Representing Characters in HTML Numeric Character References (NCRs), Character Entity References ‘There are several ways to represent a characterin HTML, some right, some wrong. Here is some guidance and tables showing how characters can be represented USnGuy Home Page Direct Character Entry Of course, you can enter the character crecly as binary value using the character encoding of the fle. For ‘example, if you type th letter a", the binary value 97, (61) entered into the editor's buffer (assuming an ASClL-based character encoding), ‘Numeric Character Reference (NCR) ‘You can also represent a character using a Numeric Character Reference, ofthe form &ifddd, where ddd isthe decimal value representing the characters Unicode scalar value, You can alternatively use a hexadecimal represenation &éxhhih, where hhh is the hexadecimal value equivalent to the decimal value, For example, the character Yen, has a decimal value of 185 in Unicode, a hexadecimal value of AS, and can therefore be represented as 8#165; or BiXAS: For the values 160-256.., the Unicade sealar values are Identical tothe cade points forthe same characters in ISO 8859-1 and Windows-1252. However, itis important to remember, thal the Numeric Character References are defined in terms of Unicode and not any ther character encoding In the code point range 128-189,y, Windows-1252 assigns characters, whereas ISO-8856-1 assigns control ‘codes. Unicode assigns the same control codes to that range. The characters in that range in Windows-1252 stems guy commanaepreeang Chances MIML-NER ama hacer aera, Chr Eny Rares have very diferent code points in Unicode, For example, the character for the euro curency symbol (€) has the code point 128, (80,¢in the Windows- 1282 code page. In Unicode, the euro is represented by the Unicode scalar value 2040.4 Roview the Table 128-159 below to see the characters in Windows-1252 that are affected and requite values in Numeric Character References that are different from their Windows-1252 code points, Character Entity References HIML also defines Character Ently References, ie, short length text names that can be used to idently a ‘character. For example, to ‘deni the Yen character, you can use yen. The names are listed below. To use the name as a Character Entity Reference, prepend the ampersand "&” and append the semi-colon" “The euro can be represented by euro; Index of tables Tis tale ists characters that are significant tothe syntax of HTML or are useful to contol Unicode text The columns ar: the name used in Character Entty Reference, the decimal Numeric Character Reference, the character siyph, and the charactor description Table 128-158 This tale lists the names used in Character Entity References, the decimal Numeric Character Reference, depicts the character, nd descrives tne character, for each character inthe range 122-159, Table $00-255 (AO-FE.) Tis table iis the narhas used in Charactr Entty Referancos, the decimal Numeric Character Reference, the hexadecimal Numerical Character Reference depets the character, and describes the character, fr each characte inthe range 160-255), (AO-F Table Other Tis table lit the remaining characters that have Character Enty References defined in HTML 4. The columns ar: the name used in Character Entty Reference, the decimal Numeric Character Reference, the ch alyph, and the charactor description Table Special Table 128-159 stems guy commanaepreeang Chances MIML-NER ama hacer aera, Chr Eny Rares ‘These