“Developing long terms strategies for promoting

production of medicinal plants through sustainable

management in forest areas & cultivation outside
forests”
No. UNDP 2011/0026

!"

Covenant Centre for Development (CCD)

Durg, Chhattisgarh

To

Chhattisgarh State medicinal Plants Board

Raipur
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE NO.S
0) SUMMARY- 3
1) INTRODUCTION- background, objectives, methodology- 5
2) NATURAL RESOURCES- 8
a) Status of conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants
b) Assessment of trade and trade related practices & demand-supply gap
c) Community level best practices
d) Market mechanism (supply chain, gaps, and recommendations)
3) COLLECTION- 12
4) TRADE- 20
5) CULTIVATION- 30
6) STRATEGY & RPADMAP- 35
a) Review of the policy, programmes, institutional & legal issues
b) Impact of key programmes, institutions, agencies and interventions
c) Scope for overhauling above identified interventions
d) National and international scenario covering & cross-fertilisation
e) Vibrant stake holders and action to streamlining their skills
f) Viable interventions relating to value addition and sustainable use
7) RECOMMENDATIONS- 39
a) Mechanism for stimulating enhanced community participation
b) Strategy and roadmap for sustainable use & conservation
REFERENCES- 42

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- 43

SPECIES LIST- 43

1
LIST OF TABLES, PAGES NOs.
1- Resource survey sample size across divisions- 6
2- No. of flowering plants species & medicinal plants from various states- 8
3- List of threatened medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh state- 9
4- List of medicinal plants conservation areas (MPCA) & Focal species- 10
5- Field Survey Result:- No. Of plants/ ha- 11
6- Tree density in Rajnandgaon forest division- 11
7- Yield table of medicinal species- 12
8- Medicinal plants collection value/ gatherer- 13
9- NTFP Collection value/ gatherer- 13
10- Marwahi Division Sales potential- 17
11- Focal species for future collection- 18
12- Market survey data- 22-23
13- Medicinal plants trade estimate for CG state- 24
14- Medicinal plants trade estimate of CGMFPF- 25
15- Price mark up data for selected species- 27
16- Gap analysis of existing program/ policies- 28
17- Medicinal Plants Prioritized for Export Development- 34
18- Year round herb calendar for processing- 38
19- Log Frame Analysis- 38
20- Budget for medicinal plants processing industry unit- 40
21- Roadmap potential for herbal enterprise development in CG state- 41

FIGURES
Fig. 1- MAP- Chhattisgarh state raw drugs/ NTFP trade routes- 21

ANNEXES
1- Stakeholder's contacts- 44
2- Stakeholder's feedback- 48
3- Study methodology- 51
4- MKSP-NTFP-PPP herb demand- 55
5- Trade estimates by expert agencies- 56
6- Ambikapur mart sales goal (2011-12)- 58
7- NRLM-MKSP– project summary- 60
8- NABRD CCD Project brief- 62
9- Species database- 70
10- Herbal farm- micro-enterprise concept- 71
11- Case study of successful farmers- 73

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 SUMMARY

BACKGROUND: - This is final report of the study project done by CCD (Covenant Centre for Development)
for Chhattisgarh state medicinal plants board under a UNDP funded program. It is prepared by study in 8
divisions in collaboration with NGOs Vrinda (Kawardha), Ma Shakambhari (Sarguja), Bhaishaj Sangh
(Marwahi), RAHI (Bilaspur), Bhagyashree herbal (Dhamatari), Vikas Mitra (Kondagao), PRADAN
(Jagdalpur) & Bastar Samajik Janvikas Sanshtahn (Dantewara).

STATUS

COLLECTION :- Medicinal plants based income per gatherer is about Rs. 500/- (five hundred) annually) &
per village about Rs. 25,000/- (twenty five thousand), as about 50 persons on average gather it. At the
range level, this is about Rs. 12 lakh with 50 villages on average & the division level, it is Rs. 84 lakh with
average of 7 ranges/ division. The medicinal plants trade value in the state could be Rs. 25 crore/ year
from the whole state, as also estimated by CG minor forest produce federation.

About 30% of forest area in the state lack significant herb/ NTFP collection / trade today due to- a)
national park / wildlife sanctuary e.g. Achankmar/ Udanly W.L.S., b) remoteness / lack of infrastructure
/ regular trade e.g. Jashpur. C) left wing extremism risk- Sukma, Bijapur, Dantewara, Narayanpur. Some
well connected areas have much trade e.g. Dhamatari, Sarguja. Medicinal plants share is just about 8%
of the state level NTFP trade of about Rs. 500 crore/ year (mainly Tendu, Salbeej). Hence, it is often
ignored or only spoken as symbolic activity.

CULTIVATION:- Medicinal plants cultivation is mostly absent despite infamous & failed efforts to
promote Safed Musali or Ghee-kunwar farms earlier. This is due to remoteness, high transport cost, no
trader linkage with major markets like Neemuch for species viably grown elsewhere e.g. Ashwagandha,
Bach. High value & volume species in drier regions in Western or South India are absent here & it will
take time to promote here e.g. Guggul, Isabgol, Liquorice & Peepli. Medicinal plants cultivation is
possible only slowly on loan from the banks & after securing buy back agreement from buyer companies
like ADMA (Ayurevdic drug manufacturer’s association) members. For, Safed Musli fiasco has worried all.

TRADE:- The trade is dominated by the traders & their middlemen who possess private godowns & sell
raw drugs to companies in distant metros directly as per their call such as in Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore &
nearby. Many of them are not registered and mostly deal in NTFP, medicinal plants being small, side
business. The ayurvedic drug manufacturing companies are also not made to disclose raw drug source
from certified source or by grographic origin. So quality management & traceability is problematic.
Chhattisgarh state minor forest produce federation (CGMFPF) has started auction of quality raw drugs
but it is often bought & sold to various companies by the local traders. The amount of raw drugs
purchased by major pharmaceutical companies from the state are less so they do not place a purchase
manager or attend or buy at such auctions. About 5 major companies surveyed in the country buys only
about 100-200 ton woth raw drugs (valued about Rs. 50 lakh) each from the state from traders.

3
 RECOMMENDATIONS:

COLLECTION:- There is much growth scope for medicinal plants sector due to abundance of the following
high value items that are not tapped much today from the forests (with price Rs./ Kg) as- Baibidang:
Seeds, 70/-; Satavar: Root, 90/-; Kuchla: Seeds, 25/-; Vidari: Tuber, 80/-; Indrajao: Seeds, 20/-. As
average price of this set of species is Rs. 52/- per kg tapping it can enhance the gatherers’ income from
the medicinal plants up to 7 times than today (which is just Rs. 7/- kg on average). For, bulk of the
species today are low value- Dhawai, Harra, Behera, Vantulsi. Amla is high value but scarce today, due
to destructive harvest practices before such as branch cutting/ tree felling.

CULTIVATION:- Only 5 species are found suitable for cultivation (with price Rs. per kg:- Ashwagandha-
Rs. 80/-, Bach-120, Kewach-60, Kalmegh-. 18, Tulsi-14) based on the criteria- (a) locally growing & large
market demand so low risk of no sales, (b) known agri-technology & examples of proven success, (c) Low
gestation/ suitability to grow as intercrop. Climbers Anantmul, baibirang, Satavar can also benefit.

Several species promoted elsewhere for cultivation were found unsuitable on the above criteria e.g.
Safed musali, Jesthmadh (liquirice), Isabgol, Guggul, Stevia, Peepali, Glory lily & Serpentine.

There is need to replant the medicinal plants in the forest area through the VSS or schemes such as
(CAMPA), Forest Development Corporation (FDC) or enrichment planting in production/ protection
working circles. Focus should be on high value species like Baibidang, Vidari, Satavar etc. About a lakh
saplings each can be planted/ year in 100-250 acre land allocated to the Van Suraksha Samities (VSS) to
protect & sell their produce later. Quality planting material (QPM) prepared in the CGFD nursery at
Kanker & Raipur under NMPB projects can be used for farming.

It is also necessary to involve Agriulture University (IGKVV), agriculture departments, Krishi Vigyan
Kendra (KVK) & JFMC/FDA in 3-4 resourceful districts at start to promote viable cultivation. Buyer
industries also need to be engaged e.g. Dabur, Himalaya, Baidyanath etc. for fair purchase agreement.

TRADE:- There is need to set up a Herbal mandi at Raipur that will provide documented, graded raw
drugs to any buyers- traders or companies. There is need to create revolving fund of about Rs. 10 crore
to purchase raw drugs from various FDAs/ PPAs & supply to major industries/ add value & sell by itself.

A producer company owned by FDA from low risk, high potential areas can be promoted to operate the
herbal mandi/ sales. AYUSH support for cluster of up to Rs. 10 crore can be sought by collaborating with
10 small industries in the state with 6 giants like the above to add value & market.

POLICY- Medicinal plants wing should be developed as a profit centre in the CGFD to be sustainable.
Presently it is part of CGMFPF while CGSMPB has the responsibility to promote cultivation of herbs
outside the forest. But there is no industry linkage, no technical back up or farmer’s linkage.

CGMFPF, CAMPA, corporation are important divisions in CGFD due to their high grants/revenue status of
about/ over Rs. 100 crore annually. Medicinal plants sector can also be important if such growth is
planned in the next 5 years time, by emulating strategy & actions such as in the lac sector viz. (a) to set
up many extension centres, (b) collection & storage facilities & revolving funds (c) market linkage.

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 (1) INTRODUCTION
1.1.1. BACKGROUND

Chhattisgarh, termed as “herbal state” is perhaps the largest raw drug producer in the country.
However, it is mostly from the wild & little value is added to it in the state. Promoting sustainable
collection, organic cultivation & processing can improve income to the poor tribal gatherers, farmers
and the women to help in poverty alleviation. It can also help in resource conservation. Local value
addition and marketing or supply to women groups, clinics & health workers can also help to improve
the health of people in state facing high hunger, malnutrition, infant & maternal mortality.

Thus, medicinal plants development can be a platform to improve livelihoods of millions of rural families
on one hand and on the other, meet the growing industrial demand for good collected and organically
cultivated herbs. Chhattisgarh state has taken lead in this by setting up “Sanjivani herbs” brand of
medicines & CGCERT- an organic certification agency. Its work on value addition & marketing through
micro-enterprises such as Dugali in Dhamatatri district, is famous. But there is need to review the
existing policies, programs & suggest way for faster & equaitable, balanced growth. For this purpose, the
government invited a study for such review & suggest state level strategy & action plan, with the
funding support from United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Bids were invited from sectoral
agencies & after presentation of the study plan-budget & oral interview by the expert panel, UNDP
selected CCD to conduct this task, through & in coordination with CG state medicinal plants board
during 2012 January to August/ September. This is the report of that study, mooted by Institute of
Ayurveda & Integrated Medicine (IAIM), Bangalore.

1.2) AIMS & OBJECTIVES

The project aimed to find-

(a) the medicinal plants status, current trade, future scenario
(b) Production potential & demand supply gas,
(c) management issues, achievements, lessons & experiences
(d) best practices & lessons,
(e) future road map

1.3) METHODOLOGY

Following methodology was adopted for the objectives stated above in the survey conducted primarily
by the local partner NGO staff/ volunteers during March- April 2012–

a) Trade status – The study was done at 3 levels as below –

1) Village level – survey of gatherers / farmers
2) Market level – discussion with traders, visits to their storehouse
3) Buyer level – discussion with buyer pharmaceutical companies

At least 10 samples at the village level & 5 at the higher level (market & company) were attempted. The
division wise study team contacts are provided in the annexure 1. The names & contacts of the persons
interviewed are provided in the annexure 2. The method used for the survey is provided in the annex 3.

5
The parameters studied are a) species, b) season, c) quality, d) pricing, e) semi processing & f) logistics.
To identify the species reliably & ensure if good collection & quality norms are adopted, illustrated
brochure of the CG Minor Forest Produce Federation (CGMFPF) was used by the local study teams.

