a man who stuck to his ideas and principles regardless of
the situation and a man of obstinacy and discipline that lived almost a century. This is how history
remembers Morarji Desai.

History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial
revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization,
decolonization.
Crimean Peninsula has been a source of turmoil in European politics right since the
nineteenth century. In the light of this statement, examine the impact of Crimean war
(1853-1856) on Europe. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
Russia’s attack on Ukraine, which began from the third week of February, shows no sign of ending. It
has, in the meantime, led to a humanitarian crisis of gigantic proportions.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the impact of Crimean war.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context Crimean war and who its wass fought between.
Body:
First, write about regarding the turmoil in the Crimean Peninsula starting from 19 th century until
recent times.
Next, write about the impact of Crimean war – Ottoman empires integrity, Russia’s waning influence
over black sea, Opening up of Danube, Indirect impact on Unification of Italy, improvements in
battlefield medicine.
Conclusion:

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Conclude by summarising and linking it with current developments in the region.

Introduction

The Crimean War which had begun in October 1853 lasted eighteen months. It was fought
between Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia on one side and Russia on the other. On
30th March 1856, the Crimean War was formally brought to an end with the signing of the Treaty of
Paris. This formal recognition signed at the Congress of Paris came after Russia accepted a
humiliating defeat

Body

Crimean war and turmoil

 The Crimean war escalated into a series of fragmented battles and sieges, causing huge loss
of life and highlighting wider issues and failures pertaining to leadership, military
intervention, mortality rates, medicine and mismanagement.

 The war itself garnered a great deal of attention and proved to be a significant and defining
moment for Europe.

 It was first and foremost the embodiment of a ‘modern war’, using new technologies that
would later characterise the wars of the next century.

Impact on Europe and Russia in particular

 Whilst the Treaty of Paris marked an important step, with all sides recognising the need for a
peaceful solution, the logistics of competing interests in negotiations made it more difficult
to put into practice.

 The main agreement did manage to create some tangible guidelines which included forcing
Russia to demilitarise the Black Sea.

 This agreement was between the Tsar and the Sultan who maintained that no arsenal could
be established on the coastline.
o For Russia this clause in particular proved to be a major blow, weakening its power
base as it no longer could threaten the Ottoman Empire via its navy.

o This was thus an important step in scaling down the potential for escalating
violence.
 Ottoman empire inclusion in Europe: In addition, the treaty agreed the inclusion of
the Ottoman Empire into the Concert of Europe which was essentially a representation of
the balance of power on the continent, instigated back in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna.

 Reigning Russia: Russia on the other hand was forced to return the city of Kars and all other
Ottoman territory which it had taken into its possession.

o The principalities of Wallachia and Moldovia were thus returned as Ottoman

territory, later granted independence and eventually turned into modern-day
Romania.

o Russia was forced by the treaty to abandon its claim of a protectorate for Christians
living in the Ottoman Empire, thus discarding the very premise which engaged
Russia in war in the first place.
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o In exchange, the alliance of powers agreed to restore the towns of Sevastpol,

Balaklava, Kerch, Kinburn and many other areas back to Russia which had been
occupied by the Allied troops during the war.

 Black sea: A major consequence of this agreement was the reopening of the Black Sea for
international trade and commerce.

o The importance of resuming trade was a major consideration for all involved.

Consequences and future prospect as a result of Crimea war

 The Crimean War saw the balance of power change hands in Europe.

 Whilst Russia suffered a major defeat, Austria, which had chosen to remain neutral, would
find itself in the coming years at the mercy of a new rising star, Germany.

 Under the leadership of Bismarck, who took advantage of fraught relations, new strategy for
survival emerged. Austria would end up uniting with Hungary in a monarchical empire.
Meanwhile, Sardinia, a participant in the alliance at Crimea would intervene in Italian
affairs, ensuring that a united nation of Italy would emerge out of the territorial chasms of
Europe.

 Traditional empires were now under threat, with Britain and France sensing the urgency
and need to maintain a grip on affairs.

Conclusion

The Crimean War highlighted how difficult it was to keep a balance of power in Europe. The end of
the war resulted in a new era of relations, a new way of doing things; the old traditional empires
stretched over continents gave way in Europe to the nation-state. Change was coming.

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Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

The socio-religious reform movement took a new orientation under Jyotiba Phule and
Savitri Bai Phule as it became more inclusive and empowering. Elaborate. (150 words,
10 marks)
Introduction

Maharashtra Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari has recently received flak for his remarks on the
social reformist couple Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule.

Body

Contributions of JyotibaRao and Savitribai in social reforms

Social reforms and key contributions:

 His work is related mainly to eradication of untouchability and caste system, emancipation
and empowerment of women, reform of Hindu family life.

 Along with his wife, Savitribai Phule, he is regarded as pioneers of women’s education in
India.

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 The couples were the first native Indians to open the first indigenously-run school for
girls in India in August 1848 at Pune in Maharashtra.

 Later, the Phules started schools for children from the then untouchable castes such as
Mahar and Mang.

 Afterwards, Jyotiba and Savitribai opened a night school for women and the children of
those from the working-class community.

 They set up 52 free hostels for poor students across Maharashtra.

 In 1863, he opened a home for pregnant Brahmin widows to give birth in a safe and secure
place.

 He opened an orphanage home to avoid infanticide. In this regard, he is believed to be the

first Hindu to start an orphanage for the unfortunate children.

 In 1873, Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, or the Society of Seekers of Truth, for
the rights of depressed classes, to denounce the caste system and to spread rational
thinking.

 Savitribai, a true feminist, set up Mahila Seva Mandali to raise awareness among
women against child marriage, female foeticide and the sati system.

 Savitribai also encouraged the adoption of children borne out of such sexual abuse. She
opened an ashram for widows and orphans.

 She organised a boycott by barbers against the tradition of head tonsuring of widows.

 Savitribai appealed to women to come out of the caste barriers and encouraged them to sit
together at her meetings.

Conclusion

Complete women’s empowerment is still a distant dream in India. While celebrating her legacy, we
must also remember the contributions of her husband Jyotiba, who dreamt of equity for women and
people of lower castes.

Start-ups can act as an agent of change by solving issues faced by the Indian society.
Discuss. (150 words, 10 marks)
Introduction

A startup defined as an entity that is headquartered in India, which was opened less than 10 years
ago, and has an annual turnover less than ₹100 crore. Today Startups are being widely recognised
as important engines for growth and jobs generation. Through innovation and scalable technology,

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startups can generate impactful solutions, and thereby act as vehicles for socio-economic
development and transformation.

Body

Background

 Recently, Prime Minister of India announced that the country will celebrate January 16 as
National Startup Day, as he termed startups the “backbone” of new India and the engine
that will power the nation’s economic growth in the run up to the 100th year of
Independence.

 Today, India is the third largest start-up ecosystem globally, by number of start-ups, with
more than 15,000 start-ups established in 2020, up from 5000 in 2010.

Start-ups can act as an agent of change by solving issues faced by the Indian society

 Healthcare

o Finding genuine doctors is still unbelievably tough in India

o Patient records are either maintained in fat files or if they are online, they are often
not accessible or understandable.

o Doctors do not usually have the time to go through all the reports and this may lead
to a compromise on the health front.

o Health-based startups can address a lot of issues plaguing instant access to

healthcare in India.

 Easy access to quality education

o Higher education in India was earlier limited to only a handful of people who could
afford training and coaching.

o Coaching institutes and classes were meant only for some.

o Today, despite increase in incomes, access to quality learning is still limited to what
is available to students around.

o Ed-tech startups can thus champion the cause of access, quality, and performance.

 Employment

o The Indian start-up ecosystem is nothing short of a revolution with $106-billion

worth of value-creation by 44 unicorns, in turn creating 4 million direct and indirect
jobs.

o Ancillary industries rise up creating more avenues of innovation, growth and

employment.

 Sanitation

o Lack of sanitation is a major problem in developing countries like India.

o Around 2.6 billion people or 41 percent of the world’s population until now does not
have access to basic sanitation.

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o It is imperative to invest in solutions by offering different sanitation products and

services at appropriate prices.

 Waste management

o Urban areas of India generate 1,88,500 tonnes of municipal solid waste (68.8 million
tonnes per year), and waste generation increases by 50 percent every decade.

o More than 80 percent of this waste reaches open dumpsites causing public health
issues, environmental degradation, and resultant climate change.

o Plastic and e-waste form the major chunk of this waste, with minimal facilities to
take care of such environment degrading substances.

o Fresh and innovative ideas in consonance with the ambitious Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan are required to solve this problem, which otherwise can have drastic
repercussions in the near future.

 Pollution

o Pollution in India is a definite offshoot of many other environmental problems be it

air, water, land, or noise.

o New technologies have the potential to revolutionise the way air pollution research
and policy are conducted, with a more efficient people-focussed approach.

 Public Transport

o State-sponsored mass transit systems are unable to keep pace with people, private
enterprises like Ola, Uber haven’t been able to do enough, and dated regulations
have not allowed them to do enough to try to fill the breach.

o There is a massive need for public transport options because not everyone can
afford these cab services, and private enterprises can fill the breach left by state-
sponsored infrastructure.

 Agriculture

o An Ernst & Young 2020 study pegs the Indian agritech market potential at $24
billion by 2025, of which only 1 per cent has been captured so far.

o There are glaring gaps in the supply chain management and also poor last-mile
connectivity especially at grass-roots level as well lack of investments to drive the
businesses.

 Safety of women

o Crimes against women have only shown an increase in the last five years.

o Safety is definitely one of the growing concerns in our country, particularly with
regard to women.

o Technology and access to it can solve many issues that women face in their day to
day lives.

 Policing and Crime Prevention

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o In India, the crime rates are skyrocketing, with the thieves and perpetrators using
technology to subvert detection and crime-redressal.

o Policing is an arduous 24/7 job and has many challenges.

o Smart apps to help crime prevention, apps to help report crimes, technology to
speedily redress crimes etc., are also urgent problems in India that startups can
handle with elan.

Conclusion

Startups in India are witnessing a golden chapter in the history of Indian entrepreneurship. However,
still the Indian government has a crucial role to play in positioning India as the Tech Garage of the
World. It should act as a catalyst, and bring together the synergies of the private sector with the aim
of innovating for India and the world. Recognising the startup sector with a dedicated observational
day will definitely help build awareness about the sector and also draw great talent and investment
into this sector.

Philanthropy is a critical part of a democratic society as it focuses on the elimination

of social problems in the country. Explain. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Key Demand of the question: To write about the role of Philanthropy in solving social problems of
the country.
Directive word:
Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the
context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant
associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the answer by defining philanthropy.
Body:
Write about the how Philanthropy is a critical part of a democratic society – focussing on welfare,
reducing inequalities, giving back to the society.
Next, write about its role in solving social problems – provides opportunities, supports projects and
endeavours, funding projects which lack widespread support of the general public or the government
etc. Cite examples to substantiate.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning that ways to promote philanthropic initiatives in the country.
Introduction

Philanthropy involves charitable giving to worthy causes on a large scale, but it is much more than
just a charitable donation. Philanthropy can include donating money to a worthy cause or
volunteering time, effort, or other forms of altruism. Philanthropy is an effort an individual or
organization undertakes based on an altruistic desire to improve human welfare, and wealthy
individuals sometimes establish private foundations to facilitate their philanthropic efforts. In
modern times, philanthropy is often undertaken by those seeking tax breaks, in addition to feeling
good and helping others.

Body

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Importance of Philanthropy for a democratic society

 In the early years of independent India, traditional Indian philanthropy has focussed largely
on supporting and enabling delivery of essential services and creating livelihood
opportunities primarily in the areas of health and education for the poor, and in rural areas.

 Philanthropy is a critical part of a democratic society. It is different than charity, which

focuses on eliminating the suffering caused by social problems, while philanthropy focuses
on the elimination of social problems.

 It supports projects and endeavours from which we all benefit, such as libraries, museums
and scientific research; and it also supports efforts that may be too unpopular or
controversial to gain the widespread support of the general public or the government.

 Philanthropy is important to society because governments can’t address the needs of all
causes.