characters are significant to HTML syntax or ‘The Unicode based NCRs and Character Entity References are given for the characters in the range 128-159 in Windows stems guy commana io Unicode ‘252 vey | (in wom Goma har carer Meet | Character | TI" ore (cnwmeurl ett] Chance Reference | Character ‘ame ‘code | Character | “"*racter| Reference) Name row cote | Grete hen auctation NeR tw: [arcs [mows | flan amase [ess [euro sow APL quote 123 unassigned | von) moa Jomaiecow je ae fet evoraTon wan [ATV sWALL LETTER lia fasmoz |r famcea: [ATNSWAL aoc amc, | ous vow fensp; |   | on space 132 2; |e /Seaque: | QUOTATION MARK tenes: |88ees, omerae | [rae [azo ats [HORIZONTAL ELPSS no, |aseor;_[nnenace | [rae [ateza [r [atone [ono Jaw anon [ome] flares > st nour nace NOOIERLETTER we fear tte tor [ens [en icouruex accent " 137, | 8#8240; | te &permit; | PER MILLE SIGN a ion ATI CAPT nash 138 janss2; |S }Š | LETTER S WITH im, zon [rane enna ancue cer sso fats: |. fee: fective cue evoraTon unc ATI caer rua fuse, far [aong [ATMA ra nme waa janes fo fast; Justin carastems guy commana epreeang Chace MIML-NER mma haere, Chace Eny Rares LETTER Z WITH |CARON a8 [unassigned 14 [unassigned LEFT SINGLE 145 |awazts; atsquo: | Sorarion MARK [RIGHT SINGLE sae | aneanr; Sra OTT Se EARK [LEFT DouBLe sar |ataz20, siaquo; |S orasiON MARK Rich DouBLE tas fagazer; araaue: |S TON MARK 149 |atazzs: jabur, [BULLET iso [awearn; ‘ndash; [EN DASH ist [awazte; [amdash; [EM DASH 152 [ae7s2: ‘tide; [SMALLTILOE iss [aaasr; [atade; [TRADE MARK SIGN [LATIN SMALL LETTER se |asass, ascaron, | AN SMALL [SINGLE RIGHT- sss | tease; Jarsaquo; | POINTING ANGLE [QUOTATION MARK LATIN SMALL se |asaso; soci NMA [LATIN SMALL LETTER 58 | ass2; Jaia7e: | rt CARON [LATIN CAPITAL isa |aasrs; ]eyuml; |LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS ‘Tonof pageepreeang Chances MIML-NER ama haere, Chace Eny Rares ‘Table 160-255 ‘These are the characters inthe range 160-255,q (A0-FF). wena |exree,| ers, [ommem] fears [ome Sa Test — fst laser aa aleve fern darcy [anos pr ego ease Janae ocean a avin fanart ean arse fanaa Sa aree Jonas foes eat ure fama vr rare so art fanaas errant reefer Jenner aaa a [aso [> oor ear ante Jonas omeasis atest fanny rt ae area acon ae art ans fanaa area [a iy a stems guy cominaraa inepreearng Chace MIML-NER mma hare oer, Chr Reareces middot [aetas; [aWsB7; mie dot coat [astea; [ates i coaita antes; [axoo; q superscript one aries, [amor | ordinal indicator, masculine array; [anes [> angle quotation mark, right fawtas; [awec; | raction one-quarter fawies; [ameo, |x traction one-half favre; [awBe; Traction tree-quartors famrot; [amor je Inverted question mark amie; [awxcor x capital A, grave accent art03; [amor A capital A, acute accent farioa; — [airca: A capital A, Greumitex accent awr9s; —_[awxca: K capital A, tide fawi0e; _[awnce A capital A, laesis or umlaut mark famer, [acs A capital A rng farroe; [ates = capital AE aiphthong (ligature) amto9; —_[awxcr, ie capital C, coaita ax200; [awxce: fe capital , grave accent far20t; [aco é capital E, acute aczent anzo2; lamca: (E capital E, creurex accent an202; _|awnce, fe capital E, laresis or umlaut mark farzoa;lamcc; | capita grave accont fav20s; _|awxco; fr capital acute accent anzos; [awce: (tT capita, ercumtiex accent Tumi faszor; amor: [I capital |, doross or umlaut mark eva _[as208; _[ao0: e capital Eth, leslandio tise [aez09; _ [aax0r: a capita tte stems guy commanasexo epreeang Chances MIML-NER ama hacer aera, Chr