To find population levels & potential productivity of medicinal plants, 1-5 belt transects of 1 ha size
were enumerated in terms of adult individuals (mainly trees/ lianas) in the divisions below-

Table 1- Resource survey sample size across divisions

DIVISION NGO No. of Transects

1. Ambikapur Ma Shakambhari 5
2. Bilaspur RAHI 0.5
3. Marwahi Healers’ Asso. 0.5
4. Kawardha Vrunda 2
5. Dhamtari Bhagyashree Herbs 1
6. Kondagaon Vikas mitra 5
7. Bastar Pradan 1
8. Dantewada BSJVS 5
TOTAL 20
In addition, many producers (farmers/ gatherers& traders were also surveyed locally mainly by the
partner NGOs, few by CCD staff, as below-
Producers#: Traders
Ambikapur 7 5
Bilaspur 5 3
Kawardha 5 -
Durg/ Raipur - 4
Dhamtari 3 3
Bastar 3 2
Dantewada 2 3
Raigarh - 3
25 23
# Producers- farmers/ gatherers.

Finally, policymakers & experts in the state & outside were consulted by CCD PI/ staff as below

Within state Outside

Companies 3 5
Policymakers 5 3
R & D agencies 2 2
TOTAL 10 10
GRAND TOTAL 20
In addition to such primary data collection, literature survey was also done by consulting library from
resource agencies such as State forest research institutes, RCDC & from the internet search.

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The report is organized in 5 sections- (a) resources (b) collection (c) cultivation (d) trade & (e)
development. In each section, present status & gap analysis is presented initially, followed by
suggestions for the future work.

1.4) RESEARCH TOOLS & PRETESTING:

Following research tools were used in the study with the result of the pretesting at Dabur, Jagdalpur on
in March 2012 after the inception workshop:

TASK RES. TOOL PRETESTING RESULT

a) Gatherer survey Group discussion Final format
b) Farmer survey Individual interview Final format
c) Trader survey Individual interview Final format, Strategy@
d) Wild resource potential Belt transect Use of square/round plots in
Dhamtari

@ Strategy - to approach trader only with personal contact a friend /relative for building & reliable
information. The information gathered used using the above tools is validated by comparison with the
expert opinion & literature survey results.

1.5) TOURS OF CCD SATFF:

Date PLACE PURPOSE

Utkarsh Ghate
03/02/12 Banglore PPP, HDCL, DIL, NRPL
23/02/12 Bilaspur Pavan herbs co. study
26/02/12 Jagdalpur Durbha
06/05/12 Bilaspur Farm visit
14/05/12 Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatanam Market study
25/05/12 Ratanpur, Korba, Pali (Katghora) Dabur visit to farms
11/07/12 Kanker Farmers, gatherers
28-30/06/12 New Delhi Market study
03/07/12 Mumbai Market linkage
13/07/12 Jagdalpur Farmers, gatherers
27/07/12 Kanker Market study
Pradeep Dubey:
16-17/03/12 Ambikapur, Kondagaon Method Training
17-21/03/12 Kawardha Field survey
03/04/12 Katani Market survey
04/04/12 Ambikapur Field survey
06/04/12 Dhamtari Field survey
07/04/2 Bilaspur Field survey
05-06/8/12 Ambikapur Market survey
07/08/12 Raigarh Market survey

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 2) NATURAL RESOURCES

1. STATUS

a) Number of medicinal plants occurring in the state is recorded as 195 (Tiwari et al, 2005) as per
the book published by Agriculture University, Bilaspur. Survey by Dr. C. P. Kala (2009), ex-
officer national medicinal plants board & faculty, Indian Institute of Forest management
(IIFM) lists 73 species from northern hills (Sarguja) while Dr. Naik & Dr. Kanungo (2008) of
Pandit Revishakar University list 118 species used by the tribal of Bastar district. Dantewara
district website (Anon, 2010) enlists 199 species of medicinal plants in the district. As
Chhattisgarh hosts about 1,500 flowering plant species, about 800 i.e. 50% of it can be
medicinal, in comparison with other states as per the records of Foundation for Revitalization
of Local health Traditions (FRLHT), though some claim the no. of medicinal plants in the state
as 1,500. Clearly, only a small proportion (10-20%) of them are in regular use by the tribal/
rural people as per the records of the above surveys in northern & southern belts. As per Dr.
Badesha, Director, Ayush dept., Raipur, 9 of the folk remedies are assessed as unique & are
being studied by Central Council fo Research in Ayurveda, Siddha (CCRAS) to develop as drugs.

Table 2- No. of flowering plants species & medicinal plants from various Indian states
STATE No. of fl. Pl. species No. of med. Pl. Sp. %
Andhra Pradesh 3,000 1,577 52
Maharashtra 1,800 762 45
Karanataka 3,500 1,600 47
Kerala 4,000 1,300 33
Tamilnadu 4,000 2,000 50
All India level 16,000 8,000 50

b) Even fewer plants are in trade. While baseline study for UNDP project by FRLHT (Mishra &
Jain, 2003) mentions 625 species in trade, only 30 are listed with price data- Amaltas, Amla,
Arjun, Ashwagandha, Bawachi, Bael, Bechandi, Behera, Charota, Chitrak, Dhawai, Gataran,
Gokhru, kalmegh, Khus, Kewanch, Kuda, Lodhra, Malkangni, Marrodphalli, Nagarmotha,
Nirmali, Palas, Rasna, Safed musli, Satawar, Sikekai, Vanjira, Vantulsi, Vaividang. The list also
include some NTFP not traded as medicinal e.g. Ber, Chironji, Imli, Mahua.

c) About 37 species of medicinal plants below are “threatened” with considerable risk of
extinction, as per the IUCN criteria, as reported by FRLHT (Ved et al, 2003) as deduced by the
CAMP (Conservation assessment of medicinal plants) workshop it organized at IIFM, Bhopal,
attended by about 40 medicinal plants/ botany experts in M. P. & CG states. Of these, 2 are
critically endangered (with over 90% population lost), 4 are endangered (about 50-80%
population loss) & 31 are vulnerable (30-50% population loss). The report provides more
information on their localities of occurrence, reasons for population loss etc.

8
 Table 3- List of threatened medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh state

CR
1 Curcuma caesia Zingiberaceae
2 Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae
EN
1 Acorus calamus Araceae
2 Angiopteris evecta Marattiaceae
3 Clerodendrum serratum Verbenaceae
4 Luffa echinata Cucurbitaceae
VU
1 Andrographis paniculata Acanthaceae
2 Boswellia serrata Burseraceae
3 Caesalpinia digyna Caesalpiniaceae
4 Celastrus paniculatus Celastraceae
5 Chlorophytum tuberosum Liliaceae
6 Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae
7 Cochlospermum religiosum Bixaceae
8 Costus speciosus Costaceae
9 Crateva magna Capparidaceae
10 Curcuma angustifolia Zingiberaceae
11 Curcuma zedoaria Zingiberaceae
12 Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae
13 Dioscorea hispida Dioscoreaceae
14 Eulophia herbacea Orchidaceae
15 Gloriosa superba Liliaceae
16 Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiacaceae
17 Litsea glutinosa Lauraceae
18 Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae
19 Peucedanum nagpurense Apiaceae
20 Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae
21 Piper longum Piperaceae
22 Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae
23 Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae
Rubia manjith
24 (= R. cordifolia) Rubiaceae
25 Sterculia urens Sterculiaceae
26 Strychnos nux-vomica Strychnaceae
27 Terminalia chebula Combretaceae
28 Thalictrum foliolosum Ranunculaceae
29 Tylophora indica Asclepiadaceae
30 Uraria picta Fabaceae
31 Urginea indica (= Drimia indica) Liliaceae

d) With a view to conserve the populations of threatened medicinal plants species from harvest
or fire etc., the Chhattisgarh state forest department set up 7 areas in 2008 as medicinal
plants conservation areas (MPCA) as below, at the advice of FRLHT.

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 Table 4- List of medicinal plants conservation areas (MPCA) & Focal species

MPCA DISTRICT FOCAL SPECIES STATUS

1. Tiriya Bastar Oroxylum indicum EN
2, Bhatwa S. Kondagaon Embelia tsjeriam-cottam VU
3. Jabara Dhamtari Rauvolfa serpentina CR
4. Bandhatola Khairagad Chorophytum tuberosum VU
5. Amadob Bilaspur Gardenia gummifera VU
6. Ghatpendara North Surguja Buchanania lanzan VU
7. Patiya Jashpur Rubia cordifolia VU

e) FRLHT has surveyed medicinal plants diversity of these MPCAs but population viability of the
threatened species, their reproductive biology, conservation treatments is not done. Such
study will inform if the threatened species population is healthy & sustain itself for long.

f) Chhattisgarh state has about 59,000 sq. km. i.e. 44% of the geographical area under forests as
per the annual forest report of the department (Anon, 2011). About 50% of it is mixed forest
while 40% of Sal forest. Forest is distributed across 16 erstwhile districts but top 9 districts
with over 3,000 sq. km forest (i.e. 5% of the state) are as below (suitable ones underlined)-

DISTRICT FOREST AREA REMARK

Sq. km
1. Dantewara- 10,017 Resoruceful, weak infrastructure, Extremism risk
2. Sarguja- 8,654 Suitable
3. Bastar- 7,112 Resoruceful, weak infrastructure, Extremism risk
4. Korba- 4,187 Suitable, PPA present, UPNRM work
5. Raipur- 4,412 Suitable
6. Koriya- 3,529 Suitable
7. Kanker- 3,358 Suitable, CCD NABARD project due, QPM avail.
8. Raigarh- 3,328 Not suited, industrialization, deforestation
9. Bilaspur- 2,987 Suitable, QPM available.

g) To study availability of tree/ liana (perennial climber) species of medicinal plants, 1 km long &
10 m wide (i.e. 1 ha area) belt transects were laid and adult plants numbers were counted
along it in 7 forest divisions. In some areas, 2-3 transects were counted & average value
considered as plant population density index. In Dhamtari & Kawardha square plots (25*25 m)
of 0.0625 ha each (5) were surveyed due to local suitability. Totally 7 divisions surveyed –

North: Ambikapur,
West- Kawardha, Marwahi,
Central- Dhamtari,
South- Bastar, Dantewara,
East- Kondagaon.

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 The results depicted in table 5 indicate that the medicinal plants availability is less with about
only 1-10 adult plants/ ha, while other NTFP species (Chironji, Mahua, Sal, Tendu etc.) are abundant-
with about only 10-50 adult plants/ ha. The low population density of the medicinal plants will remain
even with more survey unlike the dominant species above that yield NTFP.

Table 5: Field Survey Result:- No. Of plants/ ha

Ambika- Kawa- Konda- Dante-

ITEM Mean pur rdha Marwahi Dhamtari gaon Bastar wada
Arjun 4 8 2 2 5
Amla 7 5 7 6 8 10
Bael 4 3 5
Bahera 7 3 10 8 13 1
Bhelwa 3 10 1 1 1 2
Harra 13 6 10 20 35 7 1
Satavar 14 20 8
NTFP
Tendu 22 20 15 14 37
Moha 38 44 16 4 100 2 60
Sal 110 80 150 225 98 6
Chironji 28 8 15 10 3 40 79 40
Kusum 7 3 8 1 17
Others 67 50 210 73 63 65 66 50
TOTAL 300 218 255 317 312 283 287 218

A yield table is constructed below to estimate potential yield per range or division or state at
various population density levels (no/ha) & different yield levels (kg/ plant). One can locate the 2 values
for any species & extrapolate its potential annual yield at these levels. There are inter-annual variations
& also variations with age of the plant, its micro-habitat. But this is an average estimate.

The tree density levels asserted here match with the values from literature as evident from
enumeration result of Rajnandgaon forest division as below as per the working plan (Bisen, 2010), as
also in working plans of Khairagarh (357) & Bilaspur (404).