 Frequently, certain government budgets get slashed because of politics or a need to shift the
money elsewhere. This can leave gaps in areas where support is needed.
 For instance, by combining funding from government, bilateral donors, large philanthropies,
and leading corporates, Samridh Healthcare Blended Finance Facility has mobilised a capital
pool of Rs 1,875 crore. It provides both grants and debt financing to enterprises and
innovators that are expanding the availability of affordable and quality healthcare solutions
to the bottom-of-the-pyramid populations.

 Philanthropic individuals and businesses help fill in the gaps by supporting causes and
organizations that don’t use government funding. Without philanthropy, many needs in
society would go unmet.

 Philanthropy is adaptable and can be swiftly mobilized.

 For instance, think of any natural disaster over the past five years. In the aftermath,
humanitarian organizations inevitably urged citizens around the world to open their pockets
and donate whatever they could afford to support relief efforts.

 Philanthropic Donor partners are also deploying hybrid financing mechanisms that directly
benefit under-served populations.

 For instance, During the pandemic’s first wave, REVIVE Alliance, a collaborative platform
hosted by Samhita Social Ventures, used direct cash transfers to cover the basic needs of
daily wage workers who had lost their income.

Way forward

 Philanthropic capital enjoys much greater independence than governments and

corporations and are better-placed to support complex and under-invested areas by
experimenting with novel approaches. This should motivate philanthropists to experiment
with innovative methods and plans for development .

 With the recent emergence of data on deepening incomes and wealth inequalities- and their
corresponding differential impacts on various communities and regions, philanthropy must
go beyond traditional approaches and projects that address symptoms of poverty and begin
to play a part in addressing underlying systemic causes of poverty and injustice.

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 Philanthropic capital must be patient and seek to support longer-term, systemic change as
Social change is a long and complex process; success is often not immediately visible.

 The areas which require long term investment but also provide long term gains are research,
developing sector-level institutions and infrastructure, and also .developing the capacity of
NGOs themselves

 Multi-year funding commitments based on trust can allow NGOs to focus on impact rather
than worrying about fundraising. Also, collaboration will help in shared learnings which will
have a multiplier effect.

 Funders should acknowledge that things may not always go as planned and that that require
them to re-evaluate their approach or priorities. Having robust feedback loops is will help in
this.

Role of women and women’s organization; population and associated issues,

poverty and developmental issues,
The male domination of the ‘new and modern women’ is being done through a novel
system of neo-patriarchy. What is ‘Neo-Patriarchy’ and analyze its impact on Indian
society with relevant examples. (250 Words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The study, titled ‘How Indians View Gender Roles in Families and Society’ was released by Pew
Research Centre.
Key Demand of the question:
‘Neo-Patriarchy’ and its impact on Indian society
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give a brief meaning of Neo-Patriarchy with example
Body:
Show with the help of examples how modern women had to face this form of patriarchy in a subtle
way in every aspect of life.
e.g. While Indians accept women as political leaders, they mostly favour traditional gender roles in
family life, says a report released by the Pew Research Center, a Washington DC-based non-profit.
Nine-in-ten Indians agree with the notion that a wife must always obey her husband
Suggest how this form of patriarchy be tackled.
Conclusion:
Conclude with the futuristic way forward.
Introduction

Patriarchy is a complex and a mystifying institution of power and control in the society. Patriarchy
signifies a male dominated structure which has a long history and has existed in every society in the
world. Neopatriarchy is the new form of power and control structure which is guided by women,
but supervised by men in the family. Eg: Nine-in-ten Indians agree with the notion that a wife must
always obey her husband”. Indian women were only slightly less likely than Indian men to agree
with this sentiment (61% versus 67%).

Body

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Modern patriarchy in India

 Women as political leaders: As per Pew research centre report, while Indians accept women
as political leaders, they mostly favour traditional gender roles in family life.

 Childcare responsibilities: Even today most burden of child care is borne by women; who
even leave their jobs to become full-time moms. Traditional norms still held sway, with 34%
convinced that child care “should be handled primarily by women”.

 Wage and employment: Similarly, while a “slim majority (54%) says that both men and
women” should be responsible for earning money, as many as 43% believed that earning an
income is mainly the obligation of men.

o Also, 80% of Indians agreed with the idea that when there are few jobs, men should
have more rights to a job than women.

o This is the reason for a very low labour force participation amongst women in India
(21% vs 53% global median)

 Son meta-preference: While Indians valued both sons and daughters, nearly 94% said it
is very important for a family to have at least one son, with the corresponding figure for
daughters being 90%.

Need of the hour

 Behavioral Nudge: For instance, by using taxes to incentivize fairly sharing child-care
responsibilities, or by encouraging women and girls to enter traditionally male-dominated
sectors such as the armed forces and information technology. Eg Supreme Court in India
declared that women could now hold commanding positions in Army.

o Paternity leaves for men, to share the responsibility of child rearing.

o Incentivizing companies to employ women, and reach 50% target.

 Gender Justice at Work

o Bridging the wage gap for equal work.

o Making work places safer through strong laws. India has enacted Sexual Harassment
at workplaces act.

o Promote diversity and anti-bias courses for all employees.

o Comprehensive leadership training for women to excel in their fields.

 Gender sensitization: Breaking the social barriers by gender sensitization and education at
families, schools and workplaces. Eg : In the NCERT Books, gender roles, bias and prejudice
inducing writings were removed.

 Social security and financial literacy: Formalization of jobs should be pushed to avail
benefits to many women. Until then, social security benefits should be provided to women
in unorganized sector. Eg : Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme in India

o Embedding financial literacy in programmes where women have significant

representation could be a good starting point.

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 Strong laws and policies wrt equal pay for equal work, maternity benefits are needed to
promote women’s representation in economy.

 Political Representation: India has provided 33% reservation for women in the Panchayats
and Local Bodies. Capacity Building and training can increase their capabilities further.

Conclusion

Gender equality is a human right which entitles all persons irrespective of their gender to live with
dignity and with freedom. Gender equality is also a precondition for development and reducing of
poverty. Gender shouldn’t be an unreasonable determining factor curbing the potential of women.

Value addition

Examples from other nations to quote

 Iceland: The island nation has a culture of political empowerment, and 39.7% of
parliamentarians and 40% of ministers are women. It also became the first country in the
world to make the gender pay gap illegal, together with the highest proportion of GDP
expanded on childcare.

 Finland: It has closed 86.1% of gender gap. With further improvement on the economic
participation and opportunity sub-index, India should learn to actively include women’s
participation in the labour force.

 Norway: Gender quotas legislate for a 40% female presence in the country’s Parliament and
on business boards, resulting in a strong female presence.

 Sweden: Sweden remains one of the countries offering the most gender-equal conditions for
childcare: 78% of annual gross wages are covered during maternity leave with public
spending on childcare being 1.6% of GDP

Disasters and Pandemic have a huge impact on the lives of vulnerable sections,
especially the Children. Elucidate. (150 Words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The recent Lancet estimates of COVID-19-associated orphanhood, which put the number at over 19
lakh children orphaned as a result of COVID-19, has raised India’s hackles.
Key Demand of the question:
Impact on Children of a crisis
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give data from the Lancet study about impact on children
Body:
Show with the help of examples how children are impacted due to the Pandemic, especially the
orphaned children
Highlight what measures are being taken to tackle those issues e.g. Delhi government announced
free education of children orphaned by Pandemic.
Suggest what more needs to be done to mitigate the impact and empower children
Conclusion:

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Conclude with the futuristic way forward.

Introduction

Disasters and Pandemics take an unthinkable toll on children — a social, emotional and academic
ordeal so extreme that some advocates and experts warn its repercussions could rival those of a
hurricane or other disaster.

They harm health, social and material well-being of children worldwide, with the poorest children,
including homeless children and children in detention, hit hardest. School closures, social distancing
and confinement increase the risk of poor nutrition among children, their exposure to domestic
violence, increase their anxiety and stress, and reduce access to vital family and care services.

Body

Impacts of Disaster and pandemic on Children

 Loss of education

o Children are at heightened risk of exploitation, especially since school closures have
not only precluded many from access to education but also from a main source of
shelter and nourishment.

o In some countries, because of the pandemic, more children are forced on to the
streets in search of food and income, heightening their risk of infection and
exploitation.

 Challenges posed by Digital education

o Widespread digitalisation mitigates the education loss caused by school-closures,

but the poorest children are least likely to live in good home-learning environments
with internet connection.

o Furthermore, increased unsupervised on-line internet use has magnified issues

around sexual exploitation and cyber-bullying.

 Child trafficking

o Data compiled by Bachan Bachao Andolan (BBA), the non-profit founded by Nobel
laureate Kailash Satyarthi, indicates that 9,000 children who were rescued when
they were being trafficked for labour between April 2020 and June 2021 as the
Covid-19 pandemic ravaged the country.

o At 3,183, the largest number of children were rescued in Uttar Pradesh, followed
next by Telangana (2,805), Andhra Pradesh (593), Rajasthan (430) and Gujarat (333).

 Child kidnapping

o Alongside the trade of women, many child kidnappings Kidnappers force many of
the victims into servitude within industries of agriculture and manufacturing.

 Orphaned children are particularly vulnerable to trafficking and other exploitation like
forced begging, or child labour. In such families, there is also the likelihood of older children
dropping out of school to support their younger siblings.

 Child Marriage

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o Recent analysis by UNICEFpoints out that one in three of the world’s child brides
live in India.

o It has also warned India against the increase in child marriages owing to the
adversaries of COVID-19.

 Child labour

o The coronavirus pandemic is forcing India’s children out of school and into farms
and factories to work, worsening a child-labour problem that was already one of
the direst in the world.

o Children are seen as a stop-gap measure to fill jobs left vacant by migrant
labourers who fled cities for their rural homes during the lockdown.

 Parental loss and children

o Parental loss can have devastating effects on children’s social, emotional and
cognitive growth.

o It adversely affects children’s mental health, inducing anxiety, depression and sleep
disturbances and often worsens a family’s economic status, resulting in children’s
poorer academic performance and school drop-outs.

o The recent Lancet estimates of COVID-19-associated orphanhood, which put the

number at over 19 lakh children orphaned as a result of COVID-19, has raised India’s
hackles.

 Substance abuse

o There is a greater risk of substance abuse among children who drop out of school
and adolescents who lose parents also display more sexually risky behaviours.

 Sexual abuse

o Activists said other complicated situations are also emerging as a result of the
pandemic. Among the poorer sections of society, the pandemic has left children
affected in several ways since last year. Eg cases of sexual abuse of children in slums
because they were left vulnerable.

Way forward

 A detailed child protection policy, guidelines, and action plan must be designed to protect
children from various forms of vulnerabilities emerging from the disaster and pandemic.

 This should be effectively implemented in coordination with various bodies, volunteers and
civil society organisations.
 A standard and clear policy on learning and education during the pandemic must be
prepared keeping in mind the best interests of all children and must be followed uniformly
and without discrimination across government, aided and private schools/systems.

 The Village Child Protection Committee Program under the Integrated Child Protection
Scheme must be effectively implemented in partnership with school teachers and civil
society organisations.

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 This committee should ensure access to services, monitor and prevent violations like child
abuse, child marriage, child trafficking and child labour and create awareness on the rights
of children.

 Governments should proactively reach out to those in distress using its database of Covid-19
deceased, which has addresses and contact details. This is an approach adopted by the Delhi
Commission for Protection of Child Rights (DCPCR), Government of Delhi.

 Special child care protection must be provided to the children of migrant workers and all
frontline workers including sanitation workers, ASHA workers and other essential workers.

 A monitoring system and periodic audits must be put in place to track the welfare of children
in child care institutions and juvenile homes. Children in these institutions must have access
to regular health screening and counselling services.

 With an objective of providing psychological and emotional support to children affected

during Covid-19 Pandemic, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) is
providing Tele-Counselling to children through SAMVEDNA (Sensitizing Action on Mental
Health Vulnerability through Emotional Development and Necessary Acceptance). This is a
step in the right direction

 Article 39 of the Constitution prohibits the tender age of the children from being abused.
Therefore, orphaned children who have lost both their parents or abandoned or
surrendered due to the Covid-19 pandemic must not be neglected and left to face an
uncertain future. They must be taken care of by the authorities entrusted with
responsibilities under the JJ Act.

Conclusion

Children are an important national asset, and the well-being of the nation, and its future, depend on
how its children grow and develop. The primary purpose of giving a child in adoption is his welfare
and restoring his or her right to family.

