STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS –II (B.

Tech III year V Semester)

Stiffness method: Introduction, application to continuous beams including support

settlements, Frames and Trusses.

Objectives:
Introduction of stiffness methods
Development of stiffness matrices
Analyze continuous beams with and without support settlement
Compute support reactions; draw shear force and bending moment diagrams
Analyze trusses and frames

Stiffness Method (Displacement method)

It is a powerful method. It is the basis for Finite Element Method. Now a day’s stiffness
method is being extensively used. This method can be used for the analysis of beams, plane
frames, space frames, trusses, plates, shells or combination of different elements. In this
method the material, cross section of the elements can be modeled mathematically. Several
software’s and programs are developed based on this powerful stiffness method.

Some Basics

Joint/node: a connection between two or more adjacent members

Element: truss or beam or plate elements. Truss element carries axial load. Beam element
carries axial, shear and bending. Plate element carries forces in three global directions. In the
present class we consider only beam elements.

Plane Frame: is a frame with members like beams, columns and braces etc. in a single plane.

The number of forces at a joint are, 3 (Axial, shear and bending.)

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of

Technology Jamshedpur.
Email: [email protected]
Space Frame: is a frame with members like beams, columns and braces etc. in two or more
planes.

The number of forces at a joint are, 6 (3 Translations, 3 Rotations)

Static Indeterminacy: The number of equations required over and above the equations of
static equilibrium for the analysis of structure is known as static indeterminacy.

Kinematic Indeterminacy: The number of unknown displacements is known as kinematic

indeterminacy.

Degree of Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy

The number of unknown displacements and rotations is known as kinematic indeterminacy.

For a plane frame, the numbers of unknown displacements at each node are three (axial,
transverse and rotation). For a space frame, the numbers of unknown displacements at each
node are six (three translations and three rotations).

Evaluate Static and Kinematic indeterminacy of the rigid jointed plane frame

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of

Technology Jamshedpur.
Email: [email protected]
Static Indeterminacy

External indeterminacy

Number of external reactions at each fixed joint = 3

Total number of external reactions for the plane frame = 3*5=15
Number of equilibrium equations = 3

Degree of external static indeterminacy, r = 15-3=12

Internal Indeterminacy

Method 1

Internal Indeterminacy = 3 − (∑  − 1)
C = No. of Closed loops
m = No. of members connected to hinge
Internal indeterminacy = 3*16 – (0) = 48

Static Indeterminacy = External Indeterminacy + Internal Indeterminacy = 12+48 = 60

Static Indeterminacy - Method 2

Number of members = 45
Number of joints = 30

Degree of static Indeterminacy = 3m+r-3j=135+15-90=60

Kinematic Indeterminacy

Number of joints = 30
DOF at each joint = 3
DOF of all the joints = 3*30=90
Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Jamshedpur.
Email: [email protected]
Number of fixed joints = 5
DOF of fixed joints = 15
Kinematic Indeterminacy = 90-15=75

Beam Element Stiffness Matrix:

When vertical displacements of the beam are neglected,

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of

Technology Jamshedpur.
Email: [email protected]
Analyze the following Beam

Dr. S. Madhuri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of

Technology Jamshedpur.
Email: [email protected]
Kinematic Indeterminacy of the beam is 3
Rotation at B, C and D

The degrees of freedoms are

1 2
Stiffness matrix of Member BC kBC = 0.8 0.4 1
EI 0.4 0.8 2

2 3
Stiffness matrix of Member CD kCD = 0.8 0.4 2
EI 0.4 0.8 3

1 2 3
Assembled Stiffness Matrix K= EI 0.8 0.4 0 1
0.4 1.6 0.4 2
0 0.4 0.8 3

Due to External Force Due to Over hang

Force Vector in Member BC f1 = -250 1 W*L = 300 1
250 2 0 0 2

Force Vector in Member CD f2 = Due to Over hang

-180 2 0 = 0 2
120 3 W*L -200 3

Assembled Fixed end Moments FEL= -250 1

70 2
120 3

Assembled Force Vector

f= 300 1
0 2
-200 3

Global Displacement, Δ = [K]-1{f+FEL} = 1/EI 1.458 -0.417 0.208333 50 = 1/EI 27.08 1

-0.417 0.833 -0.41667 70 70.83 2
0.208333 -0.41667 1.458333 -80 -135.417 3

Member forces of Member BC {f}=[k]{Δ}-{FEL} EI 0.8 0.4 1/EI 27.08 - -250 = 300.00 1
0.4 0.8 70.83 250 -182.50 2

Member forces of Member CD {f}=[k]{Δ}-{FEL} EI 0.8 0.4 1/EI 70.83 - -180 = 182.50 2
0.4 0.8 -135.42 120 -200.00 3
Analyze the continuous beam if the downward settlement of support B and C are 2000/EI and 1000/EI