Table 6: Tree density in Rajnandgaon forest division

SPECIES NOs. Bija 7

Teak 83 Salai 9
Saja 30 Dhaura 11
Mode 14 Others 59
Garadi 24 Total 231

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 Table 7: Yield table of medicinal species

No. of Yield/ Quintal Ton/ Truck/ Truck/

Plants/ha Plant kg (sq km) range# division State SPECIES examples
0.1 0.1 0.1 5 2 50 Satavar, Giloy, Khamar
1 1 50 20 500 Bidang, Vidari
1 1 1 50 20 500 Amla, Arjun
10 10 500 200 5,000 Bhelwa, Bael
10 10 10 500 200 5,000 Arjun, Harra, Bahera, kutaj, Dhawai
#- Range- 500 sq. Division- 2,000 sq. km 1 truck = 10 ton (approx.)

Note- Despite the huge potential, many species are not traded as gatherers & traders are ignorant.

h) In essence, we find that for majority of the important medicinal plants in the state, supply is
not a constraint, but demand is. Because the gathers are ignorant of trade value & as traders
lack industry linkage, many species are un/under-tapped e.g. Baibidang, Satavar.

i) However, informing gatherers of the new tradable species must be a cautious approach, only
through JFM committees to ensure sustainability. For, over harvest of NTFP using destructive
practices to maximize the return in the short run has destroyed the plant populations. Amla
trees, for instance are 30% less today than 10 years ago, as per gatherers views. Tree cutting
for fruit collection is a major malpractice. Similarly, Vidari (patalkumhda) was over-exploited
in the last few years & is rare today.

j) Forest fires, such as those set up by the Tendu leaf gatherers is a threat for medicinal plant
population at some places besides the risk of grazing. Forest felling, climber cutting,
monoculture of Sal etc. were important threats earlier, but have reduced in the past few
decades with changing forestry outlook.

k) It was observed that medicinal plants are more common in More mixed forest, stream side,
also in JFM areas as forest here is degraded, open so invites plant growth. On the other hand,
few medicinal plants occur in the Sal forest such as the shed loving species viz. Bach (near
streams), Sarpagandha etc.

l) Further, medicinal plants are more common in the “protection” working circle areas than
“production” or “plantation” working circles as the latter are heavily worked & due to much
forestry operations, human interventions, natural plant diversity is reduced. Often, areas
assigned to the “protection” working circle lack timber/ have low productivity & canopy
cover, hill slope, so low human intervention, so they possess more medicinal plants wealth.

m) Thus, medicinal plants management units through JFMC need to focus mixed forests, with
hilly terrain & degraded/ open forest cover.

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 3) COLLECTION

STATUS:-

The collection season lasts for about 1 months, 15-40 days in total for many items. The level of
medicinal plants collected & sold by the gatherers turned out to be the following on average–

Per day - 5-10 kg

Per season - 1-2 Quintal (20 days)

The prices & income from the main items sold are as below, reflecting the poor income of the gatherers:

Table 8- Medicinal plants collection value/ gatherer

ITEM PRICE (Rs. / kg) QUANTITY (Kg / season) Income / season / Head Rs
Dhawai phul 4 100 500
Harda 4 150 600
Beheda 6 60 360
Amla 18 30 540
Vantulsi 4 100 400
Note: all the above items are not available at any single place, so the earning of the gatherers from the
medicinal plants is only about Rs. 450/- each from the sales of 70 kg at Rs. 7/- each on average.

Mishra & Jain (2003) also mention just Rs. 250/- income per gatherer in their baseline survey for FRLHT,
from medicinal plants/season.

In comparison, the collection of other Non timber forest produce (NTFP) was more important to the
gathers in terms of volume, price & income (10 times) as evident below.

TABLE 9 – NTFP Collection value/ gatherer

ITEM Price (Rs / kg) Collection kg/ season / Earning / season

head Rs.
Tendu 35 60 2,000
Mahua 14 70 1000
Sal seed 8 50 400
Imli 16 25 400
Others 15 15-40 500
Total 4,300

Thus, the share of medicinal plants income is only about 10% of NTFP in the gatherers families.

Primarily the poor families indulge in the NTFP collections, the landless, illiterate, who cannot adopt to
other income sources & have traditional dependence on NTFP. This includes about 50% of the families-
primarily the scheduled tribe/ caste who lack land or small farmers from other backward communities

13
(OBC). NTFP sales are also now declining due to cheap ration & schemes like NREGS (national rural
employment guarantee scheme) where easy income is available in the village.

Community best practices

Following good collection practices (GCP) are sometimes followed by traditional
gatherers & also noted by Tropical forest research institute & IIFM for various
medicinal plants species-

 Collect after the seeds are shed to facilitate regeneration.

• Dig less for collection of roots and spare some roots part for regeneration.
 Collect products when fully matured. Often a festival celebrated before harvest.
 Do not cut or pull branches for collecting leaves, fruits, flowers, and so on.
 Harvest only mature branches for stem.
 Harvest bark from mature plant only; from the branches of the main trunk.
 Strip the bark longitudinally and not from all around trunk/branches.
 Cut into small pieces to facilitate complete drying.
 Dry fleshy parts before packing and storing; cut large parts into smaller pieces.
 Dry the herbs properly before packing or storing.
 Fleshy flowers but should preferably be dried in shade.
 Harvest the seeds once the fruits are completely mature.
For collection of gums, oils, resins etc.:
 Make incisions only vertically on some portions of the tree and not horizontally.
 Treat the incisions after collection of the desired material with soil, cowdung.
 Do not collect the gum or resin from a tree continuously but after some break.
 Do not leave gum/resin collected exposed in the field. Pack them in appropriate
containers or drums with polyethylene lining.

Good Harvesting practices suggested for some species are provided below-

1 Aonla Emblica officinalis

Parts- Fruit, Seed, Flower, Leaves, Bark & Root’
Season- October-December.
Quality- When the fruit has Turned golden yellow, not green ones
Collection Tips- Fruit Fruits can be harvested using long bamboo poles attached with hooks. As a thumb
rule, about 1/3rd fruits should be left for consumption by birds, other animals and for regeneration.
Avoid cutting the branches or the whole tree as it reduces tree population and the future yield. If you
shake the branches gently, only the mature fruits tall. Cover the gound below the tree with clothe to
collect fruits easily & avoid soil mixing.

2 Bahera Terminalia bellerica

Fruits- Mature fruits should be collected when fruits turn black in color. Bamboo stick to be used for
shaking branches. Remove the trust shell for sales.
Season- February-March

14
 3 Bael Aegle marmelos
Fruit. Fruits can be harvested when they become fully mature i.e. 8 months after fruit set. At
this stage shell (peel) changes from deep green to light green and flesh (pulp) from light
yellow to deep yellow. Fruits should be harvested individually from the tree along
with a portion of fruit stalk. They should not be allowed to drop or fall on the ground
otherwise a minor crack in the shell can cause spoilage during storage. 1/3 fruits should be left
for wildlife and further, regeneration point of view. Dry the fruits & separate pulp for sales.
Season- March- June

4 Bhilwa Semecarpus anacardium

Seeds. Mature nuts should be collected when they turns black in color. Remove the nul for sales from the
fruit.
Season- December- March

5 Brahmi Bacopa monnieri

Leaves. The best time for harvesting is between October-November, (after 4-5 months of planting) during
which the maximum biomass is produced. Afterwords, senescence sets in and there is a loss of plant
biomass and alkaloid yield. Leaves should be harvested leaving 4-5 cm from above the base for quick
regeneration.
Season- October- November

6 Charota Cassia tora

Seeds Whole plant can be harvested when it turns golden in color.
Dry pods should be beaten up by bamboo stick on ground. Few mature (un-harvested) plants should be
left on the ground.
Season- August -October

7 Chitrak Plumbago zeylanica

Roots Best time for harvesting of roots is once in six months at 50% flowering, without taking out whole
roots that serve as future planting material/ rootstock in the same field.
Season- February –May

8 Dhawaiphool- Woodfordia fruticosa

Flower- Branches should not be cut for collecting flowers. Some floral parts on the plants should be
left to facilitate natural regeneration.
Season- January -April
9 Giloy Tinospora cordifolia
Stem- When the leaves begin to fall in August-September, the stems should be cut 30 cm above the
ground and collected. Pale green colored stems are cut into small pieces and dried in shade.
Season- August- September

10 Harra Terminalia chebula

Fruit. Mature fruits should be collected when they turn black in color.
Season- February- March

11 Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata

Whole plant (Panchang). Avoid roots collection & soil mixture with it.Separate leaves & stem, as the
former earns Rs. 45/- per kg while the mixture just Rs. 22/-. DO shade drying.

15
 12 Kunghi/Bala Sida cordifolia
Whole plant (Panchang). Spare some plants for natural regeneration.
Season- September- December

13 Safed musli, Chlorophytum tuberosum

Tuberus. Tubers should not be collected before flowering, fruiting.
Tubers should be harvested by digging roots.1-2tubers with disc attached with mother plant
should be left.
Season- November-December.

14 Satavar Asparagus racemosus

Tuberus should be collected after maturation, when leaves of plant are yellow in
color. . About 1/3 roots should be spares for regeneration.
Season- December-February

15 Van tulsi, Ocimum sanctum

Leaves, Seeds, Stem etc
The leaves of Tulsi should not be collected at milky stage. The leaves should be collected when
80%t of plant gets flowered and inflorescence turns golden in color. Sapre 30% leaves for photosynthesis.
The crop can be harvested after 90-95 days of planting and it may be grown 2-3 times in a year.

WAY AHEAD

There is much scope for medicinal plants trade to grow due to abundance of the following high value
items that are not tapped much today from the forests with price Rs. Kg as below –

Baibidang - Seeds - Rs. 70/-

Satavar -Root - Rs. 90/-
Kuchla -Seeds - Rs. 25/-
Vidari -Tuber - Rs. 80/-
Indrajao - Seeds - Rs. 20/-
As average price of this set of species is Rs. 52/- per kg tapping it can enhance the gathers income from
the medicinal plants up to 7 times than today (which is just Rs. 7/- kg on average).

To overcome low natural availability, there is need to replant the medicinal plants in the forest area
through the VSS or in Forest Department’s own schemes such as (CAMPA) or enrichment planting. Focus
should be on high value species above like Baibidang, Vidari, Satavar etc. About a lakh saplings each can
be planted/ year in 100-250 acre land allocated to the Van Suraksha Samities (VSS) to protect & sell
those. This will cost nearly Rs. 10 lakh annually. This should be obtained from the revolving fund with
JFMC/ as loan from SMPB. This will enhance future availability of the valuable plants near the villages.

Storage, grading, packing facilities & its transport to district union must also be arranged for easy trade
& secure income to the gatherers. This will encourage greater & good collection efforts.

16
When CCD started its work in the extremism affected Khaprakhol block, Balangir district of Orissa on
Chhattisgarh border, near mahasamund district, it started Bael training & trade in 2008. Today it is sold
about 100 ton/ district, mostly by local traders. Thus, if a trade can grow ones a channel is started.

We also noted rotting Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) stock in forest store house at Kawardha in
march 2012. When cleaned, a local trader bought it at Rs. 16/- per kg from local JFMC while he refused it
for Rs. 8/- earlier, without cleaning & separation in leaf & stem. Such graded material sells at Rs. 45/-
per kg. This illustrates the lack of knowledge & how simple processing can raise the herb price much.
This indicates similar potential to the Bael study below.

FUTURE SCOPE- A single division estimate of collection potential is provided below as example, based on
gatherer’s opinion on how much can they collect sustainably. This study is done by village botanists
trained by CGSMPB in FRLHT programs in 2010-11.

Table 10- Marwahi Division Sales potential- Through Bhaishaj Sangh

Qty Price Value Rs.