Self Help Groups (SHG’s) have become indispensable as an agency of women

empowerment but their potential is yet to be fully harnessed as it remains
constrained by various factors. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
The theme of 2022 International Women’s Day is “gender equality today for a sustainable
tomorrow”.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the role of SHG’s in women empowerment and suggest measures to improve their
performance.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by defining SHG’s and the origin and growth of SHG movement in India.
Body:

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Frist, write about the role played by the SHG’s in women empowerment – breaking chains of poverty,
collective action, self-employment and financial independence and credit disbursal etc.
Next, write about the various factors which have constrained SHG’s from realising their full potential.
Suggest measures to overcome these.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

A self-help group (SHG) is a village-based financial intermediary committee normally consist of 10–
20 local women or men. When the formal financial system fails to help the needy, then small groups
volunteer to cater to the needs of the financially weak by collecting, saving and lending the money
on a micro scale. SHGs have gained wide recognition in most developing countries in Asia where
their presence is quite pervasive

Body

Role of SHG’s in women empowerment

 Capital formation: Through micro-finance, many SHG’s have created valuable assets and
capital in the rural areas and are sustaining livelihoods.

 Access to credit: SHGs provide better access to credit at acceptable and convenient terms.
The members have been able to obtain loans for emergent productive and non-productive
purposes on comparatively easy terms. This has reduced their dependence on local
moneylenders to a large extent.

o Government initiative such as SHG-Bank linkage program is also increasing their

financial inclusion and easy access to credit from formal institutions.

 Poverty Alleviation: The approach of poverty alleviation through SHG is the most effective
means and suits the ongoing process of reforms based on the policy of decentralization.

o SHGs have given the poor the access to microfinance and consequently led to
important changes in their access to productive resources such as land, water,
knowledge, technology and credit.

 Employment generation: Self-employment activities such as collective farming, bee-

keeping, horticulture, sericulture have been taken up by SHG’s.

 Social welfare: There are many successful cases where SHG women have come together to
close liquor shops in their village.

 Rural infrastructure: Schemes such as Aajeevika express have helped SHG’s in creating
transport in rural areas.

 Women empowerment: SHGs have been able to improve the skills of women to do various
things by managing the available natural resources.

o It is estimated that more than 25 million rural women of India have been benefited
by the Self Help Groups (SHG).

o As a group they can help each other to learn so many things along with the money
management because most of the women in the rural areas have a very little
knowledge for the management of money.

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o g. Kudumbashree in Kerala has been a huge success. Kudumbashree café is an

exemplary example of nurturing entrepreneurship through SHG’s.

 They also act as a delivery mechanism for various services like entrepreneurial training,
livelihood promotion activity and community development programs.

Challenges faced

 There are issues like regional imbalance, less than ideal average loan size, lack of monitoring
and training support by self-help group federations.

 Escalating non-performing assets of self-help group loans with banks.

 Several studies have also found issues related to governance, quality, transparency and
irregularity in their functions.

 Low levels of literacy among the rural women.

 The study found that over time groups were disintegrating on account of coordination
issues.

 Rural micro-enterprises run by SHG members suffer from critical bottlenecks, whether in
raising funds for start-up, growth and working capital or accessing high-quality technical
assistance.

Way Forward

 Government programs can be implemented through SHGs.

 This will not only improve the transparency and efficiency but also bring our society closer to
Self-Governance as envisioned by Mahatma Gandhi.

 Constant and enduring structural handholding support from the self-help group promoting
institutions (SHPIs).

 Frequent awareness camps can be organised by the Rural Development department

authorities to create awareness about different schemes.

 Periodic capacity-building of all members, to make the group the collective.

 With the Government’s focus on digital financial inclusion, investing in training of group
members for transition towards technological platforms.

 It is important to invest in providing the right kind of support to maximize the impact these
groups can have on livelihoods.

 Emphasising SHG movement on women’s entrepreneurship as an engine of growth in rural

India.

 There should not be any discrimination among members based on caste, religion or political
affiliations

Conclusion

SHG approach is an enabling, empowering, and bottom-up approach for rural development that has
provided considerable economic and non-economic externalities to low-income households in
developing countries. SHG approach is being hailed as a sustainable tool to combat poverty,
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combining a for-profit approach that is self-sustaining, and a poverty alleviation focus that
empowers low-income households. It is increasingly becoming a tool to exercise developmental
priorities for governments in developing countries.

Value addition

Evolution of SHGs

 The concept evolved over decades and was pioneered by Noble laureate Mohammad Yunus
as Self Help Groups (SHGs) in 1970s.

 SHG movement in India gained momentum after 1992, when NABARD realized its potential
and started promoting it.

 NABARD’s SHG-Bank Linkage Program (SBLP) connected group members to formal financial
services.

 Over the last two decades, the SBLP has proven to be a great medium for social and
economic empowerment for rural women.

 India has witnessed state-led promotion of SHGs through a three-tiered architecture of

community institutions at group, village and cluster level.

 In 1999, Government of India, introduced Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgaar Yojana (SGSY) to
promote self- employment in rural areas through formation and skilling of SHGs.

The focus on the quality and coverage of health services through public health
initiatives have contributed majorly to the decline in the Maternal Mortality Rate
(MMR) in India. Precise focus must however be continued in states still showing high
mortality rate to achieve SDG-3. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to Earth
Why the question:
India’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has improved to 103 in 2017-19, from 113 in 2016-18. This is
according to the special bulletin on MMR released by the Registrar General of India.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the reasons for declining MMR trends in India and need to continue focussing of
states with high mortality rate.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving statistic regarding declining MMR in India and show that certain states have higher
rate than the rest.
Body:
Frist, write about the factors that have contributed to the declining trends in MMR – LaQshya,
Poshan Abhiyan, Janani Suraksha Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan, Pradhan
Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana. The implementation of the Aspirational District Programme and
inter-sectoral action has helped to reach the most marginalized and vulnerable population. Recently
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launched Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan Initiative (SUMAN) especially focuses on zero preventable
maternal and new-born deaths.
Next, write about the measures that are needed to reduce mortality rates in low performing states.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
India’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has improved to 103 in 2017-19, from 113 in 2016-18. This
is according to the special bulletin on MMR released by the Registrar General of India March 14,
2022.

As per the World Health Organisation, maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or
within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the
pregnancy or its management.

Body

MMR in states: Findings

 The number of States that have achieved the SDG target has now risen from five to seven
— Kerala (30), Maharashtra (38), Telangana (56), Tamil Nadu (58), Andhra
Pradesh (58), Jharkhand (61), and Gujarat (70).
o Kerala has recorded the lowest MMR which puts Kerala way ahead of the national
MMR of 103.
o Kerala’s Maternal MMR has dropped by 12 points. The last SRS bulletin (2015-17)
had put the State’s MMR at 42 (later adjusting it to 43).
 There are now nine States that have achieved the MMR target set by the NHP, which include
the above seven and Karnataka (83) and Haryana (96).

 Uttarakhand (101), West Bengal (109), Punjab (114), Bihar (130), Odisha (136)
and Rajasthan (141) — have the MMR in between 100-150,
while Chhattisgarh (160), Madhya Pradesh (163), Uttar Pradesh (167) and Assam (205) have
the MMR above 150.

Reasons for declining MMR

Focus on quality and coverage of health services through public health initiatives have contributed
majorly to the decline. Some of these initiatives are:

 LaQshya, Poshan Abhiyan, Janani Suraksha Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva
Abhiyan, Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana.

o LaQshya Labour room Quality Improvement Initiative: Recently, the Union Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare has launched “LaQshya” (Labour room Quality
Improvement Initiative) to improve the quality of care in the labour room and
maternity operation theatres in public health facilities.

 Poshan Abhiyan: Targets expecting and new mothers along with the children. It has helped
reduce anaemia in women and guiding them on right nutrition.

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 With the objective to provide quality ANC to every pregnant woman the Government of
India has launched the Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA), a fixed day
ANCs given every month across the country.

o This is to be given in addition of the routine ANC at the health facility.

 The implementation of the Aspirational District Programme and inter-sectoral action has
helped to reach the most marginalized and vulnerable population.

 Recently launched Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan Initiative (SUMAN) especially focuses on

zero preventable maternal and newborn deaths.

 The continuous progress in reducing the MMR will help the country to achieve the SDG 3
target of MMR below 70 by 2030.

Conclusion and way forward

 In conclusion, women deserve the right to safe maternity services. This includes physical and
emotional safety for the mother and baby.

 Hence, a well-managed system that allows pregnant women to access maternal health care
with minimum exposure risk is essential during the outbreak.

 Simultaneously, task sharing with community health workers under regulatory and legal
provisions must be explored.
 E-training mechanisms and capacity building exercises must be undertaken for the
additionally requisitioned health workforce to reduce the workload of time-sensitive
commitments and non-health work.

 Importantly, the health workers must also be trained to reduce the risk, stigma and
sensitization of pregnant women on COVID-19 symptoms, prevention and hygiene.

The role of women in the police has been steadily increasing, though at a slow pace.
But it must move beyond mere tokenism, so that they can champion the cause of
women’s empowerment. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question: On March 8, International Women’s Day, a Commissioner of Police in Tamil Nadu
appointed women police officers as “heads” of police stations for a day. These officers held the posts
for precisely 24 hours.
Key Demand of the question: To write about the need to improve role of women in the police and
give them actual powers and responsibilities in order to achieve women empowerment.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving a statistic about the number of women in the police force.
Body:

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First, highlight the increasing role of women police with examples from across the forces. Write
about the challenges associated – provide meaningful roles and equal opportunities to women police
in the investigation of crime, law and order, traffic and patrolling duties.
Next, mention the role police women can play in empowerment process – A gender-diverse force is
necessary to create a safe and secure environment for women and to achieve the larger national
development goals. Women are more sensitive to the sufferings of others and have greater concern
for the well-being of others. They often approach and solve problems from a different perspective
than their male counterparts. It is widely recognised that women cops play a crucial role in
responding to and preventing gender violence and crime against women and children.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

In India, most people view the police as a male preserve. The role of women in the police has been
steadily increasing, though at a slow pace. Women police personnel, apart from performing their
professional obligations, have also been championing the cause of women’s empowerment, thereby
gradually sowing the seeds of modernity and positive change in society. The India Justice Report
2019 compiled by a group of sectoral experts, ranging from human rights groups to legal policy
groups, show that women account for seven per cent of India’s 2.4 million police personnel.

Body

Women in police in India

 As per the Bureau of Police Research and Development, we have only around 10 per cent
women in the police.

 There are around 25 per cent women in the Bihar police, the highest among all states.

 It is followed by Himachal Pradesh with around 19 per cent and Tamil Nadu at 18 per cent.
Delhi certainly needs to improve on its ratio of 12 per cent women.

 Among Union territories, Chandigarh and Ladakh are doing well with above 18 per cent
women.

 Jammu and Kashmir, among the lowest with about 3 per cent women in the police.

 The numbers are expected to rise, with many States and Union Territories providing for 30%
(and more) reservation for women in the police in specific ranks.

 Current data reveal that most women in the police are concentrated in the lower ranks.

The barriers that hinder the growth of women in Police services are:

 Gender Apathy:

o The police department suffers from gender apathy as evident through the absence
of separate toilets, changing rooms for women, and separate accommodation for
women, and other facilities and child-care support, in addition to persistent and
widespread gender bias.

 Gender stereotyping:

o Decisions on deployment of women are not free of gender stereotyping restricting

women from leading operational positions. This biasness is not limited only from

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male colleague sometimes female superiors too consider them weak, less willing to
work and less tough.

 Lower priority tasks allotted:

o There appears to be a tendency to sideline women, or give them policing tasks that
are physically less demanding, or relegate them to desk duty, or make them work on
crimes against women alone.

 Allocated only Women related cases:

o Women police persons are relegated to dealing with crimes against women and
accompanying women prisoners the concept works against the interests of women
as it segregates them.

 Women recruited at lower levels:

o Current data reveal that most women in the police are concentrated in the lower
ranks reflecting the dearth of females at key operational positions.

Measures needed to overcome:

 Increased Recruitment:

o There is a need to have more women in the field in executive postings – from
constables to inspectors and higher ranks.

o Departments should undertake special recruitment drives in every district to ensure

geographical diversity.