Kinematic Indeterminacy of the beam is 2

Rotation at B and C

The degrees of freedoms are

1 2
Stiffness matrix of Member 1 k1 = 0.4 0.2 1
EI 0.2 0.4 2

2 3
Stiffness matrix of Member 2 k2 = 0.4 0.2 2
EI 0.2 0.4 3

1 2 3
Assembled Stiffness Matrix K= EI 0.4 0.2 0 1
0.2 0.8 0.2 2
0 0.2 0.4 3

2 3
Golbal Stiffness Matrix K= EI 0.8 0.2 2
0.2 0.4 3

Due to External Force Due to Settlement

2
Force Vector in Member 1 f1 = -300 1+ 6EIΔ/l = 120 1 = -180 1
300 2 6EIΔ/l2 120 2 420 2

Force Vector in Member 2 f2 = Due to Settlement

-150 2 -6EIΔ/l2 = -60 2 = -210 2
150 3 -6EIΔ/l2 -60 3 90 3

Assembled Force Vector f= -180 1

210 2
90 3

Global Displacement, Δ = [K]-1{f+FELaods} = 1/EI 1.429 -0.714 210 = 1/EI 235.71 2

-0.714 2.857 90 107.14 3

Member forces of Member 1 {f}=[k]{Δ}-{Fixed End Loads} EI 0.4 0.2 1/EI 0 - -180 = 227.14 1
0.2 0.4 235.71 420 -325.71 2

Member forces of Member 2 {f}=[k]{Δ}-{Fixed End Loads} EI 0.4 0.2 1/EI 235.71 - -210 = 325.71 2
0.2 0.4 107.14 90 0.00 3
 Joint 3 1 2
Memb 2 1
Dofs 7 1 4
8 2 5
9 3 6
Properties
A 0.02668 0.037675
E 200000000 200000000
I 0.00012 0.00024
L 3 4
K2 K1
dofs 7 8 9 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 1778666.67 0 0 -1778666.667 0 0 1883750 0 0 -1883750 0 0 1
8 0 10666.66667 16000 0 -10666.67 16000 0 9000 18000 0 -9000 18000 2
9 0 16000 32000 0 -16000 16000 0 18000 48000 0 -18000 24000 3
1 -1778666.67 0 0 1778666.667 0 0 -1883750 0 0 1883750 0 0 4
2 0 -10666.6667 -16000 0 10666.67 -16000 0 -9000 -18000 0 9000 -18000 5
3 0 16000 16000 0 -16000 32000 0 18000 24000 0 -18000 48000 6

Global K
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 3662416.67 0 0 -1883750 0 0 -1778667 0 0 1
2 0 19666.66667 2000 0 -9000 18000 0 -10666.66667 -16000 2
3 0 2000 80000 0 -18000 24000 0 16000 16000 3
4 -1883750 0 0 1883750 0 0 0 0 0 4
5 0 -9000 -18000 0 9000 -18000 0 0 0 5
6 0 18000 24000 0 -18000 48000 0 0 0 6
7 -1778666.67 0 0 0 0 0 1778666.7 0 0 7
8 0 -10666.6667 16000 0 0 0 0 10666.66667 16000 8
9 0 -16000 16000 0 0 0 0 16000 32000 9

Load Vector Due to Load Due to 2mm settlement at B Total Force Vector Due to Load Due to 2mm settlement at B Total Force Vector
0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0
0 21.33333333 8 21.33333 -12 -18 2 -30
0 32 9 32 -8 -36 3 -44
0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0
0 -21.33333333 2 -21.33333 -12 18 5 6
0 32 3 32 8 -36 6 -28

Assembled Force Vector 0.00 1

-51.33 2
-12.00 3
0.00 4
6.00 5
-28.00 6
0.00 7
21.33 8
32.00 9

Solution for the nodal Displacement

dof Inverse of Global K Gload Disp

1 0.00000027 0 0 0.00 0
2 0 0.00005098 -0.00000127 -51.33 -0.002602
3 0 -0.00000127 0.00001253 -12.00 -8.52E-05

dof Local disp for Memb 2 Local disp for Memb 1 dof
7 0 0 1
8 0 -0.002602 2
9 0 -8.52E-05 3
1 0 0 4
2 -0.00260173 0 5
3 -8.5167E-05 0 6
dofs K2 Local disp for Memb 2 Force 2 Force 2
7 1778666.67 0 0 -1778666.667 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 10666.66667 16000 0 -10666.67 16000 0 21.3 26.38916 5.055822
9 0 16000 32000 0 -16000 16000 0 32.0 40.26507 8.265067
1 -1778666.67 0 0 1778666.667 0 0 0 0.0 0 0
2 0 -10666.6667 -16000 0 10666.67 -16000 -0.002601733 -21.3 -26.38916 -5.055822
3 0 16000 16000 0 -16000 32000 -8.51667E-05 32 38.9024 6.9024