ITEM (Quintal) Rs./quintal Lakh
Bacha 200 10000 20
Bahera 350 600 2.1
Belguda 1400 2000 28
Bhilawa 350 1000 3.5
Chirayata (kalmegh) 1600 3200 50
Dhawai phool 1500 1500 22.5
Gataran 4200 3000 120
Harra 1500 1200 18
Behera Kachari 950 1200 11.4
Nagarmotha 1700 1800 30
Palas ful 500 500 2.5
14250 310
Note: This indicates that in 25 divisions, collection scope is Rs. 75 crore.

1. Note- the items in bold are currently traded while values in bold indicate future 7 times
potential. It can earn Rs. 26,600 each for the 1,000 vaids involved in collection, if storage,
transport, revolving fund of Rs. 55 lakh i.e. 20% of the turnover is provided, even as loan.

2. Benefit to gatherers in collective, organized trade is double income than through traders. For
instance, CCD associates helped them to earn Rs. 16/kg for Kalmegh in Kawardha by sales
through VSS to Nagpur based company while traders offered just Rs. 8/- locally.

Other studies such as by IIFM (Debnath, 2009) indicated similar potential- about Rs. 1.9 crore- in
Dhamtari forest through JFMC members.

17
The following species occur plenty in the state but are under exploited & offer as depicted in Table 9.

Table 9- Focal species for future collection

S.N. Species Botanical Name Part used Yield Price Rs.

Q/acre Rs./kg
FROM FORESTS
1 Satavar Asparagus racemosus Root 1-2 90
2 Baibidang Embelia ribes Seed 0.5 75
3 Malkangani Celastrus paniculatus Seed 0.5 70
4 Vidari Pueraria tuberosa Root 1-2 60
6 Kali musli Curculigo orchoides Root 3-4 80
7 Kalmegh Andrographis Leaf 3-5 35
paniculata
8 Khamar Gmelina arborea Bark 0.5 18
9 Patli Stereospermum Bark, root 0.3 15
personatum
10 Dikamali Gardenia gummifera Gum 0.5 60
OUTSIDE FOREST (in WSTELANDS/ FALLOW FARMS)
11 Nagarmoth Cyperus rotundus Root 1 21
12 Maka Eclipta alba Leaf 1 22
13 Gokharu Tribulus terrestris Fruit 0.5 23
14 Bhuiamla Phyllanthus amarus Whole 1 24
15 Punarnava Boerhavia diffusa Root 0.5 63
16 Bala Sida acuta Root 0.5 20
17 Dhatura Datura alba Seed 0.5 15
18 Sikekai Acacia concina Fruit 0.5 30
19 Khair Acacia catechue Bark 1 15
20 Gunja Abrus precatorius Seed 0.3 20
21 Noni Morinda tinctoria Fruit 0.5 20
22 Gorakhmundi Sphaeranthus indicus Fruit 0.3 20
23 Sharpunkha Tephrosia purpurea Flower 0.3 15
24 Pishanaparni Uraria picta Root 0.5 40
25 Arjun Terminalia arjuna Bark 1 18
However tapping, such unexplored resources requires the following steps –

a) Preparation of species identification & good collection practices manual.

b) Conducting gatherer orientation on above
c) Market & feasibility study to identify their present supply packets to corporate to complete with
those on price & quality.
d) Chemical profiling with standard raw drugs in market to assess quality of CG material
e) Discussion with bulk buyer co’s to buy CG material
f) To set up store house, drying sheds, trucks, buy tarpaulin sheets, ropes, intebags,
documentation, system, minimum 2-3 recorders / centre in each of the target district.

18
 g) Provision of revolving fund of at least Rs. 10 lakh per aggregation centre i.e. at district level, as
advance / spot payment to gatherers on delivery.
h) JFMC also need to plant of herbs in demand as they did in UNDP CBNRM project of
CGMFPF.

Collection / cultivation is impossible hereafter without advance payment to gatherers because–

a) Gatherers / farmers avoid risk to collect / grow a new species where they lack positive,
motivating experience.

b) They also lack the motivation to exert to start a fresh effort as scheme like cheap ration, NREGS
(national rural employment guarantee scheme) have made them lazy & reduced the need for
hard work & thus, made labor scarce & costly.

c) Thus, a revolving fund may be needed as soft loan (interest free) of Rs. 10 lakh per cluster (& 4-5
clusters/ district) to support collection & trade in medicinal plants through FDAs in 4-5 priority
districts to start with where (a) resources exist (b) well connected (c) JFMC strong. These can be
Ambikapur (Sarguja), Bilaspur, Korba, Katghora, Dharamjaygarh to start with. Of these, Katghora
has training already provided by CGMFPF under CBNRM (community based natural resource
management) program in the PPA (people’s protected area).

19
 4) TRADE

3.A) STATUS:-

a) Raw drugs consumption by local traditional healers is not much. For, there exist about 5,000
such healers across the state. There are about 1,200 members in the northern districts & listed
in the directory compiled by the CG state medicinal plants board. Each one uses 3-4 quintal raw
drugs annually maximum as per view of some of them such as Mr N K Awasthi, Mr Arun Shukla,
Mr A Kashyap. Thus, their collective use is just 1 ton/ 3 healers & at this rate, 300 ton for all of
them together. Even if this is just 40-50% of the total healers in the state, estimate of healers’
use for the state is about 650 ton. This is only 3% of the 18,000 (eighteen thousand) ton trade
estimated for the state from the accounts below.

b) We studied medicinal plants trade by approaching traders as potential buyers, given our linkage
with gram Moolige Co. Ltd. (GMCL), a community enterprise that CCD & FRLHT promoted in the
year 2000 & is growing in TN & M. P. states. Dabur, Himalaya, natural remedies company are its
main buyers & indicating these names, some quality issues & other info. This helped us to win
trader’s confidence. Personal knowledge of our local NGO partners also helped in
familiarisation.

c) Out trade study covered 4 main markets - Sarguja, Bilaspur, Dhamtari & Raipur. These hold
majority of the share in the medicinal plants market as southern part of the state is hardly trade
connected. We also studied only 3-4 important traders/ market. As 7-8 more secondary markets
exist in the state & in each market about 5-10 traders, total number of traders in the state could
be about 100 & we studied about 25 of these. So we estimated state level trade to be 4 times
the record we got in the present study.

d) AYUSH is supposed to receive information on raw drdygs obtained by various pharmaceuticals

companies in each state. However, Mr. Kulshreshth, Director, AYUSH, CG State, Raipur said in
June 2012 after inquiry letter in May 2012 that he has no such info. For, no major companies
bought raw drugs directly. Only traders buy it locally & supply in Delhi, Banglore, Hyderabad etc.

e) Pharmaceuticals companies are also required to file such information annually to the State
Biodiversity Board (SBB) as per the Indian Biological Diversity Act, 2012. However, Mr.
Ramprakash, IFS & Secretary, SBB, CG State, Raipur said in a meeting with him in May 2012 that
no such information is submitted by any company to him even format for it is yet to be
developed. He welcomed voluntary disclosure by any company.

f) TRADE STRUCTURE- There are 1-2 procurement agents per cluster of 5-10 villages who gathers
herbs aggregated by the tribal on prior demand/ advance (they take from him for subsistence).
He operates on bicycle/ public transport. There is a commission agent/ middleman or two for
every 20-30 villages who collect produce from 4-5 such agents & suppli it to a trader in town/

20
 city. The traders own capital, have storage facility, market linkages & supply accordingly. Many
of them are illiterate/ Muslims or Marwadi/ Bania, NTFP trade being traditional occupation.
They sell NTFPs in truckloads but medicinal plants are just few bags in it/ 1-2 tempo at the most.
g) TRADE ROUTES- About 8-10 traders exist in secondary markets in the state such as Kanker,
Bilaspur, Pendra Road, Raigarh etc. and we surveyed most of these markets. The material moves
from them to the 4 main trading centers - Dhamtari, Raipur, Jagdalpur & Ambikapur & then to:-
a) Delhi (via pendra road-then Katani, M.P. state),
b) Mumbai (via Rajnandgao-Nagpur in Maharashtra),
c) Vijaywada/ Chennai/Bangalore (via Konta, then Rajmahendri/ Vishakhapattinam, A. P.)
d) Ranchi (via Ramanujganj) especially for Mahua flowers as Ranchi decides national price
e) Kolkatta (via Raigarh-Sambalpur):- a link that is broken, defunct since 10 years

Fig. 1- MAP- Chhattisgarh state raw drugs/ NTFP trade routes

h) In monopoly species such as Harda, the gathers are not interested to collect such items as
payment for it is often less or late- after few months. CGMFPF also incurs loss due to the poor
storage & quality systems besides low sales / auction price. For instance, we saw in Durba block,
Bastar division (Harda stored with just polythene sheet cover in the open, in February 2012). So
it is prone to wetting by rains, fungus or rotting, insect attack & loss. This is common scene at
many sites.

i) Medicinal plants based income per village is about Rs. 25,000/- (twenty five thousand)
seasonally (i.e. annually) as about 50 persons earn about Rs. 500/- each. This is based on
average value we got for many sites. At the range level, this is about Rs. 12 lakh with 50 villages

21
 on average & at the division level, medicinal plants based income to community is about Rs. 84
lakh as 7 ranges exist per division on average.

Table 12-A) Market survey data- Avg. last 3 Years data

DHAMTARI (2000 ton)
Mr. Karam Singh, Vishal traders
Kounch - 20 ton - Rs. 27/- kg – seed (safed)
Charota - 500 ton – Rs. 17/- kg
Harra - 500 ton - Rs. 13/- kg - fruit
Behera - 300 ton – Rs. 12/- kg – fruit
Kounch - 300 ton – Rs. 18/- kg - kacheli
Vidang (from outside) - 50 ton – Rs. - seed
Bael - 20 ton – Rs. 18/- kg - pulp
Kalmegh - 150 ton – Rs. 16/- kg - leaf
Amla - 50 ton – Rs. 30/- kg
Bawachi - 10 ton – Rs.
Dhawaiful (chilphi) - 150 ton – Rs. 16/- kg
Malkanghi - 35 ton – Rs. 70?
5 traders exist here, godowns exist in the city, sales to Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Bangalore.

SARGUJA – Mr. Satish Agrawal, Mr. Ramesh Jaiswal

Dhawai - 100 ton - Rs. 16/- kg
Amla - 10 ton - Rs. 22/- per kg
Bidang - 40 ton - Rs. 300-350/- kg
Charota - 200 truck - Rs. 15/- kg
Bantulsi- 200 truck - Rs. 15/- kg
Nagarmotha - 50 truck - Rs. 18/- kg
Satavar - 20-30 ton - Rs. 80-90/- kg
Giloy - 50 ton - Rs. 12/- kg
Arjunchal - 20 ton -
Madukparni - 80-100 truck - Rs. 30/-
DESTINATION: Delhi, Howrah (via Ramanujganj to Ranchi, Zharkhand)/ Hydrabad, Banglore

Mahua - 1000 truck - Rs. 12/- kg

Imli - 100 truck - Rs. 18-20/- - with seed
Maida lakadi - 7 truck -
Chironji - 30 ton - Rs. 60-70/- kg

KATNI – Mr. Ramswaroop

Though Katni is situated in M. P., it sells much herbs sourced from CG state.
Charota - 200 ton - Rs. 14/-kg
Harra - 50 ton - Rs. 16/- - fruit
Behera - 50 ton - Rs. 17/- fruit
Satavar - 100 ton - Rs. 150/- kg (from Gwalior)
Nagarmotha - 60 ton - Rs. 20/- kg

22
Amla - 100 ton - Rs. 20/- kg
(Sales to Kanpur, Alahabad, Jabalpur, Satna, Chindwara, Banaras)
Table 12-B) Traded species & volumes by traders market wise

CHILPHI (3):– Rajju, Binda Seth, Ramvilas (also trade lac- 10 ton)
Bantulsa – 150-200 ton
Vanjeera – 15-20 ton

Ambikapur (3):– Ramnarayan Agrawal, Satish Agrawal, Ramesh Jaiswal, Ganesh Trading Co.
Dhawai phool – 100 ton
Amla – 10 ton
Baibidang – 40 ton
Charota – 2,000 ton
Vantulsi – 2,000 ton
Nagarmotha – 50 truck
Satawar – 20-30 ton
Giloy – 50 ton
Arjun bark – 200 ton
(Also trade in Imli – 100 truck, Chironji- 30 ton, Maida wood– 7 truck)

Dhamtari (2):– Vishal, Kirana Trading Co.