 Better Training:

o Women in the constabulary must get the training, support and confidence needed
to put them on a par in every sense with their male counterparts.

o Resource centres for mentoring, creating awareness about opportunities and

prospects, and helping with career planning and training and coping with workplace
challenges are essential.

 Safe workspace:

o Police departments must also ensure safe working spaces for women and adopt a
zero-tolerance policy towards discrimination and harassment, in order to make
policing a viable career option for women.

o Departments must operationalise the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace

(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act of 2013.

 Gender sensitivity:

o A common gender-neutral cadre needs to be created for all ranks so that

promotional opportunities are evenly available.

o Women do have some special needs, like during and post pregnancies, which need
to be catered to. They shouldn’t be shunted to non-executive postings. The force
needs to encourage more women to be in the field.

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 Higher funding:

o Most State police departments have received funds under the Modernisation of
State Police Forces Scheme for providing separate toilets and changing rooms for
women, and for constructing separate accommodation for women with attached
toilets in all police stations and units. Police departments must ensure the best use
of this fund.

 Spreading awareness and sensitization:

o The police should reach out to the media and educational institutions to spread
awareness about opportunities for women in the police.

o While women have a role in making up for the lack of training and sensitization of
the force in general in dealing with crimes against women they should not be
ghettoised into dealing only with such crimes.

Conclusion:

The discourse on mainstreaming women in the police by making policing inclusive, non-
discriminatory and efficient in India is missing in policy circles. Leading to the vicious cycle of non-
reporting and non-action, perpetuating the culture of silence. Desk work too must be allocated
evenly among men and women. For women in police to perform to their full potential, it would take
sustained increase in their strength, meaningful networking within themselves and an
institutionalized support system in the current social realities. Then, they will be the women that
they are, the police officers that they are. It will allow them to be their authentic selves, agents of
change. To achieve. To lead. To serve the people.

Value addition

Women in numbers in police force- The Case study of Himachal Pradesh:

 In 1975, the first regular batch of 28 lady constable recruits was inducted and since then, our
women personnel have gone on to become an integral part of our police force with a
strength of 15 IPS officers, eight HPS officers and 2,352 non-gazetted officers.

 Today, women account for 13 per cent of Himachal Pradesh police force.

 Himachal Pradesh is one of the seven states — the others being Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand — where the percentage of women cops is higher than
10.
 In 2009, the Union Home Ministry set a target of 33 per cent for women in the police force
and Himachal Pradesh hopes to get there fast enough, if not be the first.

 The state already has 20 per cent reservation for women at the constable level.

Rationale behind increasing the women power in Policing:

 A gender-diverse force is necessary to create a safe and secure environment for women and
to achieve the larger national development goals.

 Women are more sensitive to the sufferings of others and have greater concern for the
well-being of others.

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 They often approach and solve problems from a different perspective than their male
counterparts.

 It is widely recognized that women cops play a crucial role in responding to and preventing
gender violence and crime against women and children.

 The induction of women and their increased representation in the force have not only
helped women at large feel empowered, but also helped reduce crime against them,
especially the ones committed on women who had come to accept them as their fate.

Urbanization, their problems and their remedies.

Solid waste management (SWM) in urban areas faces significant challenges associated
with waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. Analyse. Suggest
remedies to overcome these challenges. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: the Hindu
Why the question: Only 12% of the villages that were supposed to get infrastructure for liquid waste
management this year have achieved their goal under the second phase of the Swacch Bharat
Mission, according to the parliamentary standing committee report on water resources presented in
the Lok Sabha on Wednesday.
Key Demand of the question: To write about challenges associated with Solid waste management
(SWM) and remedies for the issue.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the answer by defining Solid waste management.
Body:
First, explain the challenges pertaining to SWM in India – infrastructure, sanitation, manual
scavenging, lack of disposal, pollution etc.
Next, write about various ways to tackle it – leveraging Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) 2.0, periodic
data collection on waste generation, strict segregation at source, improving waste collection
efficiency and exploring Waste to Energy options.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Solid waste management (SWM) refers to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It
also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. In a nascent effort
to look beyond toilets and kick off its ODF+ phase — that is, Open Defecation Free Plus — focussing
on solid and liquid waste management, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA) has included the

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prevalence of plastic litter and water-logging in villages as indicators of cleanliness in its 2019 rural
survey.

Body

Current Situation of SWM in India:

 As per the SBM 2.0 guidelines, the total quantity of waste generated by urban areas in India
is about 32 lakh tonnes daily. This adds up to 4.8 crore tonnes per annum.

 Of this only about 25% is being processed; the rest is disposed of in landfills every year.

 Given that the waste dumpsites have been operational since the early 2000s, more than 72
crore tonnes of waste need to be processed.
 Most cities have confined themselves to collection and transportation of solid waste.
Processing and safe disposal are being attempted only in a few cases.

 The CPCB report also reveals that only 68% of the MSW generated in the country is
collected of which, 28% is treated by the municipal authorities. Thus, merely 19% of the
total waste generated is currently treated.

 According to a UN report, India’s e-waste from old computers alone will jump 500 per cent
by 2020, compared to 2007.

 Disappearance of urban water bodies and wetlands in urban areas can be attributed to
illegal dumping of Construction & Demolition waste.

Some of the major issues concerning solid waste management are:

 Absence of segregation of waste at source

 Lack of funds for waste management at ULBs.

 Unwillingness of ULBs to introduce proper collection, segregation, transportation and

treatment/ disposal systems.

 Lack of technical expertise and appropriate institutional arrangement

 lack of infrastructure and technology

 lack of involvement from the private sector and non-governmental organisations

 Indifference of citizens towards waste management due to lack of awareness

 Lack of community participation towards waste management and hygienic conditions

 Lack of sewage management plan.

 About 70% of the plastic packaging products turn into plastic waste within a short period.

 Unorganized vendors and markets, existence of slum areas and Corruption are other issues
plaguing MSWM.

Measures needed

 State governments should provide financial support to ULBs to improve their waste
management system under various schemes and programs.

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 Initiatives like Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT should provide significant funding to improve
civic services infrastructure.

 The key to efficient waste management is to ensure proper segregation of waste at

source and to ensure that the waste goes through different streams of recycling and
resource recovery as stated in the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.

 Waste to energy is a key component of SWM. Installation of waste-to-compost and bio-

methanation plants would reduce the load of landfill sites

 There is a need to encourage research and development so as to reinvent waste

management system in India.

 The focus should be on recycling and recovering from waste and not landfill. Further, it is
important to encourage recycling of e-waste so that the problem of e-waste

 Public- Private Partnership models for waste management should be encouraged.

 Construction and demolition waste should be stored, separately disposed off, as per the
Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016.

 Responsibilities of Generators have been introduced to segregate waste in to three

streams, Wet (Biodegradable), Dry (Plastic, Paper, metal, wood, etc.) and domestic
hazardous wastes (diapers, napkins, empty containers of cleaning agents, mosquito
repellents, etc.) and handover segregated wastes to authorized rag-pickers or waste
collectors or local bodies.

 Sensitization of citizens as well as government authorities, community participation,

involvement of NGOs. Littering should be prohibited.

 International Best practices should be emulated. South Korea is one of the few countries to
separate and recycle food waste. It has also launched landfill recovery projects such as
the Nanjido recovery project which have successfully transformed hazardous waste sites
into sustainable ecological attractions.

Conclusion

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems of Indian
cities. The need of the hour is scientific, sustainable and environment friendly management of
wastes.

Along with urbanization, the unpleasant by-products of urban living and municipal
solid waste are constantly increasing and they end up at unsanitary landfills causing
hazards. Examine. What can be the remedies for this problem? (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to earth
Why the question: A massive fire broke out at the Ghazipur landfill on the afternoon of March 28,
2022. The flames have been doused but smouldering can be observed at several locations at the
dumpsite
Key Demand of the question: To write issues with respect increased dumping of wastes in landfills
and remedies for better waste management.

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Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give a statistic about increasing municipal solid waste with the increasing rate of urbanisation.
Body:
First, write the problems associated with waste management in India at landfills: Leaching of
chemicals, spread of diseases, release of poisonous and toxic gages, fires, serious health and
environmental hazards to the people etc.
Next, suggest strategies to deal with solid waste so that it may prove a resource instead of waste.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction

India alone generates more than 1,00,000 metric tonnes of solid waste every day, which is higher
than many countries’ total daily waste generation taken together. Large metropolis such as Mumbai
and Delhi generate around 9,000 metric tonnes and 8,300 metric tonnes of waste per day,
respectively. India suffers from inefficient and insufficient waste infrastructure and also from
increasing rates of solid waste generation per capita. Besides, the infrastructure and technologies,
we must also concede that we have not addressed the issue from a systemic perspective.
A massive fire broke out at the Ghazipur landfill recently. The flames have been doused but
smouldering can be observed at several locations at the dumpsite.

Body

Current Situation of MSW in India:

 ULBs are responsible for segregated waste collection, transporting waste in covered vehicle,
processing, recyclables, separating domestic hazardous waste and disposing inert material in
sanitary landfills

 Various studies reveal that about 90% of MSW is disposed of unscientifically in open dumps
and landfills, creating problems to public health and the environment.

 Over 377 million urban people live in 7,935 towns and cities and generate 62 million tonnes
of municipal solid waste per annum.

 Only 43 million tonnes (MT) of the waste is collected, 11.9 MT is treated and 31 MT is
dumped in landfill sites.

 Most cities have confined themselves to collection and transportation of solid waste.
Processing and safe disposal are being attempted only in a few cases.

 Disappearance of urban water bodies and wetlands in urban areas can be attributed to
illegal dumping of Construction & Demolition waste.

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Some of the major issues concerning solid waste management are:

 Absence of segregation of waste at source

 Lack of funds for waste management at ULBs.

 Unwillingness of ULBs to introduce proper collection, segregation, transportation and

treatment/ disposal systems.

 Lack of technical expertise and appropriate institutional arrangement

 lack of infrastructure and technology

 lack of involvement from the private sector and non-governmental organisations

 Indifference of citizens towards waste management due to lack of awareness

 Lack of community participation towards waste management and hygienic conditions

 Lack of sewage management plan.

 About 70% of the plastic packaging products turn into plastic waste within a short period.

 Unorganized vendors and markets, existence of slum areas and Corruption are other issues
plaguing MSWM.

Remedies to tackle MSW

 State governments should provide financial support to ULBs to improve their waste
management system under various schemes and programs.

 Initiatives like Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT should provide significant funding to improve
civic services infrastructure.

 The key to efficient waste management is to ensure proper segregation of waste at

source and to ensure that the waste goes through different streams of recycling and
resource recovery as stated in the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.

 Waste to energy is a key component of SWM. Installation of waste-to-compost and bio-

methanation plants would reduce the load of landfill sites

 There is a need to encourage research and development so as to reinvent waste

management system in India.

 The focus should be on recycling and recovering from waste and not landfill. Further, it is
important to encourage recycling of e-waste so that the problem of e-waste

 Public- Private Partnership models for waste management should be encouraged.

 Construction and demolition waste should be stored, separately disposed off, as per the
Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016.

 Responsibilities of Generators have been introduced to segregate waste in to three

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 Sensitization of citizens as well as government authorities, community participation,

involvement of NGOs. Littering should be prohibited.

Conclusion

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems of Indian
cities. The need of the hour is scientific, sustainable and environment friendly management of
wastes.

Effects of globalization on Indian society

Start-ups can act as an agent of change by solving issues faced by the Indian society.
Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
A study has shown that startups are expected to fail, startups don’t socialise their losses, and
startups will solve real problems for India.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about how start-ups can help solve problems faced by the society.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context regarding the emergence of start up culture in India.
Body:
Write about how Start-ups can start solving problems faced by the Indian society – poverty, higher
productivity regions, Urbanisation, financial inclusion, supply chains, distribution logistics,
employability, retail, transport, media, healthcare and agriculture etc. Give examples to substantiate
your points.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to promote start-ups as agents of change.
Introduction

Body

Background

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 Today, India is the third largest start-up ecosystem globally, by number of start-ups, with
more than 15,000 start-ups established in 2020, up from 5000 in 2010.

Start-ups can act as an agent of change by solving issues faced by the Indian society

 Healthcare

o Finding genuine doctors is still unbelievably tough in India

o Patient records are either maintained in fat files or if they are online, they are often
not accessible or understandable.

o Doctors do not usually have the time to go through all the reports and this may lead
to a compromise on the health front.

o Health-based startups can address a lot of issues plaguing instant access to

healthcare in India.