Eny Rares Jograve _|as2t0; | aaxo2: jo capital 0, grave accont foacute [aszi; [atnos: 6 capital O, acute accent Foote —_[aazia; _[amnos: o capital 0 crcumtex accent fouise—[aszts; [atos: jo capital 0 tlds fours [aazi4: — [aesoe: 6 capital 0, doross or uraut mark mes _[an2is; _[atn07; * mulpy sign fosiash [aazi6: [amos: o capita 0 sash ugrave [aszi7; [aaoo: jv capital U, grave accent acute Ce capital U, acute accent lucie a capital U, cecumtex accent fusmi_[awz20; famoc; [0 capital U, dleresis or umlaut mark Fyacute [aazer, [awoo; (¥ capital acute accont THORN [aaz22; [ame [> capital THORN, Icelandic zig |anz2s;_ (amor: 8 smal sharps, German (sz Hgature) fagrave[aazea; [amneo: a small, grave accent fascute _[ai225; [aines: a smatta, acute accent acre _[awzas; [awne2: a smal, crcumflex accent tide [azar [aives: a small tle faut [aezzs; [awres: a small, ores or umlaut mark fang [aszz0; [ames a small ng asi [aaza0, [ames; = small ae dphthong (gare) cast |anza%; [amveT: fe small celta fewrave _[ai252;_ [aires: e grave accent feacute _|a0209; _[amnes; fe small e, acute accent fecre _[anza4; [athens fe rcunfox accent fount [a#295; _[awnes: a gave [aszss; lame: [i stems guy commanaepreang Chances MIML-NER ama hacer aera, Chr EnyReareces stems guy commana ete fares, anti e oaaeennnen fies, |) | nanccamaarr it Janse —anar [oer en anan fans, Jo footon ea Sea fanra |e [oan pomact Jerse Jane [o Jorn ere afar [eon Sees —fanas Joana por act ar Jers —aneas [oor eer Teoma yoann on [et fence |p mateo eae ‘Topofpage ‘hs we ening cc wi SS iy Rens define a MLA Character | Oncimal sty” [cert lesan ome fame: [tS ee rr ess ta Towne OHsexo epreeang Chances MIML-NER mma haar aera, Chr Eny Rares le aroek capital otr beta, U+0392 Fr gr00K capital eter gamma, U+039 a areek captaletar deli, Uv0a64 fe ar00k capital eter epson, U+0395 z oroek capital eto zeta, U+0306, a aroek capital eter ete, U+0397 le or6ek capital etr theta, U+0308 ota i ar0ek capital eter tote, Us0309 kappa kK 9r00k capital otor kappa, U+030A Lamba a aroek capital lotr lambda, U0308 Me iM 9r00k capital eter mu, U+0386 Ne IN oroek capital etr nu, U+0300 xi z ar00k capital oor», Us038E [Omicron fo greek capital eter omicron, Us039F Pi a ar00k capital ater pl UFO3A0 Rho P 9r00k capital eto rho, U-03At sigma z oro0k capital lator sigma, U*O3AS raw rr ar00K capital otor tau, Us03A8 upsion| y greek capital eto upsion, U*O3AS Phi @ 9r00k capital otr phi, UsOSAB [oni x oreek capital lotr chi, U0SAT Pe v aroek capital eter pal, Ur0SAB [omega fa are0k capital eter omega, U+03AS alpha fe bet le gamma v gr0ek small letter gamme, Ur0363 ote fe ar00k smaller dota, U+0364 stems guy commana sinaepreeang Chances MIML-NER mma haar aera, Chr Eny Rares sion |ano4; |e 9r00k small lator opsion, U+0385 ein [anoso; [2 are0k small letter zeta, U+0886 feta _[aasst: _|n 9¢00K small otter ota, U+0387 rota [anos2; |e areek emall letter theta, U+0388 ote (anes; ar00k small ter ota, U0388 kappa [asosa; [x greek small latter kappa, Us038A ambaa | an055; [A areek small etter lambda, U-0388 mm [awoss; | itor mu, U+038C pu anos7, |v iter nu, Us08BD 5 anose; |g iter, UF03BE fomieron_[aa059; [o oreek small letter omieron, U~O3BF pi fawoso, [rv 2r00K small tor pi, Us0860| mo [aneer, |e greek small latter rho, U+0307 sigmat[ansea: [< ark small ter fal sigma, U-0862 soma [asoss; [oe itr sigma, U+0303, au [asses [v itr tay, Us08C pston [awoes; |v iter upsllon, U+0305 phi anaes; |e areek smallltter phi, Uv0308 eh axoor: |x a¢00k smaller