Harra - 200 ton
Beheda – 200 ton
Dhawai phool – 100 ton
Kalmegh – 100 ton
Baibidang – 100 ton
Malkangani – 45 ton
Bawchi – 10 ton
Ajmutha – 12 ton

Katni (2): Mr. Umesh Kumar, Dhaniram Barsaiyan

Harra – 150 ton
Amla – 100 ton
Behera – 250 ton
Satawar – 100 ton

Kondagaon (2):– Mahesh Traders, Ganesh Swamil (over 100 trucks of NTFP)
Herbs – occasional

Raipur (1)- Santosh Herbal Extracts Private Limited, Pandri

Dhawai – 100 ton
Mr. S.N. Rathi, 500 ton (all species)

Bilaspur (2)- Ramawatar Agrwal, Pipra- Kalmegh, Tikhur, Harra, Baibidang, total 50 ton
Mr. Gupta, pendra- Satavar, Musli- total 20-30 ton

23
Table 13- Medicinal plants trade estimate for CG state - CCD
ITEM Record ton Estimate Price/kg Value Rs. Lakh
(A) (B) (C) (D) (C * D)
Amla 150 600 30 180
Arjun 200 800 15 120
Bael 20 80 18 14
Bahera 600 2400 12 288
Bawachi 10 40 70 28
Baibidang 90 360 70 252
Charota 1000 4000 17 680
Dhawai 400 1600 15 240
Giloy 50 200 10 20
Gudmar 100 400 25 100
Harra 650 2600 13 338
Kalmegh 150 600 16 96
Musli 50 200 110 220
Nagarmotha 110 440 18 79
Vantulsi 1000 4000 15 600
Satavar 100 400 70 280
Vidari 50 200 40 80
4730 18920 3615

So, the medicinal plants trade value in the state can be at Rs. 35-40 crore. However, about 30% of the
forest area state lack NTFP collection / trade due to,
a) national park / wild life sanctuary zone e.g. Udanly, Achankmar and about 14 such
protected areas (PA) that cover nearly 10% of the state forest area.
b) remoteness / lack of infrastructure / regular trade e.g. Koria/ Jashpur districts.
C) social tension due to left wing extremism (LWE) viz. Sukma , Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewara,
Narayanpur districts.
On the other hand, some well connected areas experience much trade pressure e.g. Dhamatari, Sarguja.

Thus, the medicinal plants trade/ state is about 8% of the state level NTFP trade at the gatherers level
which is about Rs. 500 crore/ year (mainly Tendu, Salbeej). The state i.e. Raipur level value of the above
items could be bit more due to the mark up in the price from the village to the state level market/
capital.

CGMFPF also the estimates similarly, as per its study of NTFP potential including medicinal & non-
medicinal species in the state in 2008. Its results are displayed on its website (www.cgmfpfed.org) &
indicate medicinal plants trade in the state to be Rs. 50 core, compared to NTFP trade of Rs. 500 crore.
However, its list of species & prices amount to 21350 ton, worth Rs. 16 crore (as of 2011) as below-

24
 Table 14- Table 9- Medicinal plants trade estimate on CGMFPF

Value Rs. Price

SN SPECIES BOTANICAL MEDICINAL QUINTAL Lakh Rs./kg
11 Baheda Terminalia belerica* 35000 70 2
3 Van Tulsi Ocimum Gratissimum 30000 180 6
4 Bel Pulp Aegle Marmelos 30000 180 6
8 Dhawai Wooddfordia fruticosa 25000 87.5 3.5
9 Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata 15000 75.5 5
1 Aonla Dry Emblica officinalis * 10000 200 20
10 Bhelwa Fruit Semecarpus anacardium 10000 70 7
12 Nagarmotha Cyperus esculentus 10000 60 6
17 Rohina Fruit Soymida febrifuga 5000 45 9
21 Bhui Aonla Phyllanthus amarus 4000 24 6
5 Bel Fruit Aegle Marmelos 3000 6 2
6 Vanjira Vernonia Anthelmintica 3000 96 32
7 Baibadang Embelia Ribes 3000 90 30
13 Malkangani Celastrus paniculatus 3000 60 20
27 Ghotiya Fruit Zizyphus xylopyra 3000 15 5
15 Kali Jiri Vernonia anthelementica 2000 50 25
19 Satawar Asparagus racemosus 2000 40 20
22 Patalkumhda Pueraria tuberosa 2000 20 10
23 Vai Kumbhi Caryea arbofea 2000 18 9
25 Nirmali Strychnos potatorum 2000 16 8
28 Kaladana Ipomoea nil 2000 12 6
24 Dikamali Gardinia gummifera 1500 18 12
29 Marorphalli Helicteres isora 1500 9 6
14 Tikhur Maranta arundinacea# 1000 60 60
16 Honey - 1000 45 45
18 Safed Musli Chorophytum tuberosum* 1000 40 40
20 Gataran Caesalpinia bonduc 1000 25 25
26 Arjun Bark Terminalia arjuna 1000 15 15
30 Kuchala Strychnos nut vomica 1000 8 8
31 Paibela Celastus paniculatus 1000 7 7
35 Giloy Tinospora cordifolia 800 1.6 2
2 Aonla Green Emblica Officinalis 500 1.5 3
34 Nisod Operculina turpethium 300 1.8 6
36 Kasoundhi Cassia occidentalis 300 1.2 4
33 Inder Joo Hollarhena antidisentrica 200 5 25
32 Amru Mandi - 50 6.5 130
TOTAL 213150 1659.6 17
As per CGMFPF booklet of CBNRM project at CBDCOPII, Oct. 08-16 Hyderabad. Amla value is Rs. 16
crore, Baibidang Rs. 10 crore & Safed musali 5 crore. Rest of the value 5 are similar.

25
Estimate of other state level trade are similar- Rs. 30 crore/ year- for Orissa by Vasundhara NGO (Rath,
2006). Estimate for Andhra Pradesh in 2002 was about Rs. 20 crore/ year from about 2,200 JFMC as per
FRLHT study (Darshan Shankar et al, 2002), at Rs. 1 lakh each/ year on average. Another study by TERI
(2004) on NTFP around the same time indicated medicinal plants being 5% of the value of NTFP.

Many other sources also estimate the herbs trade @ Rs. 30-40 crore/ year/ state as below. Working plan
for Bilaspur district (Bajaj, 2005) for instance mentions medicinal plants traded value of only Rs. 30 lakh/
year of in the division i.e. 3 % as the value of NTFP trade of Rs. 8 crore of non-timber forest produce.
Estimates for Sarguja (Sao, 2010), Bhanupratapur (Agarwal, 2004), Marwahi (Pandey, 2010) are similar.
Tiwari (2009) & Bhatta (2004) mention similar herb species in Durg & Manendragarh w. plans resp. -
Amla, Bach, Baibidang, Dhawai, Gudmar, Harra, Kalmegh (Chirayata), Malkangni, Satavar & Vidari.

There about 26 lakh members of 8,000 JFMC in the state (Anon, 2011), of which nearly 40% are ST
(scheduled tribe)/ BPL (below poverty level). We observed that only they collect & sell NTFPs as they
lack other livelihood means. This implies about 1 million NTFP gatherers. At Rs. 400/- each, they may be
collecting & selling Rs. 40 crore worth medicinal plants.

The amount of raw drugs purchased by major pharmaceutical companies we studied from the state are
less so they do not place a purchase manager or attend or buy at such auctions. About 5 major
companies surveyed in the country buys only about 100-200 ton worth raw drugs (about Rs. 50 lakh)
each from the state from traders.

Due to our regular supplies to them for the last few years to them from Tamilnadu state through GMCL,
a local community enterprise, when we inquired, they just asked to buy raw drugs worth Rs. 50-60 lakh
each (Annexure 4). This could be 5-10% of their total raw drug need, to avoid scarcity, if we fail as they
can source this amount from traders. Thus, the major herbal industries together buy only Rs. 2-3 crore
worth raw drugs from the state. The total trade can be its 10 times- about Rs. 25 crore/ state/ year.

Ethnobotany study of bastar district by Dr. Naik & Dr. Kanugo (2008) of life science department, Pandit
Ravishankar University, Raipur reported trade of @ Rs. 4 crore totally/ year in about 20 markets. If
similar level is assumed for northern hills & plains each, state level trade is just about Rs. 12 crore by
2005-06 value. It can about Rs. 20 crore at present then.

There is no resource scarcity for these species. There is less demand so trade surplus exists. But a main
constraint for further trade development is poor infrastructure, the local raw material is not competitive
due to long distance, so obtained by the bulk buyers companies situated in the metros from their near
by districts (in M.P, A.P, Karnataka, Orissa) than Chhattisgarh. This is especially true of low value items
such as Beheda, Amla, Guduchi, Dhawai etc. where transport cost (Rs. 5-6/- per kg) forms 20-25% of the
end price:- Rs. 20-30/- per kg).

Studies by FRLHT for NMPB (Ved & Goraya, 2007) also estimate trade of medicinal plants from C. India
of about Rs. 273 crore from forests & 167 crore from wasteland, totaling Rs. 440/- crore (Annex 5). As it
is sourced from 8 states, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa,
Maharashtra & Andhra Pradesh, contribution of each state can be about 12% of it on average i.e. Rs. 50

26
crore. NMPB’S own estimate of 2004 is also low- Rs. 433 crore (Annexure 5-c) while that by National
Botanical Research Institute (NRBRI), Lucknow estimate lower trade level for the entire C. India zone- Rs.
237 crore (Annexure 5-b, Sharma et al, 2008). So the value estimated here appears realistic.

Absence of high value species (price > Rs. 300 per kg) here unlike in the southern India (e.g. Peepali),
western India (e.g. Guggul, Isabgol), northern India/ Himalaya (e.g. Atish) is a major reason for low value
production & trade from Chhattisgarh, except S. Musali, which has a volatile market.

The medicinal plants price value change from local to national level is 3-5 times as depicted in the table
below. The markup is price rise is more for low value species (Price Rs. 30/- per kg) about 2-3 times. For
high value species it is just 1.5 times (Rs.>50/- kg).

Table 15- Price mark up data for selected species

SPECIES Village Market Metro Ratio

Arjun 15 21 34 2.3
Kutaj 18 24 36 2
Amla 20 30 56 2.8
Harra 9 15 24 2.6
Behera 12 18 26 2.2
Satavar 86 95 120 1.5
Baibidang 70 90 100 1.5
It is similar to that sketched 10 years ago by Down to Earth magazine (Shankar, 2003)- However, most of
the mark-up margin is spent on transport, storage, losses (evoperation, damage etc.) so cannot be
reduced much even if producers themselves do marketing. So they must add value to gain more from
trade. But then buyers need to be selected to buy such value added products, which is tricky.