 Easy access to quality education

o Higher education in India was earlier limited to only a handful of people who could
afford training and coaching.

o Coaching institutes and classes were meant only for some.

o Today, despite increase in incomes, access to quality learning is still limited to what
is available to students around.

o Ed-tech startups can thus champion the cause of access, quality, and performance.

 Employment

o The Indian start-up ecosystem is nothing short of a revolution with $106-billion

worth of value-creation by 44 unicorns, in turn creating 4 million direct and indirect
jobs.

o Ancillary industries rise up creating more avenues of innovation, growth and

employment.

 Sanitation

o Lack of sanitation is a major problem in developing countries like India.

o Around 2.6 billion people or 41 percent of the world’s population until now does not
have access to basic sanitation.
o It is imperative to invest in solutions by offering different sanitation products and
services at appropriate prices.

 Waste management

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o Urban areas of India generate 1,88,500 tonnes of municipal solid waste (68.8 million
tonnes per year), and waste generation increases by 50 percent every decade.

o More than 80 percent of this waste reaches open dumpsites causing public health
issues, environmental degradation, and resultant climate change.

o Plastic and e-waste form the major chunk of this waste, with minimal facilities to
take care of such environment degrading substances.

o Fresh and innovative ideas in consonance with the ambitious Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan are required to solve this problem, which otherwise can have drastic
repercussions in the near future.

 Pollution

o Pollution in India is a definite offshoot of many other environmental problems be it

air, water, land, or noise.

o New technologies have the potential to revolutionise the way air pollution research
and policy are conducted, with a more efficient people-focussed approach.

 Public Transport

o There is a massive need for public transport options because not everyone can
afford these cab services, and private enterprises can fill the breach left by state-
sponsored infrastructure.

 Agriculture

o An Ernst & Young 2020 study pegs the Indian agritech market potential at $24
billion by 2025, of which only 1 per cent has been captured so far.

o There are glaring gaps in the supply chain management and also poor last-mile
connectivity especially at grass-roots level as well lack of investments to drive the
businesses.

 Safety of women

o Crimes against women have only shown an increase in the last five years.

o Safety is definitely one of the growing concerns in our country, particularly with
regard to women.

o Technology and access to it can solve many issues that women face in their day to
day lives.

 Policing and Crime Prevention

o In India, the crime rates are skyrocketing, with the thieves and perpetrators using
technology to subvert detection and crime-redressal.

o Policing is an arduous 24/7 job and has many challenges.

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o Smart apps to help crime prevention, apps to help report crimes, technology to
speedily redress crimes etc., are also urgent problems in India that startups can
handle with elan.

Conclusion

Phygital education – a hybrid of physical and digital education systems is a good way
forward to improve learning outcomes in the country but enabling infrastructure
needs to be put in place for it be a success. Discuss. (250 words, 15 marks)
Introduction
Covid-19 pandemic made us look into the new way of imparting education that is through “blended
learning”. Phygital Education or Blended learning in simple words is the amalgamation of physical
learning and digital learning.

Body

Why phygital education could be a good way forward ?

 Phygital education has been most sought out in the recent times as there is a considerable
drop seen students’ interest in learning new things dwindling more than ever.

 This is seconded with insanely high amount of dropout rates being witnessed by educational
institutions worldwide.

 The world is evolving today at a breakneck pace and so are the demands to survive in it.

 Phygital education is a kind of learning that not only helps students upskill their soft skills
but also explore different career paths to be prepared for tomorrow.

 Phygital learning has the capability to ditch the monotony of regular schooling by reforming
education.
 It has the opportunity to foster a lucrative environment that inspires each student to take
strides of innovation by upskilling and birthing the much-needed inquisitiveness in them
towards everyday learning.

 Gamification of learning a much optimistic way of making students master difficult to grasp
concepts has been possible because of phygital education. This approach is especially helpful
for young learners who have a shorter attention span and have a natural love for gaming.

 It provides a new edge to the tedious everyday wearisome learning by motivating students
as it uses video game design and game elements in traditional learning environments.

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 The outcome- maximized enjoyment and engagement in capturing the interest of learners
and inspiration added in them to continue learning.

Challenges in Phygital education

 Majority colleges in rural areas: The latest All India Survey on Higher Education (2019-20)
report shows that 56% of the 42,343 colleges in India are located in rural areasand 78.6% are
privately managed.

 Poor internet penetration:Internet penetration in India is only 45% as of January 2021. This
policy will only worsen the existing geographical and digital divide resulting in the exclusion
of a large number of rural students.

 All-round development hampered: Phygital learning leaves little room for the all-round
formation of the student that includes the development of their intelligent quotient,
emotional quotient, social quotient, physical quotient and spiritual quotient.

 Dropout rates might increase: Blended learning mode assumes that all students who enter
the arena of higher education have similar learning styles and have a certain amount of
digital literacy to cope with the suggested learning strategies of BL. This is far from true.

 Education in India is driven by a teacher-centred approach. Expecting these students to

switch over quickly to collaborative and technology-enabled learning will be stressful for
them. It may increase the existing dropout rate in higher education.

Way forward

 Equity in access: The government should ensure equity in access to technology and
bandwidth for all HEIs across the country free of cost.

 Hassle-free access to students: building their digital literacy through simple, concise learning
modules on how to operate a device and engage with a digital platform. Providing on-call
support with minimum wait time via call centres, chatbots, etc, will help them overcome
teething issues.

 Digital training for teachers: Massive digital training programmes must be arranged for
teachers.

 Appointment of new teachers: Even the teacher-student ratio needs to be readjusted to

implement BL effectively. This may require the appointment of a greater number of
teachers.
 Curriculum design: The design of the curriculum should be decentralized and based on a
bottom-up approach. Curriculum frameworks need to be developed that encourage the
creation of competency-based micro modular courses.

 Also, switching over from a teacher-centric mode of learning at schools to the BL mode at
the tertiary level will be difficult for learners. Hence, the government must think of
overhauling the curriculum at the school level as well.

 More power with state governments: More power in such education-related policymaking
should be vested with the State governments.

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 Periodic feedback and discussion: Finally, periodical discussions, feedback mechanisms and
support services at all levels would revitalize the implementation of the
learning programme of the National Education Policy 2020 and BL. It’ll lead to
the realization of three fundamental principles of education policy: access, equity and
quality.

 The government of our country actively endorsing and initiating steps in the field of Phygital
learning makes us believe more in the fact that it is here to stay in India and is the future of
learning.

 The government’s vision of a digital university to reach all students across the country, with
its promise of personalized teaching at the doorstep, should be considered a landmark step
in Indian education.

Conclusion

Phygital education has the potential to transform education in India. It is the future because it
contextualizes and reimagines education. Blended education opens up immense opportunities for
capacity building among frontline workers. It holds high empowerment potential because it can
enable adults, especially women, resume education. Phygital education can serve as an engine of
economic growth and a transformative force that empowers every Indian.

Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.

The national tele-mental health programme is a welcome step in main streaming
mental health and wellness. But its success will depend on its ability to reach masses
and destigmatise mental disorders in the society. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate.
Reference: New Indian Express
Why the question:
The government recognised the toll the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has been taking on the mental
health of a large section of the population and addressed it by announcing the rollout of a national
tele-mental health programme for people of all ages, during FInance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s
Budget speech.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the national tele-mental health programme and need to destigmatise mental health
for its success.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving an overview of mental health set up in India and trends in mental health disroders.
Body:
First, write about the national tele-mental health programme, its features and the potential benefits
from it.

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Next, write about the need to reach masses and destigmatise mental disorders in the society –
mention the steps that must be taken in this regard – creating awareness, accessible treatment,
promoting well-being, harnessing AYUSH etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward of measures needed to further strengthen mental health in India.
Introduction
According to the World Health Organization, over 90 million Indians, or 7.5% of the population,
suffer from mental health issues. A study published in Lancet in December 2019, titled “The burden
of mental disorders across the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2017”, also
highlights the scale of the challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in mental health-
related problems among people of all age. Global research has highlighted the increased rates of
depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, etc., in individuals affected by the virus.

Body

State of Mental healthcare in India

 WHO has labelled India as the world’s ‘most depressing country’

 The National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) 2015–2016 conducted by NIMHANS revealed
that one in five individuals suffer from some sort of mental health disorder and only 15% of
those affected receive the treatment required.

 This amounts to a massive untreated ‘mental health burden’ in our country.

 There is just one qualified psychiatrist for 10 lakh people in India, the number of
psychologists and psychiatric social workers being even fewer.

Importance of national tele-mental health programme

 During her Budget 2022-23 Speech in the Parliament, Union Finance Minister Nirmala
Sitharaman announced a National Tele Mental Health Programme.
 The programme, which has been hailed by all sectors of people for having the potential of
changing mental health care in the country, is proposed to consist of 23 tele mental health
centres with NIMHANS (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences Bangalore)
acting as the nodal centre.

 Meanwhile, for this, International Institute of Information Technology-Bangalore (IIIT-B)

would be providing the technological expertise.

 Lack of awareness and sensitivityabout mental health is one of the biggest issue. There is a
big stigma around people suffering from any kind of mental health issues.

 They are often tagged as ‘lunatics’ by the society. This leads to a vicious cycle of shame,
suffering and isolation of the patients.

 Tele-mental healthcare can bridge the gap by connecting people from remote areas to
health professionals in times of need but also help train general physicians and community
health workers in mental healthcare.

 They form the backbone of our health infrastructure, and the ability to provide mental
health services at a primary level under the tele guidance of psychiatrists is a fruitful and
cost-effective exercise.
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 The national tele-mental health programme is expected to help people get easier access to
quality counselling and care services related to mental health.

Challenges to National tele-mental healthcare

 Mental health issues in India are hugely complex. Data on mental illness is remarkably
patchy. Most data is based on self-reporting of conditions and extrapolation.

 Like any other legal document, implementation is the key and a challenge at the same time.
The Mental Healthcare Act (2017) came in with a lot of promises by revamping the old act of
1987.

 Digital illiteracy, limited data connectivity, network glitches, ethical and legal lacunae
related to tele-psychiatry guidelines, limitations in medical assessment through a virtual
medium and data safety are the main concerns that riddle tele-mental healthcare.

 As the Covid threat reduces with time, the inherent tendency of the masses to prefer in-
person consultation will be on the rise rendering virtual consultations redundant.

 Affordability issues related to telemedicine should also be borne in mind to prevent health
inequalities.

Way forward

 Human wellness is about body and mind. Lasting change is possible only through a
collaborative effort of policy-makers.

 Invest in institutional support mechanisms like hospitals, treatment centres, qualified health
care support and community support mechanisms.

 Implementation of tele-mental healthcare cannot be decoupled from efforts to improve

digital literacy, data security and enhanced accessibility to services.

 Advocacy by mental health professionals, media and policymakers are likely to make a
lasting impact in this area.

 We need large scale social security support or insurance to cover costs.

 Mental illnesses should be covered in health insurance policies.

 The government must ensure that treatment is widely available and costs are regulated.

 India must draw lessons from other countries as well as draw upon its own ancient wisdom
to holistically treat mental health.

Conclusion

This rare but apt mention of mental health in the national Budget holds true promise of delivering
tele-mental health services in the post-Covid future. The proposed Tele-Mental Health Programme is
a timely and much-needed move but whether it delivers in the long run depends on its
implementation, advocacy and dealing with the associated digital challenges.

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Poor learning outcomes in education are rooted in poverty and various other societal
factors which hinder opportunities and hamper progress of education. Analyse. (250
words).
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint
Key Demand of the question:
To state the societal reasons for low productivity in learning outcomes.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by mentioning the link between social factors and progress of education.
Body:
First, write how poverty is limiting education – poor nutrition, lack of adult support, lack of resources
and hindrance to quality education etc.
Next, write about the societal factors which are limiting education –low priority, caste-based
discrimination, inequalities, lack of continuity etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to overcome the above societal hindrances.
Introduction

Education is one of the most powerful instruments for reducing poverty and inequality. Education is
equally key to enhance India’s competitiveness in the global economy. A public-school system
becomes highly necessary to provide, universal and quality basic education for all, in particular for
the poor and rural population. This is central to the economic and social development of India.