ch, Us0SC7 psi anos; [wy gr0ek small latter ps, Us03C8 omega [ans6s; [wo ar00k small etter omega, Us08C8 tretasym [asor7, [9 9roek small latter theta symbol, Uv0301 upsin—_[anore, |v 9r00k upsiton with hook eymbol, Ur08D2 pi avoe2; | 9¢00K pl symbol, U+0306 out [awazae:_|- bullet = Black small Grete, U+2022 retip —_[aaezs0: horizontal elipsis = three dot loader, U+2026 ime [asazaa: | Prime = minutes = feet, U+2032 stems guy commanasexo epreeang Chances MIML-NER mma haar aera, Chr Eny Rares Prime |aaezas: |* double prime = seconds =inches, U+2039 fine [aneasa; |= overine = spacing overscore, Us203E rast [asezso: | traction slash, U+2044 anear2: |p script capital P = power sat = Weierstrass p, Us2116 ansaes; [9 btackiotor capital = imaginary part, Us2111 axeare: |x blacker capital R = real part symbol, Us2116 faneaez: | trade mark sign, Ue2122 fazasor: [x alt symbol = ret transite carnal, U+2135 favasen; | etwas arcow, U+290 azases: [1 upwards arrow, U*2191 ro [awasoa: [> ahwards arow, Ue2102 ear [aweses: | downwards arrow, U*2189 ar [asesos: [~ efight arrow, Ur2194 rar [aneezs: |» downwards arrow with comer leftwards = carage return, U>21B5 Coe war [aneasr: |e upwards doubie arrow, Ue210% ra [awease: [> ahtwards double arrow, U*2102, anv [awesss: |e downwards double arrow, Us2103 rar [aaesso: [a eft ight double arrow, U+2104 fora [aaaroa: |v fora, +2200 pat [aneros; [a partial dferenta, U+2202 fexst—_[aseror: |= there exists, U+2203 empty —_[aas7os; | empty set = nul set= dlameter, U+2208 abla [agertt: |v abla backward diference, U+2207 sin [awariz: fe element of, U+2208 rotn—_[awers: |e not an element of, U+2208 f esaris: [> contain as member, U*2208 stems guy commanasano Aepesoing Chacon nHIM NR er har afro, harry Ronen pros |aserto: |__| product = produt sign, U+220F eum [aneran, [= [rary sumaton, Uozert ius [awerze: | __|rinus ign, U-z2i2 towest [asarar: | asterisk operator, U+Z247 raaic_[ane7a0; [¥ [square root= radial sign, UZ2iA prom [aserss: |- proportional, U*2210 inn [aarae: [= [intiny, are fang [awerae: [2 [ango, v+z220 and [ana7as; [A [oglealand= wedge, Ur2227 or [aneres: |v ean [awaras: | ean _[ansras:_ [ov in [averer: [f ineroa _[aro756, hector, U+2256 sim [anares: |[- toe operetor= varies with = smart, 2236 cong [a86773; |= [approximate oqualo, 2245 asymp [anerre: |= [atmos oqualto= asymptote to, U+2248 re [awaeoo: [+ [rotequalto, us2260 jeqwiv _[aweanr; [= [tentcalto, U+7261 6 areeos: [= [lesen or oqualto, Uv2264 ae [awenos: |__| areatorthan or equal to, Usz208 jo [ameese: [© [subsetot, uszze2 up |anoeas; [> [superset ot uva2es avd _[aaeeas; [@ [rota subeot of, U-2204 asbe_[arauss, [= __[subsctaforequlto, Uvz266 supe [aweese: [2 [superset of or oqualto, U=2267 opis [areess: |» [orcled plus = avest aum, u+2205 stems guy commanasexo epreeang Chances MIML-NER mma haar aera, Chr Eny Rares otimos assess; |e circled times = vector product, U+2287 pero [aweass, [a up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular, U¥22A5 stot [asesor: dot operator, 2205 est [anaose: [° left coling = aplupstie, Us2808 reo [anoses, [1 right cling, U+2308 oor _[aweo7a: |: lef or = apl downstie, U+2308 rtoor —_[anesrt: [1 at too, U+2308, lang [asooor: [¢ eft pointing angle br rang [ao002;_[) ght-ponting angle bracket = ket, F252 loz axoors: |e lozenge, Ur250A fapades [aroaze: | st, U0 cubs [aasear, [@ hamock, U+2669 rears [asoazs: |v black hear suit= valentine, U+2665 aiams —_[anseso; [@ back diamond suit, U~2666 stems guy commana ‘Topof page