MRAK UP Local Price National Price Mark up

Baibidang 40 80 2
Vanjeera 15 35 2.3
Vantulasi 15 45 3
Musali 50 1400 28

27
3.B) CURRENT POLICY & PROGRAMS REVIEW

j) CGMFPF is the main government agency & program provider in the sector. It has set up storage
& semi-processing at 5-6 clusters in the state such as Dugli, Amadoh, kewachi etc. But more
scope exists. However, it needs investments. CGMFPF expressed difficulty to sell to individual
company due to low value (below 5% of CGMFPF total sales) of the herbs as Tendu or Sal seed
prevail. Thus, herbal material in the 6 MARTS (Ambikapur, Bilapur, Durg, Raipur etc.) is
auctioned 2-3 times/ year. Local traders buy it & sell to companies as the traders are present
locally, read the advertisement in the newspapers & participate in the auction. Sales goal in
MART at Ambikapur is about Rs. 50-60 lakh (Annexure 6), so state total can be 3-4 times this
value.

k) It is risky to aggregate & sell raw drugs as a commercial venture due to low margin, high risk &
heavy comptietion letion, few loan options etc. in it, without any support of the buyer
companies. Their involvement in setting up drying yards, storage facilities, simple machinery for
packing, or powdering/ extraction is necessary to add value locally. It can be cheaper for them
to transport value added/ semi-processed medicines than the raw drugs.

l) CGMFPF has 6 MARTS in cities in the state, (such as Bilaspur, Raipur, Durg, Ambikapur) but its
cumulative sales of medicinal plants or its products, sold under “Sanjeevani” brand is hardly Rs.
2-3 crore per year. Local people opined that CGMFPF buys only 5% of the local produce & study
by BASIX (Gautam & Sharma, 2010) also indicates that it benefits about 40,000 gatherers, which
is about 4% of their estimated number for the state (1 million), so there is much growth scope.

m) CGMFPF has UNDP funded CBNRM (community based natural resource management) project
under PPA (people’s protected area) at Katghora, Kondagaon & Bastar divisions. It has trained
the tribal in sustainable collection & processing & planting of medicinal plants & also actually
done nursery raising & planting.

n) CGMFPF has established 20 Peoples protected areas (PPA) where communities are trained in
good collection practices & conservation besides some semi-processing facilities /clinics are set
up & some soil water conservation of these 13 are supported by the State government funds
while 7 from Tribal sub plan of the central govt. each PPA is about 1000-3000 ha. CGMFPF also
has started Community based natural resource management project from UNDP funds in 3
divisions Jagdalpur, north Kondagaon & Katghora.

28
 List of people’s protected areas (PPA)

CG State support

1. Uttar Kondagaon 13. East Sarguja

2. Jagdalpur
3. Korea-3 Tribal Sub Plan 08-09
4. Dhamtari 1. Jagdalpur
5. Korba-3 2. Uttar Kondagaon
6. Durg 3. Raigarh
7. Marwahi 4. Korba
8. East Bhanupratappur (Kanker) 5. Dharamjagad (Raigarh)
9. Udanti 6. Rajnandgaon
10. Katghora 7. Khairagarh
11. Kawardha
12. Manendragarh Total = 20

o) CGMFPF constraints include-

a. It has no sales outlets in metros like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore etc. nor tie up for contract
production with companies like Dabur or Himalaya. It is hard to market over the counter (OTC)
medicines in competition with reputed companies but it has planned a factory.

b. CGMFPF has got budget & plan of Rs. 2.5 crore prepared recently from CGCON (CG
consultancy). However, operating such unit profitably requires a separate business plan,
feasibility study & managerial set up. It produces over 25 different medicines. How many of
these are old viably & in growing numbers? This needs analysis & review. CGMFPF has plans o
set up 31 forest herb clinics (Vanoushadhalaya) at the cost of Rs. 3 lakh each, 1 per division,
but its marketing & feasibility study needs to be seen.

c. Its certain counters are now closed such at Raipur railway station, due to lack of sales or low
efficiency. This needs to be assessed & each product & outlet/ unit be run as profit centre for
overall viability. It claims to be welfare initiative but must be run professionally. European
program, its major donor will also end soon. Thus, there is need for new project company
mode gear up medicinal plants related activities in the state.

d. CGMFPF auctions herbs through website & newspaper advertisement 2-3 times/ year. It asks
some advance (25% of the product vale) before purchase of their stock but most companies
pay on 1.5 months credit & not advance. Also, most important companies using medicinal
plants lack purchasing staff in the CG state. So they do not even participate in the bidding of
monopoly item auctions like Harda, besides other herbs. So they end up in buying herbs
through trusted traders. The margins are low & risks is high in the raw drug trade such as a)
moisture loss, b)rejection, c) price, d) late / part receipts. These experience traders manage

29
 well also posses much capital. They also trade other NTFP & even agri commodities as their
main business. So they can dovetail the raw drugs trade risk. The producers co. proposed must
learn from this & adopt some of these tactics or else it could fail.

p) CG Forest Dept conducted 1st certification workshop in the country 2003 but started CGCERT –
certification agency. It has not certified Sanjivani Herbal Medicinal Products yet.

Table 16- Gap analysis of existing program/ policies

PROGRAM GAP STRATEGY

Natural 1) No presence of high value species 1) Exposure visits to farmers Rajnandgaon,
Resources like Guggal, Pipali, Isabgaol Maharashtra
2) Farmers primitive, its difficult to 2) Contracts with Co’s for buyback
undertake such competitive 3) Seek venture capital fund to try new
farming species
CGSMPB 1) No involvement of Agriculture 1) Hold PPP talk with companies
Dept so poor extension. 2) Engage NGO’s experts for extension
2) Targets/help to CAMPA, FDAS FDC,
to set up herbal nurseries, planting
CGMFPF 1) No priority for herbal issue 1) Transfer medicinal plant unit to SMPB
2) Sanjivani herbs Vanaoushadhalaya 2) Evolve business / revenue model by
is a flagship, only charity program sales in metros
ICAR 1) No actual cultivation on hundreds 1) Link to JFMC
of acres 2) PPP Co’s it was done for Haldi, in Orissa
2) No market linkage with NRPL Co & OUAT in NAIP National
Agri Improvement Project) of ICAR,
TRIFED Weak role in marketing To build TRIFED capacity to provide MSP for
NTFP, incl. herbs like myrobylance vide Haq
committee report, GOI.
NRHM/ Does not buy local Co. herbal medicine Some share to be reserved for local Co.
AYUSH

3-C) BEST PRACTICES

The work of CGMFPF is by itself a landmark its work on lac development is a model that made
Chhattisgarh largest lac producer recently. This is possible due to infrastructure & technology extension
widely such as storehouse, training programs, quality seed supply, targeted cultivation, market tie ups
etc. medicinal plants sector needs to do so for development. For local semi-processing, CGMFPF unit at
Dugali is famous as also Pai, Katghora. For good collection practices training was organized for village
botanists by CGSMPB with FRLHT guidance in April 2012. More village botanists ned to be trained for
the work proposed here in divisions suggested- S. Sarguja, Korba, Katghora, Dharamjaygarh, Bilaspur,
Marwahi.

Following are other notable / model initiatives to adopt / replicate elsewhere –

30
 a) Pavan Herbs Co. Ltd – Promoted by Rahi NGO, this microenterprise manufactures about
especially herbal medicines such as for teeth, piles etc. & markets in metros by bulk transport/in
exhibitions. It has annual sales of about Rs. 1 crore & staff of about 10. It has linkage to about
10-15 farmers for cultivated species like Chitrak or Haldi. It buys wild raw drugs from traders in
the market. It has maintained business for the last 10 years.

b) Chhattisgarh Herbals – This is a company promoting aromatic farming & extracts including
exports. Patcholi is their chief crop, besides palmorasa, jamrosa etc. They work in Maharashtra,
Orissa, M.P. states also. Their extraction & export hub is at Mumbai with an office in Raipur.

c) CG Agricon – This is a farmers produce co. I promoting vegetable farming – marketing

professionally. It recently sought a NABARD loan for getting a mall at Raipur. They may not grow
medicinal plants as intercrop unless commercially lucrative like Patchouli, menthal etc.

3-D) LESSONS

Shrishti Herbal Co, Raipur floated in 2001 is presented value chain analysis of NTFP of Bastar & whoed
growth scope like Safed musali since it was not viable so the company is closed today. Similarly Maa
Danteshwari Herbal Farm & CHAMF (www.chamf.org) have strong web-presence but limited farming.
Triorme Ayured is a co. promoted by Arpan NGO in Raigarh district, has similar secretive existence.

3-E) SUGGESTIONS

A producer company with FDA/ JFMC shareholding needs to be promoted from NABARD fund etc. A
revolving fund may be needed as soft loan (interest free) of Rs. 10 lakh per cluster (& 4-5 clusters/
district) to support collection & trade in medicinal plants through FDAs in 4-5 priority districts to start
with where (a) resources exist (b) well connected (c) JFMC strong. These can be Ambikapur (Sarguja),
Bilaspur, Marwahi, Korba, Katghora, Dharamjaygarh to start with.

31
 5) CULTIVATION

STATUS- We found very few examples of successful medicinal plants farming over the last few years in
steady or growing extent. These include few farmers of Bilaspur or nearby district who supply it to Pavan
herbal co. ltd., a micro-enterprise who buys from them Bramhi, Giloy, Kasturitbhend, Kewanch etc.

Chhattisgarh is much infamous for the so called Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum or tuberosum)
farming that promised huge returns a decade ago but mostly failed. Some farmers who grew planting
material in the first 2-3 years profited handsomely but the raw material growers lost heavily due to wek
market demand/ over-production causing market crash. Ghee kanwar (Aloe vera) doe not offer more
promising sotry due to similar problems. Other raw drugs being common in the wild, their farming in
uncompetitive, unviable e.g. Sarpagandha, Glory lily.

Few exotic species can be viable here based on geographic-climatic setting. These include Coleus
barbatus (Patharchur), Senna (Cassia senna), Sadabahar/ vinca (Catharahthus roseus) tec. that have
steady or growing market demand. However, their buyers buy these from southern India & without
their contact & prior orders, it will be risky to grow these. Further, the tribal/ farmers here are primitive
not used to competitive, intensive cultivation so can find it hard to grow lucrative crops like Patchouli
(Pogostemon patchouli) despite technology & buy back from CG herbals co. (www.cgherbals.in).
Agriculture experts also suggest that coastal hot-humid climate, and not hot-climate arid of
Chhattisgarh, suits this species.

There is limited scope to grow medicinal plants in the state because of the reasons below-
1) Faraway distance & costly transport from buyer company metros such as Delhi, Bangalore,
Chennai, Mumbai, so the pharmaceutical companies promote nearby farm clusters
2) Small landholding & thus low risk bearing ability as well as reluctance of the famers to move
away from paddy or other routine crops
3) Scarce irrigation facilities limited to 5-10% of the farmers preventing long gestation crops.
4) Ill fame & fear created amongst the farmer’s mind by the earlier failures like Safed musali or to
some extent Gwarpatha (Ghreekunwari- Aloe vera).

Thus, medicinal plants cultivation in the state is possible slowly on loan from the banks & buy back
agreement from buyer companies like ADMA (Ayurevdic drug manufacturer’s association) members.
Following species are all asked by NRPL (Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd.) found suitable for his purpose
based on-

(a) growing & large market demand so low risk of no sales

(b) known agri-technology & examples of proven success
(c) Low gestation/ suitability to grow as intercrop amidst orchards/ on farm bund
1. Ashwagandha- Rs. 80/- per kg – NRPL, Local
2. Bach- Rs. 120/- per kg - NRPL
3. Kewach- Rs. 60/- per kg (its market is also volatile, but less than items listed below)# -
NRPL
4. Kalmegh- Rs. 18/- per kg - NRPL

32
 5. Tulsi- Rs. 14/- per kg - NRPL

# Chindwara is main market of Kewach so is near & accessible for CG growers.

Following species were found not suggested to promote cultivation due to the reasons below-

a) Profitable but with much uncertainty/ risk-

a. With some local experience- Glory lily, Sarpagandha
b. No known local example- Guggul, Isabgol, Jesthmadh, Mulethi
b) Less risk but no/ few known local examples- Coleus, Senna, Vinca.
c) Agri-technology not standardized locally yet- Baibidang, Guduchi, Satavar.

Profitable but limited demand- Bramhi (Bacopa monieri), Chandrasur (Lepidium sativum).