Body

Poverty as a limiting factor in education

 Poor nutrition: Poverty means poor nutrition for children. Not only does it undermine their
physical and social development, including their neurological responses, it also has day-to-
day implications.

o Hungry children, which is unfortunately the state of too many, cannot concentrate in
the classroom.

o A malnourished child falls ill frequently and can’t attend school.

o Education is not the only casualty of this tragic phenomenon. One has to just
observe the wasting of our children because of poor nutrition.

 Lack of proper adult supervision and care: Second, poverty ensures that children do not
have the same kind of adult support and care at home as in middle-class families. It is
simply because the adults are struggling to make a livelihoo Such adult care and contact are
critical for learning.

 Resource deficit: Third, homes in poverty do not have resources that support and create an
environment for learning. Their adults themselves are often inadequately educated and they
are short of books, other learning material and time.

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o Eg: Many poor households could not afford smartphone, internet or laptop to their
children during pandemic.

Societal factors limiting education

 Gender bias: Girls are often sent to government schools while a male child is sent to private
school. Moreover, after intermediate school, girls are made to drop out either for marriage
or to do household chores.

o Some cultures will allow education for girls and women but limit the content of the
education or skew the education to prepare them for a limited number of social
roles

 Caste discrimination: In certain villages in India, even today children are segregated based
on caste.

o Various researches reveals that the education system perpetuates and legitimizes
social inequality, due to the economic, political, ideological and pedagogical
practices that permeate schools.
 Family income: Financial stress on the parents can cause a child to leave school early to
work. Worries about financial hardship at home can negatively affect low-income children’s
ability to learn.

 Tribal problem: Access to education is the biggest hindrance. Most of the tribal children
drop out of school or are not sent to school as their integration is low in the society.

 Extreme inequality and decision-making power: The children of the well-to-do attend elite
well-resourced schools, with access to more than enough support at home. They have no
problems in learning.

o But the vast majority of children in our unequal country go to schools that might as
well be on a different planet.
o Thus, the well-off, who control or influence the levers of power, have no personal
stake in nor any exposure to the reality of most Indian lives.

Way Forward

 Since education is a concurrent subject (both the Centre and the state governments can
make laws on it), the reforms proposed can only be implemented collaboratively by the
Centre and the states.

 Thus, the Centre has the giant task of building a consensus on the many ambitious plans.

 There is a need to strive Towards Universalisation of Education. Also, creation of ‘inclusion

funds’ to help socially and educationally disadvantaged children pursue education.
Conclusion : Improvement in education requires continuity of direction and action. Most educational
interventions would take 10 -15 years before they show any sign of real success. However, our
governance culture is such that the priorities and directions are changed rapidly. Education, which is
a matter of inter-generational change, just can’t improve with this kind of instability that prevails.

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Value addition

Measures being taken

 Digital Gender Atlas for advancing Girls’ Education: This tool is developed by Department of
School Education and Literacy with support from UNICEF. It will identify low performing
geographic pockets for girls, especially from marginalized groups such as scheduled caste
and scheduled tribes.

 ‘Adarsh’ integrated school system of Rajasthan is an example of a school complex

system. Here one school provides classes from l to XII under one principal. There is one such
school in every gram panchayat.

 Economic Survey 2018-19 opines that BBBP(Beti Bachao Beti Padhao) has been a success
and propose to extend the cause of Gender equality by coining the slogan of BADLAV (Beti
Aapki Dhan Lakshmi Aur Vijay-Lakshmi) to enhance the contribution of women in the
workforce and the economy.

 Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat: Nationwide sub-program of SSA to improve comprehensive

early reading, writing and early mathematics program for children in Classes I and II.

 Teacher Competency: In line with this, MHRD and the National Council for Teacher Education
launched the National Teacher Platform or Diksha in 2017. It is a one-stop solution to
address teacher competency gaps.

 Increasing focus on early childhood education as per the draft New Education Policy (under
Chairmanship of Kasturirangan).

Gender-based violence has adverse outcomes for woman’s physical, mental, sexual
and reproductive health. Moreover, various social and the cultural barriers make it
difficult for victims to access justice. Analyse. (250 words).
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: LiveMint
Key Demand of the question: To write about the impact of gender-based violence and barriers to
justice and suggest steps to rectify the same.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving statistic about gender-based violence in the country.
Body:
First, write the adverse impact of Gender-based violence on woman’s physical, mental, sexual and
reproductive health. Cite examples and statistics regarding the same.
Next, write about the societal and cultural factors which are limiting accesses to justice – illiteracy,
subordination, unfriendly process of law, weak law enforcement, unsympathetic attitude etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to overcome the above societal hindrances to end gender-based
violence.

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‘Gender-based violence’ refers to violence that is directed towards an individual owing to their
gender and/or sexual orientation. National Crime Record Bureau report shows stark increase in
violence against women in India in the forms of dowry deaths, acts of sexual harassment, torture,
rapes and domestic violence. Violence can negatively affect women’s physical, mental,
sexual and reproductive health, and may increase the risk of acquiring HIV in some settings.

Body

Adverse outcomes of Gender-based violence

 Public health burden:

o Gender-based violence leads to serious public health burden.

o It includes injuries, unintended pregnancies and pregnancy complications, poor

reproductive and sexual health, sexually transmitted infections, HIV, depression,
post-traumatic stress disorder, difficulties with intimacy and interpersonal
relationships, and death.

 Physical abuse:

o UN Women estimates that globally every third woman has been subjected to
physical and/or sexually-intimate partner violence or both at least once in their lives.
o In the National Family and Health 5th Survey, 1.5% of Indian women aged 18-29
years report having encountered sexual violence by 18, and nearly one in four
women has experienced physical or sexual abuse by a partner.

 Mental trauma:
o Mental health consequences include increasing women’s risk of depression, post-
traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse
o In many societies, women who are raped or sexually abused are stigmatised and
isolated, which impacts not only their well-being, but also their social participation,
opportunities and quality of life.

 Rights Issue:

o Any form of Violence against women hinders their realization of fundamental rights
under article 14, 21, 19 and 32 of the Indian constitution.

 Economic Issue:
o violence against women can have serious impact on economy of the household as
well as of the nation.

o Direct cost:loss of income, productivity, healthcare and cost of social services.

o Indirect cost:Impact on child wellbeing, female and child mortality,

intergenerational social and psychological cost.

 Development Issue:
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o Violence obstructs participation of women in development and planning programs

both at micro and macro level.

o Violence prevents women from experiencing or accessing the benefits of

development by restricting their ability to act or move freely.

o Violence against women is an obstruction to poverty alleviation programs as it

impedes equitable distribution of resources.

Barriers to access justice

 Gender roles and relations

 Men’s agreement with sexist, patriarchal, and sexually hostile attitudes

 Violence-supportive social norms regarding gender and sexuality

 Male-dominated power relations in relationships and families

 Sexist and violence-supportive contexts and cultures

 Social norms and practices related to violence

 Lack of domestic violence resources

 Violence in the community

 Childhood experience of intimate partner violence (especially among boys)

 Access to resources and systems of support

 Low socioeconomic status, poverty, and unemployment

 Lack of social connections and social capital

 Personality characteristics

 Alcohol and substance abuse

 Separation and other situational factors

Way forward

 Addressing the deeply entrenched patriarchal attitudes of the police, lawyer and other
judicial officers that continues to contribute to low reporting and conviction rates.

 Bridging the gap between GBV laws and its correlated areas such as legal rights to property,
land, inheritance, employment and income that allows a woman to walk out of an abusive
relationship and specific emphasis on political and economic participation of women.

 Systematic intervention for multi-sectoral linkages between Health sector (medical and
psychosocial support), Social Welfare sector (Shelters, counselling and economic
support/skill), Legal (legal aid)

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 Not just engage with “men and boys” as change agents but also acknowledge the
expectations linked to masculinity, their position as victim of violence especially for young
boys to address the perpetuation of cycle of GBV.

 Recognize sexual and reproductive health and rights by promotion and protection of
women’s right to have control and decide freely over matters related to their sexuality,
including sexual and reproductive health, family-planning choices and access to
comprehensive sexuality education.

 Reclaiming the spaces for women to increase their presence in visibility through political and
economic participation and diversifying their engagement in non-traditional sectors.
 Use of technology and emerging concepts such as Smart City in urban policy for ensuring
safer and gender friendly infrastructures and spaces that prevents GBV

There have been various efforts towards securing a life of dignity for persons with
disabilities (PwD). However, to be able to realize the goal of inclusiveness, it is
imperative to involve persons with disabilities as equal partners in their development
and decision-making. Comment. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Scroll.in
Why the question: In an interim order on Friday, the Supreme Court allowed candidates with
physical disabilities, who have cleared the civil services written exam, to provisionally apply to the
Union Public Service Commission for selection in three categories such as IPS.
Key Demand of the question: To write about the efforts at achieving inclusivity for PwD’s and steps
need to realise it by making them equal partners in their development.
Directive word:
Comment– here we have to express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an
overall opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the answer by giving statistic regarding the number of persons with disabilities (PwD) in India.
Body:
First, write about the efforts made at improving the lives of PwD’s – Rights of Persons with
Disabilities Act, 2016, Sugamya Bharat Abhiyaan/Accessible India campaign, Disability movement
etc.
Mention the shortcomings of the above – lack of medical treatment, educational opportunity,
absence of PwDs in decision making etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to involve PwDs as stakeholder in their development and
decision-making.

Introduction

According to Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, “Person with disability” means a person
with long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment which, in interaction with
barriers, hinders his full and effective participation in society equally with others. According to
Census 2011, India is home to 26.8 million people with disabilities and that is a huge
underestimation.
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In an interim order recently, the Supreme Court allowed candidates with physical disabilities, who
have cleared the civil services written exam, to provisionally apply to the Union Public Service
Commission for selection in three categories such as IPS.

Body

Various efforts towards securing a life of dignity for persons with disabilities (PwD)

Constitutional Provisions:

 Article 41 of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) states that the State shall make
effective provision for securing right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases
of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, within the limits of its economic
capacity and development.

 The subject of ‘relief of the disabled and unemployable’ is specified in the state list of the
Seventh Schedule of the constitution.

Governmental Provisions:

 Right of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016:

o It becomes the duty of the Union, states as well as Union Territories to take up the
matter.

o It is also important to ensure that all government buses are disabled friendly in
accordance with the harmonized guidelines.

o Disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept.

o The types of disabilities have been increased from 7 to 21. The act added mental
illness, autism, spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, chronic
neurological conditions, speech and language disability, thalassemia, hemophilia,

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sickle cell disease, multiple disabilities including deaf blindness, acid attack victims
and Parkinson’s disease which were largely ignored in earlier act. In addition, the
Government has been authorized to notify any other category of specified disability.

o It increases the quantum of reservationfor people suffering from disabilities from

3% to 4% in government jobs and from 3% to 5% in higher education institutes.

o Every child with benchmark disability between the age group of 6 and 18 years shall
have the right to free education.

o Government funded educational institutions as well as the government recognized

institutions will have to provide inclusive education.

o Stress has been given to ensure accessibility in public buildingsin a prescribed time
frame along with Accessible India Campaign.

o The Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities and the State Commissioners
will act as regulatory bodies and Grievance Redressal agencies, monitoring
implementation of the Act.
o A separate National and State Fundbe created to provide financial support to the
persons with disabilities.

 Accessible India Campaign:Creation of Accessible Environment for PwDs:

o A nation-wide flagship campaign for achieving universal accessibility that will enable
persons with disabilities to gain access for equal opportunity and live independently
and participate fully in all aspects of life in an inclusive society.

o The campaign targets at enhancing the accessibility of built environment, transport

system and Information & communication ecosystem.

 Deen Dayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme: Under the scheme financial assistance is
provided to NGOs for providing various services to Persons with Disabilities, like special
schools, vocational training centres, community-based rehabilitation, pre-school and early
intervention etc.

 Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase / fitting of Aids and Appliances (ADIP):The
Scheme aims at helping the disabled persons by bringing suitable, durable, scientifically-
manufactured, modern, standard aids and appliances within their reach.

 National Fellowship for Students with Disabilities (RGMF):

o The scheme aims to increase opportunities to students with disabilities for pursuing
higher education.