dofs K1 Local Disp Memb 1 Force 1 Force 1

1 1883750 0 0 -1883750 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 9000 18000 0 -9000 18000 -0.002601733 -30 -24.9486 5.0514
3 0 18000 48000 0 -18000 24000 -8.51667E-05 -44 -50.9192 -6.9192
4 -1883750 0 0 1883750 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 -9000 -18000 0 9000 -18000 0 6 24.9486 18.9486
6 0 18000 24000 0 -18000 48000 0 -28 -48.8752 -20.8752
 Member 1 AB Member 2 BC
kN, m
E (kN/m2) 2.00E+08 200000000
4
I (m ) 6.00E-05 0.00006
L (m) 6.00E+00 6
A (m2) 6.00E-04 0.0006

AE/L 20000 20000

12EI/L3 666.666667 666.666667
6EI/L2 2000 2000
4EI/L 8000 8000
2EI/L 4000 4000

Local Stiffness Matrices Member AB Member BC

DOF's 4 6 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 7 8 9
20000 0 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
0 666.6667 2000 0 -666.6667 2000 0 666.6667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000
-20000 0 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0
0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.6667 -2000 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.6667 -2000
0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000

Transformation Matirx Member BC

Member AB λx 0
λx 1 λy 1
λy 0

Transpose of TBC
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0
T AB 0 0 1 0 0 0 T BC 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

Global Matrices Member AB Member BC

Dof's 4 6 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 7 8 9

20000 0 0 -20000 0 0 4 0 666.6667 2000 0 -666.667 2000 666.6667 0 2000 -666.667 0 2000 1
0 666.6667 2000 0 -666.6667 2000 6 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0 2
T
K AB 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000 5 T k'BC 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000 K BC 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000 3
-20000 0 0 20000 0 0 1 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.6667 -2000 -666.667 0 -2000 666.6667 0 -2000 7
0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.6667 -2000 2 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0 8
0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000 3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000 2000 0 4000 -2000 0 8000 9

4 6 5 1 2 3 7 8 9
20000 0 0 -20000 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 666.666667 2000 0 -666.6666667 2000 0 0 0 6
Global Stiffness Matrix 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000 0 0 0 5
-20000 0 0 20666.6667 0 2000 -666.666667 0 2000 1
0 -666.66667 -2000 0 20666.66667 -2000 0 -20000 0 2
0 2000 4000 2000 -2000 16000 -2000 0 4000 3
0 0 0 -666.66667 0 -2000 666.6666667 0 -2000 7
0 0 0 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0 8
0 0 0 2000 0 4000 -2000 0 8000 9

4 5 1 2 3
20000 0 -20000 0 0 4
Global Stiffness Matrix 0 8000 0 -2000 4000 5
-20000 0 20666.67 0 2000 1
0 -2000 0 20666.6667 -2000 2
0 4000 2000 -2000 16000 3

Member AB Member BC
Force Vector 4 0 0 1 0 4
6 0 0 2 0 5
5 0 0 3 5 1
1 5 0 7 0 2
2 0 0 8 0 3
3 0 0 9

K-1 f DOF's
0.002682 0.00018399 0.002632 -1.871E-05 -0.000377339 0 0.01316 m 4
0.000184 0.000158 0.000184 9.3555E-06 -6.13306E-05 0 0.00092 rad 5
Displacement = 0.002632 0.00018399 0.002632 -1.871E-05 -0.000377339 5 = 0.01316 m 1
-1.87E-05 9.3555E-06 -1.87E-05 4.9896E-05 6.23701E-06 0 -9.4E-05 m 2
-0.000377 -6.133E-05 -0.000377 6.237E-06 0.00012578 0 -0.00189 rad 3

Member Forces kAB

4 6 5 1 2 3
fAB=[kAB]{ΔAB}+{fAB} 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0 0.013160083 0 0 0 0
0 666.6667 2000 0 -666.66667 2000 0 0 -1.8711 0 -1.8711
0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000 0.000919958 + 0 = 0 + 0 = 0
-20000 0 0 20000 0 0 0.013160083 5 0 -5 -5
0 -666.6667 -2000 0 666.666667 -2000 -9.3555E-05 0 1.871102 0 1.871102
0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000 -0.00188669 0 -11.2266 0 -11.2266

kBC
1 2 3 7 8 9
fBC=[kBC]{ΔBC}+{fBC} 666.6667 0 2000 -666.6667 0 2000 0.013160083 0 5 0 5
0 20000 0 0 -20000 0 -9.3555E-05 0 -1.8711 0 -1.8711
2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000 -0.00188669 + 0 = 11.22661 + 0 = 11.22661
-666.667 0 -2000 666.6667 0 -2000 0 0 -5 0 -5
0 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0 0 1.871102 0 1.871102
2000 0 4000 -2000 0 8000 0 0 18.77339 0 18.77339