Of the 5 companies we consulted, just 3 inquired regarding availability of cultivated species-

1) Natural Remedies- Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), Ashwagandha, Kaunch

2) Emami- Haldi (Turmeric- Curcuma longa).
3) Dhootpapeshwar- Henna (Lawsonia inermis)#

Dabur co. did inquire regarding quality planting material for Vidari (Pueraria tuberosa) but its
development will take time. Himalaya company developed interest in promoting cultivation of
threatened species Saraca asoka but only after some working familiarity.

NABARD had sanctioned a project to CGSMPB to grow kitchen herbal gardens in 2010 but CGSMPB
returned the funds in 2011 due to non-implementation of the project. Similarly, poor payment by
CGSMPB to the farmers in NMPB scheme earlier draw flack & was ill-publicized in 2011. Hence, there is
need for CGSMPB to engage farmer’s mobilizing agency such as Agri-university/ Agri-department. This
can be done on contract.

Collection / cultivation of following species appear risky / unsustainable for the reasons below, despite
being much in famous as lucrative. For, there also have caused market failures & farmers distress –

Ghreekumari - Aloe vera - Viable only if sold as pulp tins / exported

Safed musali - Chlorophytum - Hard to compete with M.P, Rajsthan, MH farms
borivilianum

Following species have high market volatility so their cultivation is risky. Also there are already many
suppliers from southern states & farmers here will need few years to be experts & establish links with
the buyers & set up sustainable supply chain. But these have limited demand, below 1,000 ton p.a.
Glory lily - Gloriossa superba
Serpentine - Ravolfia serpentina
Sadabahar - Vinca rosesa
Senna -Cassia senna
#- This was perhaps as dye rather than as medicinal plant.

33
We saw in Kanker & Bastar districts that some farmers possess fallow farms on hill slopes called “tikra”
land. This is suitable to to grow medicinal plants as it does not compromise their food security as they
grow paddy in the lowlands that have irrigation. Organic inputs is now necessary for Ayurvedic cos.

Brinckmann (2008) in an herbal export scope review for AYUSH, suggested following export priority
species for India, based on growing demand & profitability. Similar view is taken by Social Service
Society report on this topic to CGSMPB (Chandra, 2007) & FISME report for herb export scope from
Mahakaushal region of M. P. state (Anon, 2005).

Table 17- Medicinal Plants Prioritized for Export Development

Common Name Plant Part Botanical Name Form
CG STATE BASED
Andrographis Herb Andrographis paniculata Powdered extract
Ashwagandha Root Withania somnifera Powdered extract
Bacopa Whole plant Bacopa monnieri Powdered extract
Neem Seed/ Bark Azadirachta indica Extract
Shatavari Root Asparagus racemosus Root powder
Tribulus Root Tribulus terrestris Powdered extract
Triphala Fruits Phyllanthus emblica, Powder
Terminalia bellerica,
Terminalia chebula
Turmeric Rhizome Curcuma longa Powdered extract
Velvet bean Seed Mucuna pruriens Powder
OTHERS
Forskohlii Root Plectranthus barbatus Powdered extract
Psyllium Seed husk Plantago ovata Dried husk

All these are found in the Chhattisgarh except 2 but cultivation of Triphala is hard due to long gestation
& easy availability in the wild. Cultivation of the rest needs to be promoted speedily.

The main export items of medicinal plants from India are as below, comprising 70% total export of about
Rs. 500 crore as per the above report & FISME study (Anon, 2009), besides FRLHT (Ved & Goraya, 2008).
These are not produced or marketed from Chattisgarh –except myrobylams

1) Isabgol- Rs. 200 crore

2) Senna- Rs. 30 crore
3) Henna- Rs. 28 crore
4) Myrobylans- Rs. 20 crore
5) Sandalwood- Rs. 20 crore.

Yes we found some successful farmers in & around Chhattisgarh, as reported in annexure.

34
 6) STRATEGY & ROADMAP

6.1) POLICY REVIEW

A) HERBAL BRAND: Chhattisgarh State, despite its ‘herbal’ tag, has only started few collection
centers, revolving fund, market agreements seed centers & processing units on scale for
medicinal plants. Hardly anything is done in this ‘Sanjeevani Herbs’ brand & work of the minor
forest produce fed. Is an exception but is a work. It has annual turnover of hardly Rs. 1 crore
while potential is at least 100 fold. Officers on deputation who keep charging every few years
find it hard to attain high such target / due to lack of motivation or inexperience or political
indulgence & workload/diversion. There is need for a separate business entity with single focus
& long term consistency of managers.

B) PRODUCER COMPANY- Various state/ union govt. , for instance, have set up 3 such companies in
different Indian states that have annual turnover of about 10 crore rupees/ annually:-
a) Tamilnadu- IMPCOP (Indian medicinal practitioners cooperative limited, www.impcops.org)
b) Kerala- Oushadhi company (http://www.keralaayurvedics.com/other-
resources/manufacturers/oushadhi.html).
c) Uttarachal- Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited (IMPCL,
www.impclmohan.nic.in)

Similarly, Mahua subsector study for Chhattisgarh state rural development institute (CGSIRD), by
BASIX (Panda et al, 2010) indicated investment of Rs. 20 crore in working capital, infrastructure
to develop the livelihoods of 4 million poor gatherers. At this rate, CGSMPB may need a scheme
of at least Rs. 5 crore to develop the herbal sector.

However, proposal call by CGSIDC (Chhattisgarh state industrial development corporation) in

2007. Herb park at Dhamtari failed to find any applicants. It asked Rs. 12 crore investment (Rs.
11 crore deposit, Rs. 90 lakh fee to IL&FS- Infrastructure leasing & Financial Services), that no
industry was willing to pay, besides the cost of factory etc. development. Also, the assumption
of tens of crores of business & profits potential in it was misplaced.

Manufacture & marketing will be viable/self sufficient if done on public private partnership
mode or on contract. This is evident from the example of Raipur Govt. Ayurvedic Hospital run
profitably now by Stidhairiyam agency with experience in Kerala. Many govt. works are provided
now by tendering including catering, railways & sanitation etc. So this can be workable here
also. Govt. can decide the community/Panchayat share as 50% in the government management
profit/loss as a precondition & other land, water, electricity, road etc. facilities like in Special
Economic Zones (SEZ). It should hold a meeting with leading traditional pharma campany like
Dabur, Emami (including erstwhile Zandu), Baidyanath, Himalaya etc. to discus AYSH cluster
development here. This could evince positive response like CCD got in MKSP NTFP scheme.
AYUSH cluster scheme has much budget now & can easily provide Rs. 10 crore to CGSMPB.

35
C) FORETSRY PLANTATIONS:
There was a medicinal plants collection bill, 2002 proposed but not yet bled on the assembly for
approval. It is not discussed lately so may never come up. This could be due to the low value of
the trade in it much less than Tendu, lac or Sal beej.

Joint Forest Management (JFM), Peoples protected Areas (PPA), forest development
corporation (FDC) & Compensatory afforestation (CAMPA) are other programs of the forest
department. They do include medicinal plants management but it is voluntary & at a few places.
This needs to be done as say 25% of the total planting a department policy. This will created
demand for the quality planting material (QPM) produced by divisions like Kanker or circle
offices at Raipur in scheme support from National medicinal plants board (NMPB).

A hi-tech nursery of medicinal plants is set up at Pacheda in collaboration with CGSFRI (CG state
forest research institute), that can also be used to supply sapling/ propagules.

1- PROGRAMS REVIEW
a) CGSMPB had planned & applied project of Rs. 15 crore in 2008 to NMPB under central sector
support to cultivate herbs in 1300 farms. Some farmer got subsidy, some got it much less some
complained to the Govt. about in 2012. It revealed that critical / viable no. of plants / farms was
neither decided nor provide to the farmers. Also there was no monitoring. /guidance after plant
distribution, so many plants died. Irrigation security of the farmer beneficiaries was not checked.
So it crated bad news of the program. These such errors must be avoided in the future.

b) Medicinal Plants Dept. under horticulture wing of Indira Gandhi Krushi Vishwa Vidyalaya
(IGKVV), Raipur, is implementing a national project of Directorate of Aromatic Medicinal Plants
Research (DAMPR) of the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), Boriari, Gujrat. They
have developed package of practices crops & quality planting material (QPM) of important
medicinal plants species such as Ashwahandha, Chandrasur etc. but they lack wide extension to
farmers yet. Extending to hundred of farmers or its commercial sales is also not their mandate.

c) JFM & CGMFPF work including processing units have benefited the poor tribal families esp.
women to earn better, empowered them by exposure, leadership skills. Role or medicinal plants
is not clear in it. Also, it is of symbolic type, successfully done at few sites & there is huge scope
& need it to extend widely.

36
 6.2) PROJECTS REVIEW

Following areas were identified as high potential to collect the following species by CGSMPB as
per its earlier proposal to NMPB (Anon, 2010) to promote neutraceuticals -
DIVISION- SITE
1. Katghora- Doganala
2. East Raipur- Gariyaband
3. Jashpur- Panchhakki
4. Narayanpur- Bhakharapadha
5. North Sarguja- Kudargarh
6. South Sarguja- Pratappur
7. Dhamatari- Dugali
8. Mahasamund- Mahasamund
9. Marvahi- Kevanchi
10. Udanti- Udanti
11. Sukma- Sukma
12. Jagdalpur Aasna
The last 3 sites are prone to extremism risk .

d) Following districts are avoided here due to social tensions that could hamper trade/
development of the sector here- Bastar, Bijapur, Dantewada, Narayanpur, Sukma.

Following forest divisions were identified as resource rich for the species below. However, there is no
mention of how the products will be sold & where, is any order exists. So this action could boomrang if
sales fail like many Kumari producers find. There is no mention of any market study or viability analysis.
There is no established or famous market for Sarpagandha/ Bijasal powder/ extract, for instance.

S. N. NAME OF HERB NAME OF FOREST DIVISION

1 Aonla- East Sarguja, Manendragarh, S. Surguja, Dhamtari, Kabirdham, Bijapur, Kanker, Khairagarh, E.
Raipur, Durg, Mahasamundra, Bilaspur
2 Bael- Marvahi ,East Sarguja, Baikunthpur, N. & S. Kondagaon, Bilaspur, Rajnaongaon
3 Sarpgandha- Bilaspur, Bastar, Kanker
4 Ashwagandha- Korba, Khairagarh, Kabirdham, Janjgir-Chapa
5 Satavar- East Surguja, South Kondagaon
6 Gudmar- East Surguja, Kabirdham, Marvahi
7 Kumari- Dhamatari
8 kalmegh- Bilaspur, Rajnandgaon, Kabirdham, Kanker, Khairagarh, Udanti, E. Raipur.
9 Bijasal- South Kondagaon , Sarguja, Bilaspur.

The scheme was not approved or implemented. However, that plan to set up one or more processing
centre for each species in separate district is unviable. For, it will not work for many months when the
species is unavailable & thus be come a non performing asset or a liability. Stocks do not last long, so
there is need to set up just processing unit for many species in different months.

37
 Table 18- year round herb calendar for processing

QUARTER MONTHS SPECIES

Q1 Jan – Mar Baibidang, Satavar, Harda, Baheda
Q2 Apr – June Jotismati, Arjun, Kali musali, Bael
Q3 July – Sept Musali, Kali musali, Talmakhna
Q4 Oct – Dec Arjun, Amla, Anantmul, Giloy, Vidari, Kalmegh,
Tulasi, Bach, Makoy, Kateri

If some semi-processing can be done locally like de-shelling or powdering & quality testing certificates/
chromatographs are provided along with it, some companies could buy it at higher value. For, they save
on transport cost. We have such experience from Himalaya Drug co. at Madurai in collaboration with
GMCL where it gets Dashmul powdered or Amla pulped from GMCL factory as job-work.