 Under the Scheme, 200 Fellowships per year are granted to students with disability.

 Schemes of the National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy,
Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities.
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Issues and Challenges

 Health:

o A large number of disabilities are preventable, including those arising from medical
issues during birth, maternal conditions, malnutrition, as well as accidents and
injuries.

o However, the health sector especially in rural India has failed to react proactively to
disability

o Further there are lack of affordable access to proper health care, aids and appliances

o Healthcare facilities and poorly trained health-workers in rehabilitation centres is

another concern.

 Education:

o The education system is not inclusive. Inclusion of children with mild to moderate
disabilities in regular schools has remained a major challenge.

o There are various issues such as availability special schools, access to schools,
trained teachers, and availability of educational materials for the disabled.

o Further, reservations for the disabled in higher educational institutions has not been
fulfilled in many instances

 Employment:

o Even though many disabled adults are capable of productive work, disabled adults
have far lower employment rates than the general population.

o The situation is even worse in the private sector, where much less disabled are
employed

o Accessibility: Physical accessibility in buildings, transportation, access to services etc

still remain a major challenge.

 Discrimination/Social Exclusion:

o Negative attitudes held by the families of the disabled, and often the disabled
themselves, hinder disabled persons from taking an active part in the family,
community or workforce.

o Differently-abled people face discrimination in everyday life. People suffering from

mental illness or mental retardation face the worst stigma and are subject to severe
social exclusion.
 Inadequate data and statistics: The lack of rigorous and comparable data and statics further
hinders inclusion of persons with disabilities. The major issues with collection of data and
measuring disability are:

o Difficult to define disability

o Coverage: Different purposes require different disability data

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o Reluctance in reporting disability as disability is considered to be a stigma in many

places/societies

 Poor implementation of policies and schemes hinders the inclusion of disabled persons.

o Though various acts and schemes have been laid down with an aim to empower the
disabled, their enforcement face many challenges.

Way Forward:

 Prevention:

o Preventive health programs need to be strengthened and all children need to be

screened at a young age.
o Kerala has already started an early prevention programme. Comprehensive New-
born Screening (CNS) programme seeks early identification of deficits in infants and
reduce the state’s burden of disability.

 Awareness:

o People with disabilities need to be better integrated into society by overcoming

stigma

o There should be awareness campaigns to educate and aware people about different
kinds of disability

o Success stories of people with disabilities can be showcased to inculcate positive

attitude among people

 Employment:

o Disabled adults need to be empowered with employable skills

o The private sector needs to be encouraged to employ them.

o Better measurement: The scale of disability in India needs to be better understood

by improving the measurement of disability.

 Education:

o State-wise strategies on education for children with special needs need to be

devised.

o There should be proper teacher training to address the needs of differently-abled

children and facilitate their inclusion in regular schools

o Further there should be more special schools and ensure educational material for
differently-abled children

 Access:

o Safety measures like road safety, safety in residential areas, public transport system
etc, should be taken up

o Further, it should be made legally binding to make buildings disabled-friendly

 Policy Interventions:
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o More budgetary allocation for welfare of the disabled. There should be a disability
budgeting on line of gender budget.

o Proper implementation of schemes should be ensured. There should be proper

monitoring mechanisms and accountability of public funds.

Salient features of world’s physical geography.

What are Karewas? How are they formed? Discuss their geographical distribution in
India and economic significance. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Down to Earth
Why the question:
Despite its agricultural and archaeological importance, karewas are now being excavated to be used
in construction. Between 1995 and 2005, massive portions of karewas in Pulwama, Budgam and
Baramulla districts were razed to the ground for clay for the 125-km-long Qazigund-Baramulla rail
line.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the formation of Karewas, its geographical spread and economic importance.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining the Karewas deposits and their important features.
Body:
First, write about the formation process of Karewas – The rise and Pir Panjal in the Pleistocene Period
and formation of Karewas.
Next, write about the geographical distribution in India.
Next, write about the economic importance of Karewas deposits.
Conclusion:
Conclude by mentioning the need to conserve Karewas deposits.
Introduction

The word Karewa in Kashmiri dialect means, “elevated table-land.” These plateaus are 13,000-
18,000 metre-thick deposits of alluvial soil and sediments like sandstone and
mudstone. Karewas are lacustrine deposits (deposits in lake) in the Valley of Kashmir and in
Bhadarwah Valley of the Jammu Division. These are the flat topped mounds that border the Kashmir
Valley on all sides. They are characterized with fossils of mammals and at places by peat.

Body

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Formation

 These sediments occur as terraces, plateaus and mounds and rest over the Paleozoic-
Mesozoic sediments of the Kashmir ‘basin’.

 Karewaswere formed during the Pleistocene Period (1 million years ago), when the entire
Valley of Kashmir was under water.

 Due to the rise of Pirpanjal, the drainage was impounded and a lake of about 5000 sq. km
area was developed and thus a basin was formed. Subsequently, the lake was drained
through Baramulla gorge. The deposits left in the process are known as karewas.

 The thickness of karewas is about 1400 m.

 The karewashave been elevated, dissected and removed by subaerial denudation to be in

the present position.

Geographical distribution in India

 The Karewadeposits in the Kashmir valley have been conventionally divided into two
stages, lower and upper, representing argillaceous and arenaceous facies respectively.

 The upper Karewasare less fossiliferous than the lower Karewas.

 The entire belt touching the foothills of the Pirpanjal represents the lower Karewas, which
has been exposed to the rivers starting from the south such as Veshav, Rembiara, Romushu,
Dodhganga, Shaliganga, Boknag nar and Ningli.

 Lower Karewa sections at Aharbal, Anantnag, Arigam, Baramulla have been exposed by
these rivers.

 The rest of the Karewa sediments occupy the middle of the entire flank of the valley,
including Pampore, Srinagar, Burzuhom, Dilpur, Pattan, Parihaspora, and parts of Baramulla
District.

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 These represent upper Karewas of the valley.

 The late Cenozoic deposits exposed in the Kashmir valley assume special significance as they
are extensively fluvioglacial, fluvial, lacustrine and eolian in origin.

Economic Significance

 The Karewa deposits are composed of sand, silt, clay, shale, mud, lignite, gravel and loessic
sediments.

 Therefore, it is extremely important for agricultural and horticultural practices in the valley.

 The karewas are mainly devoted to the cultivation of saffron, almond, walnut, apple
orchards and several other cash crops.
 Kashmir saffron, which received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2020 for its longer and
thicker stigmas, deep-red colour, high aroma and bitter flavour, is grown on these karewas.

Conclusion

Despite its agricultural and archaeological importance, karewas are now being excavated to be used
in construction. Between 1995 and 2005, massive portions of karewas in Pulwama, Budgam and
Baramulla districts were razed to the ground for clay for the 125-km-long Qazigund-Baramulla rail
line and the Srinagar airport is built on the Damodar karewa in Budgam. The rampant destruction
has reduced these plateau lands into ugly ravines. Thus we need to preserve this geological treasure
and legacy for the generations to come.

Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic

activity, cyclone etc.
Water stress causes deterioration of fresh water resources in terms of quantity as
well as quality. Suggest steps to overcome water stress in the country. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The Global Water System Project, which was launched in 2003 as a joint initiative of the Earth System
Science Partnership (ESSP) and Global Environmental Change (GEC) programme, epitomises global
concern about the human-induced transformation of fresh water and its impact on the earth system
and society.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the measures needed to overcome water stress in the country.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining and giving the status of water stress in India. Cite a statistic of show the level of
water stress in the country,
Body:
First, write about the impact of water stress on the quantitative as well as qualitative aspect of fresh
water and how it will impact us.

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Next, write about the urgent steps that are needed to make sustainable water practises – planning
regulation of groundwater usage, rejuvenation of catchment areas, sustainable agriculture, aquifer
recharge, rainwater harvesting and technology to monitor progress, community participation and
rejuvenating existing water bodies etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain
period or when poor quality restricts its use. When per capita availability of water is below 1700
m3/year, water availability is termed as “stressed”.

Body

Water stress causes deterioration of fresh water resources in terms of quantity as well as quality

 India has 4 % of the world’s freshwater which has to cater to 17 % of the world’s population.

 Approximately 600 million people or roughly around 45 % of the population in India is facing
high to severe water stress.

 As per the report, 21 Indian cities will run out of their main source of water
i.e. groundwater by 2020.

 Nearly 40 % of the population will have absolutely no access to drinking water by 2030 and
6 % of India’s GDP will be lost by 2050 due to the water crisis.

 As per NITI Aayog report (CWMI) released in June 2019, India is facing the worst-ever water
crisis in history.

 A disastrous water crisis has been creeping up on us for years. Water tables have declined
precipitously, even by thousands of feet in some parts of Punjab, Haryana and Andhra
Pradesh. Tanks and wells have gone dry.

 Some rivers have shrunk while other smaller ones have completely dried up.

 Water rationing is routine in many urban areas, while in many villages women are trudging
longer distances to fetch water.

 A recent report mentions that over 70% of surface irrigation water is being simply wasted,
nationally.

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 Not only farmers are affected by the water crisis, urban dwellers in cities and towns across
India are also facing a never seen before drinking water scarcity.

 In India, there are conflicts between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over sharing of Cauvery
waters, between Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh over sharing of Narmada waters, between
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana over sharing of Krishna waters, etc.

Measures to overcome water stress in the country

Seeing India’s looming water crisis through the locus of ‘urban’ and ‘rural’ not only allows a better
grasp of the causative factors but also enables a stronger grip on the strategies to be deployed to
reverse the water crisis.

 Urban water resource management

 Ground water management is of utmost importance in urban areas where 50% water is
drawn from ground. E.g.: Encroachment of flood plains, ground water recharge are areas to
work with.

 Loss of green cover in urban areas and heat island effect are reasons for depleting water
sources. e.g.: Urban forests needs to be created like in Aarey, Mumbai.

 The Ministry of Water Resources must reconfigure its relationship with other Ministries and
Departments (Urban Development, Local Self-Government and Environment).

 Enhanced integration and coordination are needed through effective land and water
zoning regulations that protect urban water bodies, groundwater sources, wetlands and
green cover while simultaneously working to enhance waste water recycling and water
recharge activities targeting aquifers and wells through rainwater harvesting.

 Rural water resource management

o Water and food security: At the sectoral level, the Ministries and Departments of
water resources must coordinate efforts with their counterparts in
agriculture, the environment and rural development for greater convergence to
achieve water and food security.

 g.: Water guzzler crops like paddy and wheat in Punjab have turned the soil
saline and depleted ground water.

o Whole of government approach: At the disciplinary level, governance and

management should increasingly interact and draw from the expertise of fields such
as hydrology (watershed sustainability), hydrogeology (aquifer mapping and
recharge) and agriculture sciences (water-sensitive crop choices and soil health).

o Surface water management: Again, the importance given to groundwater

conservation should not ignore surface water conservation including the many rivers
and lakes which are in a critical and dying state due to encroachment, pollution,
over-abstraction and obstruction of water flow by dams.

Way Forward

 Effective land and water zoning regulations would protect urban water bodies, groundwater
sources, wetlands and green cover.

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 Enhance waste water recycling and water recharge activities targeting aquifers and wells
through rainwater harvesting.

 Governance and management should increasingly interact and draw from the expertise of
fields such as hydrology (watershed sustainability), hydrogeology (aquifer mapping and
recharge) and agriculture sciences (water-sensitive crop choices and soil health).

 The importance given to groundwater conservation should not ignore surface water
conservation including the rivers and lakes which are in a critical state due to encroachment
and pollution.

 The Ministry of Jal Shakti must focus on protecting and conserving water resources on the
one hand and minimising and enhancing efficiency of water usage on the other.

Geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features

(including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of
such changes.
‘Climate change is adding to complexities of monsoon predictions at regional and local
levels’. In this context, briefly describe how the Monsoon mission will help improve
the overall understanding of Monsoon. (150 Words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
India will soon lunch the third phase of the Monsoon Mission
Key Demand of the question:
Details of Monsoon mission and its contributions
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give a brief introduction of Indian Monsoon and how IMD predicts it.
Body:
Give reason for erratic and late withdrawal of monsoon e.g. La Nina, positive IOD, warming sea
surface temperature of Arabian and Bay of Bengal Sea
Briefly describe Monsoon Mission: First launched in 2012, the Monsoon Mission has been a flagship
project undertaken by the MoES to improve the overall understanding of Indian monsoons.
Bring out its role for improving monsoon understanding and mitigating the impact of climate change.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarizing the above.
Introduction

Under the Monsoon Mission, Ministry of Earth sciences has developed the state-of-the-art weather
and climate prediction models, which are now in operational use. These models include models for
short range to medium range (1-10 days), extended range (10days to 30 days) and seasonal (up to
one season). The models developed under the National Monsoon Mission (NMM) have shown very
high skill in predicting important weather events on different time scales during the last 3years.

With climate change it has become more and more unpredictable to accurately estimate the arrival
of monsoon, and other vagaries of monsoon.

Body

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Issues with climate change and monsoon prediction

 The available records of climate and rainfall in India have aided scientists to reconstruct the
behaviour of Monsoon in the past six decades and the results have been surprising as well as
complex.

 But with climate change and events such as La nina, El nino, it is becoming increasingly
difficult to predict weather conditions such as cloudbursts etc.

About National Monsoon Mission:

 The National Monsoon Mission was launched in 2012.

 It aims to develop a state-of-the-art dynamical prediction system for monsoon rainfall on

different time scales.

 The mission falls under the aegis of Ministry of Earth Sciences.

 The responsibility of execution and coordination of the mission is bestowed upon the Indian
Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.

 Climate Forecast System (CFS) of NCEP, USA has been identified as the basic modelling
system for providing long range forecasting (seasonal prediction of Indian Monsoon).
Further, the Unified Model (UM), developed by the United Kingdom Meteorological Office
(UKMO), UK has been identified for short to medium range prediction
 Targets: Development of a seamless prediction system using monsoon mission model, on
different time scales, like Seasonal (for whole Monsoon season), Extended range (up-to 4
weeks), Short range prediction (up-to 5days).

o Initiate and coordinate working partnership between Indian and foreign institutes to
develop a system for prediction of extremes and climate applications

o Develop and implement system for climate applications having social impacts (such
as agriculture, flood forecast, extreme events forecast, wind energy, etc.)

o Advanced data assimilation system for preparing high quality data for model
predictions.

Significant achievements due to monsoon mission

 Setting up of an advanced prediction system for Seasonal prediction; Extended range

prediction and Very high-resolution Short-range prediction.

 Commissioning of a Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) for short and medium range
prediction at 12km.

o The Cyclone track and intensity prediction has also shown a steady improvement
over the last three years.

 The operationalization of Monsoon Mission dynamical model (MMCFS) to prepare

operational seasonal forecast of monsoon rainfall and temperatures during the hot and cold
weather seasons over India.

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 Use of MMCFS and extended range prediction system for preparing regional seasonal
forecast outlook for south Asia under WMO recognised Regional Climate Center and South
Asia Seasonal Climate Outlook Forum (SASCOF)activities.

 Development of an algorithm to monitor and predict the Monsoon Intra-seasonal

Oscillations (MISO) and Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on the extended range.

 Development of an index to predict the genesis and evolution of tropical cyclones and
other cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean.

 Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecast over all the Indian river basin have been
operationally implemented.

 Probabilistic (percentile based) forecast for extreme wind, precipitation have been
established.

 GFS/GEFS forecasts have been extensively used to provide guidance to Forest fire possibility
and also to Renewable Energy Sectors namely, wind and solar.

 Development of a high-resolution regional re-analysis product, IMDAA at very high

resolution of 12km.

Conclusion

Several scientists have been trained for modelling & forecasts through Monsoon Mission Program
and capacity building activities have been done through targeted trainings. A
remarkable improvement in the skill of the forecasts especially in the short to medium range has
been noticed.

Accounting for seasonal variations in the Indian monsoons, examine how climate
change is impacting the monsoon patterns across the subcontinent. What steps are
needed to mitigate such impact? (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to Earth
Why the question:
Monsoon in India and west Africa — the most significant monsoon rainfall systems — may be in for
changes due to greenhouse gases, new research has warned. The changes may be rapid or gradual in
the present as well as near future.
Key Demand of the question:
Bring out the seasonal variations in the monsoon and to analyse the impact of climate change on it
and suggest steps to mitigate it.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by introducing Indian monsoon and its importance briefly.
Body:
Start by briefly mentioning about mechanism of the monsoon and the reasons for fluctuations in
Indian monsoon according to the seasons. Divide the answer in to various months and how monsoon
varies with it. Use a diagram to explain it more systematically. Do include the Western Disturbances,
Somali Jet Streams, Easterly Jet streams etc.
In the next part, write about the impact of climate change on monsoon rains. Mention the ways how
it patterns are changing and its effect.

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Next, write about long term and short-term measures required to mitigate the adverse impact of
climate change on monsoon.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

Monsoons are seasonal winds which reverse their direction with the change of season. The monsoon
is a double system of seasonal winds. They flow from sea to land during the summer and from land
to sea during winter. Monsoons are peculiar to Indian Subcontinent, South East Asia, parts of Central
Western Africa etc. Indian Monsoons are Convection cells on a very large scale. They are periodic or
secondary winds which seasonal reversal in wind direction.

Body

Seasonal variation in the India monsoons

Effects of climate change on the Indian monsoons:

 Climate Change has been ruining quite a few things such and Indian Monsoon might be one
of them.

 The worst part here is that the effects of the Indian Monsoon are also felt by others and not
just India, making it an active feature of the weather across the globe.

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 Research has confirmed that Monsoon in Asia is entwined with several aspects of global
climate along with having an influence over the global atmospheric circulation as well.

 Since the year 1950, average summer rains in India have declined by around 7 percent.

 In 1990s, high concentrations of aerosols were found in the northern Indian Ocean. In fact,
satellite images even showed a stain across the Indo-Gangetic Plain and over the Indian
Ocean, which was named as the “brown cloud”. In 1999, a team of investigators set out to
understand what brown cloud exactly was.

 Black carbon combines with sulfates and other aerosols, wherein the Indo-Gangetic Plain
contributes highly due to intensive industrial and extractive activity.

 Regional Climate Change has been occurring also because of changes in land use.

 In the last 15 decades, forest cover over Asia has reduced significantly.

 Increase in agricultural production in India, excessive use of water for irrigation has caused a
negative impact on the moisture of the soil thereby diminishing its capability to reflect or
absorb heat.

 Due to all these factors, Monsoon is shifting its patterns.

 Aerosols absorb solar radiation due to which less of it reaching the surface of the Earth.

 This leads to cooling of land, reducing the contrast of temperature between sea and land,
thereby weakening the atmospheric circulation that sustains the Indian Monsoon.

 Not only this, changes in circulation in the Indian subcontinent affect air-sea interaction
which is the binding factor between Asia and the Indian Ocean.

Measures needed

 Deploying lower-carbon Energy:

o There are four main types of low-carbon energy: wind, solar, hydro or nuclear
power. The first three are renewable, which means these are good for the
environment – as natural resources are used (such as wind or sun) to produce
electricity.
o Deploying lower carbon energy would help address both domestic and international
climate challenges while simultaneously improving the economic well-being of
India’s citizens.

 Mainstreaming Renewable energy:

o India’s energy mix is dominated by coal powered electric generation stations as of

now.

o The need of the hour is increase the share of renewable energy in this energy mix.

 Focus on Energy Efficiency:

o Will need energy efficient buildings, lighting, appliances and industrial practicesto
meet the net-zero goal.

 Increased usage of Biofuels:

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o Can help reduce emissions from light commercial vehicles, tractors in agriculture.

o In aviation, the only practical solution for reducing emissions is greater use of
biofuels, until hydrogen technology gains scale.

 Transition towards Electric vehicles:

o This will further help curb the carbon emissions.

 Carbon Sequestration:

o India willhave to rely on natural and man-made carbon sinks to soak up those
emissions. Trees can capture 0.9 billion tons; the country will need carbon capture
technologies to sequester the rest.

 Carbon Pricing:

o India, which already taxes coal and petroleum fuels, should consider putting a tax on
emissions to drive change.

Way forward

 Given the massive shifts underway in India’s energy system, we would benefit from taking
stock of our actions and focusing on near-term transitions.

 This will allow us to meet and even over-comply with our 2030 target while also ensuring
concomitant developmental benefits, such as developing a vibrant renewable industry.

 We can start putting in place the policies and institutions necessary to move us in the right
direction for the longer-term and also better understand, through modelling and other
studies, the implications of net-zero scenarios before making a net-zero pledge.

 It would also be in India’s interest to link any future pledge to the achievement of near-term
action by industrialised countries.

 That would be fair and consistent with the principles of the UNFCCC and also enhance the
feasibility of our own actions through, for example, increasing availability and reducing costs
of new mitigation technologies.

Conclusion

Climate change is set to inescapably alter the ocean temperatures around the Indian
neighbourhood. So, giving more importance to understanding the vagaries of the NE monsoon
should be among India’s key priority in adapting to climate change. India needs to step up research
to improve the performance of the monsoon prediction models. Preparedness is the best way
forward.

Despite being the lifeline of India’s water supplies, groundwater issues are often
overlooked. Examine the issues with ground water utilisation and suggest steps to
promote its sustainable use and management. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Down to Earth

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Why the question: The United Nations advocated finding ways to unlock the potential of
groundwater in providing water security, in its latest edition of the United Nations World Water
Development Report. The intergovernmental organisation called for governments to build
sustainable models to harness the potential of groundwater.
Key Demand of the question: To write about the various issues with respect to ground water in India
and to suggest steps overcome them.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving statistic regarding the status of groundwater utilisation in India.
Body:
Frist, write about various issues regarding groundwater in India Depletion of water tables, saltwater
encroachment, drying of aquifers, groundwater pollution, water logging and salinity, etc. are major
consequences of overexploitation and intensive irrigation. Substantiate with examples and facts
Next, write about the measures that are needed to promote sustainable utilisation and management
of ground water.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Today, India is the largest user of the groundwater in the world with almost 90% being used for
drinking water and around 85% for irrigation. Current statistics also show that nearly 50% of urban
water supply comes from groundwater. India is the largest groundwater-user globally, at an
estimated 251 cubic kilometres per year, followed by China and Pakistan, according to the report.
India is on the threshold of a very serious groundwater crisis, which needs mitigation both in the
fields and at the policy corridors of the country.

Body

Problems with groundwater depletion

 Lowering of the water table

 Reduction of water in streams and lakes

 Land subsidence: A lack of groundwater limits biodiversity and dangerous sinkholes result
from depleted aquifers.

 Increased costs for the user

 Deterioration of water quality

 Saltwater contamination can occur.

 Crop production decrease from lack of water availability (40% of global food production
relies on groundwater).

 Groundwater depletion interrupts the ‘natural’ water cycle putting disproportionately more
water into the sea.

 As large aquifers are depleted, food supply and people will suffer.

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Measures needed

 The government should develop policies to determine which crops should be grown in which
region according to the water availability, which “has not been the focus.” For instance,
Punjab has a semi-arid climate but it grows rice, which depletes groundwater and is “highly
unsustainable.”

 The traditional flood irrigation in India accounts for huge water loss through
evapotranspiration. Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation must be used for efficient
utilisation of water.

 There should be restrictions to cut off the access to groundwater in areas identified as
“critical” and “dark zones”, where the water table is overused or very low.

 There is a need to treat water as common resource rather than private property to prevent
its overexploitation

 Problems and issues such as water logging, salinity, agricultural toxins, and industrial
effluents, all need to be properly looked into.
 Government has initiated schemes like DRIP programme, more drop per crop, Krishi Sinchai
Yojana to ensure economical water use practices in agriculture.
 Bottom-up approach by empowering the local community to become active participants in
managing groundwater.

 Creating regulatory options at the community level such as panchayat is also one among the
feasible solutions.

 Traditional methods of water conservation should be encouraged to minimize the depletion

of water resources.

 Artificial recharge of tube wells, water reuse, afforestation, scientific methods of agriculture
should also be done.

Conclusion
Sustainable management of groundwater in India is vital for tackling growing challenges related to
water availability. The effective answer to the groundwater crisis is to integrate conservation and
development activities, from water extraction to water management, at the local level; making
communities aware and involving them fully is therefore critical for success.

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Lantern-Roofed Tombs in Thrace & Anatolia
21 pages