6.3) OTHER STATES INITIATIVES

Tamilnadu state medicinal plants board has engaged Agriculture University & expert agencies to
promote cultivation on private farms on large scale. Kerala state medicinal plants board has adopted
similar approach by engaging Kerala Forest Research institute (KFRI) as an expert agency. Orissa state
medicinal plants board invited tenders from NGOs to link JFMC to markets in different divisions.
Jharkhand forest department applied to NMPB for a scheme of Rs. 5 crore to plant herbs in various
divisions, process & market through Jharkhand State Minor Forest Produce Co-operative Development
and Marketing Federation Limited "JHAMFCOFED" is a state level apex Co-operative federation for
procurement of Minor Forest Produce from the rural growers and collectors.

6.4) LOG FRAME ANALYSIS

The log frame analysis resulting from the stakeholder workshop on 28th April, 2012 is as below.

Table 19- Log Frame Analysis

GOAL PURPOSE ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS LOGIC

Holistic Resource GCP training VSS strengthened AYUSH / NMPB
development conservation in supports it
of medicinal the forest,
plant sector development Collection Infrastructure Banks provide
with outside it & centers loan timely
stakeholder sustained Semi processing Better price & ADMA cooperates
participation, income units quality in buying
definite time generation &
frame & welfare of the Producer co. set Institutional Business is done
budget poor. up thro’ VSS stability professionally

38
 7) RECOMMENDATIONS
a) CGSMPB needs to start voluntary registration of traders as MPSBB has started & ask NMPB to
seek data from all registered medicinal plants user companies to reveal raw material sources &
if those are from registered traders. Registered traders may be offered some incentives such as
easy bank loan. This will set in process transparency & accountability that is missing in the sector
today. This is stuatory under biodiversity law & MPSBB has started this.

b) Producing own products has many complications due to many license required. But, its
marketing & sales recovery is even more complex. Establishing distributions network, managing
inventory, cash flow, loan repayment are tasks often undertaken by the CGMFPF, especially
Divisional forest officers, handling Tendu lent trade. It will be easy for managerial staff of a new
company either. So it requires some handholding by expert consultants. Budget for a factory to
be set up for this purpose is about Rs. 2.5 crore (Table 20). Its value matches the plan & budget
CGMFPF got made from CGCON, Raipur recently. AYUSH can support this up to Rs. 10 crore
including marketing expenses under its nation wide cluster development program.

c) Marketing of raw drugs can be initiated as proposed earlier. Over the counter (OTC) product
marketing is now very complicated & costly, requires much experience, and requires many legal
clearances. It is not recommended given the low growth in Sanjivani herbals. Other option is to
make special medicines for main health problems of the state & sell to Govt. hospitals/ NRHM
units e.g. Kutajarishta from Kutaj bark, to cure diarrohea-dysentry through Vaid Sangh.

d) Producing semi-processed, intermediary products for major traditional medicine companies on

contract or Ayurvadic vaidya associations in metros are other options. But, quality issues delay /
complicate it. Dabur, for instance has 4 factories in 4 states for different products but assemble
raw drugs only at the respective centre. It does not get them semi-processed at different
factories & then assemble at one unit. Alternatively, herbal powders can be sold about Rs. 5-6
lakh per year/ outlet in 5-56 metros or 2-tier cities like Jabalpur, Bhubaneshwar, Nagpur etc.
However, they can just be break-even due to limited awareness & demand & hard to monitor.

e) Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. Of India has proposed NTFP development scheme,
including medicinal plants, through CG State Rural Livelihood Mission (SRLM). It sought proposal
from CCD for this purpose recently for Kanker district through District Collector’s office. Its
summary is annexed (no. 7) for info to benefit about 1,000 women. It is a 3 year project with
budget of Rs. 1 crore with Rs. 30 lakh co-funding (minimum 25% is mandatory) by 3 companies.
CGSMPB/ CGMFPF/ producer co. set up by it apply for larger proposal.

f) A producer company needs to be started as it needs less capital, to be owned by JFMC members
in selected sites. However, with few lakh rupees to start with, it will be hard for it to pay even
salaries of qualified staff beyond few months. No bank will offer it loan due to lack of property/
mortgage initially. Farming focus be on high value climbers in fallow farms, upland etc.

39
 Table 20- Budget for medicinal plants processing industry unit

ITEM COSTING COST Rs. Lakh

a) FIXED CAPITAL
Land 1 acre 5
Admin building 200 sq. m @ Rs. 7,000 per sqm, furniture, equip. 15
Laboratory 100 sq. m @ Rs. 10,000 per sqm 10
Borewell 50 ft deep 0.4
Godown 500 sqm, 4 m high, @ Rs. 7,000 per sqm 35
Drying platform 300 sqm, @ Rs. 3,000 per sqm 10
Shed Drying platform 200 sqm, @ Rs. 5,000 per sqm 10
Cold storage# 160 sqm, @ Rs. 12,500 sqm, for 100 ton 20
Water tank 300 cu.m. @ Rs. 7,000 per cu.m 22
Water tank (recycling) 50 cu.m. 6
Oil expeller 5 Quintal daily 1.25
Pulverizer 2 Quintal per hour 0.2
Grinder mesh 100 or changeable 0.12
Tools Mixer, Cutters, Vessels, sifters, 1
Bottling, sealing@@@ 0.5
Mechanical lift 1.5
Extractor Stainless steel 6
Boiler 6 quintal per hour (IBR at Rs. 8 lakh) 4
Baling machine 1 quintal per hr (mechanical)** 4
Concentrators 2
Tray driers*** Rs. 1,0000 * 100 1
Electricity connection 25 KW 12
Transformer battery 4
Truck 9 ton 10
Motor bikes Rs. 40,000/- each 1.2
Jeep, trolley 6
SUBTOTAL 182
a) WORKING CAPITAL##
Raw drugs$$ - 100 ton * Rs. 30,000/- 30
Staff Rs. 15,000/- p.m. * 5 staff= Rs. 75,000/- p.m. 2.25
Labor Rs. 5,000/- p.m. * 10 persons= Rs. 50,000/- p.m. 1.5
Overheads (travel, repairs, bills- electricity) etc.- 5% of above 2.5
Loan repayment$ Rs. 8 lakh p.m. 24
SUBTOTAL 60
GRAND TOTAL 242
# for Chironji, Bhelawa (marking nut) **: hydraulic press- Rs. 6 lakh incl. installation
*** Spray driers at Rs. 15 lakh ## Cash to cash cycle length assumed to be 3 months i.e. 4 rotations/ year
Note- Mobile Extractor at Rs. 15 lakh (boiler too) & Generator van – 10 HP at 4 lakh can be for phase 2.
$ to repay Rs. 1 crore loan in 2 year @@@ pouch machine- Rs. 2.35 lakh, but not used e.g. by CGMFPF
Fluidised bed drier, Concentrator, Spray drier, shrink pack, ETO, air/ water jets etc. planned for phase 2.
$$$ largely Triphala items (Rs. 12-30/kg) & much less Bidang, Kevach, Satavar, Vidari etc. (Rs. 40-80/ kg)

40
Annexure 8 provides example of a loan scheme offered by NABARD to CCD recently focusing on 10
species of medicinal plants {collected- 5: Satavar, Baibidang, Vidari, Arjun, Giloy, Kutaj &
cultivated:- Ashwagandha, Bach, Kewach, Kalmegh, Tulsi)}. These are selected based on market
survey & demand raised by major companies. JFMCS also need to plant of herbs in demand as
they did in UNDP CBNRM project of CGMFPF.

7-B) COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

Strategies to involve community widely in sustainable use development of medicinal plants in the state
can take up the following rules –

a) Kitchen garden by women in village through SHG.

b) Ayurvedic clinics in villages by folk healers.
c) Trade of wild plants through JFMC
d) Cultivation through farmers clubs / JFMCS on “tikra” i.e. fallow lands, using organic inputs
e) Governance of proposed producer co. its units through community representative on its mgmt
committees.

Suitable species database for this purpose & value addition is provided in Annexe 9.

7-C) VIBRANT STAKEHOLDERS & INTERVENTIONS

a) Bhaishaj Sangh - can operate forest herb clinics, medicine production facility
b) IGKVV - can guide farmers
c) NABARD - can offer loan/ grant project for produce co. promotion
d) SRLM - can link women self help groups/ fund through NRLM
e) NGO’s - Ma Shakambhari, BSJVS, Vrinda. These are found best of all, in the
network of 8 NGOs coordinated by CCD in this study.

Example plan of such herba microenterprise for local health care is in annex 10.

Table 21- ROADMAP potential for herbal enterprise development in CG state

WILD CULTIVATION PROCESSING

Year 1: 2013 500 ton- Rs. 1 cr. 50 ton- Rs. 1 cr. Powders
Year 2: 2014 750 ton- Rs. 1.5 cr. 80 ton- Rs. 1.3 cr. Extracts
Year 3: 2015 1,000 ton- Rs. 2 cr. 100 ton- Rs. 2 cr. Products (2-3)
Year 4: 2016 1,500 ton- Rs. 2.5 cr. 150 ton- Rs. 3 cr. National marketing
Year 5: 2017 2,000 ton- Rs. 3 cr. 200 ton- Rs. 4 cr. Exports initiated

Note- it can reach Rs. 10 crore/ year scale in 5-6 years as IMPCOP or Oushadhi co. in TN & KL resp.

41
 REFERENCES:

1) Anon, 2011. Annual Report 2010-11 Chhattisgarh State Forest Dept, Raipur
2) Anon, 2009. Analyzing export option for herbs of Mahakaushal region, M. P. State. FISME.
www.fisme.org.in/HerbalStudy/Herbal_Study_CD.pdf
3) Anon, 2010. Project proposal on promotion of medicinal plants based neutraceutical, Cosmetic
& food supplements in Chhattisgarh state CG State Medicinal Plant Board, Raipur.
4) Anon, 2008. Report of the national workshop on NRFP held at Raipur, RCDC, Bhubneshwar.
5) Anon, 2010. Medicinal plants of Dantewara. http://dantewara.nic.in
6) Bajaj S. S., 2005. Working plan for Bilaspur forest division, CG Forest Dept, Raipur
7) Bisen, K. K., 2010. Working plan for Rajnandgao forest division, CG Forest Dept, Raipur.
8) Brinckman, T. 2008. Support To Sustainable Export Development Of Indian Natural Medicinal
Products: A Needs Assessment Study, AYSUH, New Delhi.
9) CGSIDC, 2007. Request for proposal for setting up herbal park at Dhamtari. Chhattisgarh State
Industrial Development Corporation Limited, Raipur.
10) Chandra S. 2007. Assessment of medicinal plants & its derivatives from (Chhattisgarh) & its
policy implications. Society for Social Service, Madhya Bharat Chapter, Bhilai.
11) Darshan Shankar, D. K. ved, K. Ravikuamr et al, 2002, Sustainable harvesting, conservation,
cultivation and marketing linkages for medicinal plants of andhra Pradesh. Foundation for
Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore.
12) Debnanth D. 2009. Sustainability of joint forest management in Chhattisgarh. A comparative
study of Income Generating Activities. Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal.
13) Gautam R. S. & Sharma D., 2010. Livelihood promotion through non timber forest produce. A
case study of Chhattisgarh state. The Livelihood School, BASIX, Bhopal.
14) Kala C. P. 2009. Aboriginal uses and management of ethnobotanical species in deciduous forests
of Chhattisgarh state in India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2009, 5:20.
15) Mishra M. & Jain P. 2003, Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh: Base line info. for UNDP project.
Foundation of Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore.
16) Mitchelle C., Corbridge M. Jewitt S L Mahapatra A & Kumar C, 2003. Non timber forest products
in Eastern India Dept of Foreign & Inst Development (DFID), Govt. of U.K.
17) Naik M. L. V. L. Kanuga, 2008 Ethno-botany of Bastar, Pt Ravishankar University, Raipur.
18) NMPB, 2008 Agro-technique of medicinal plants, National Medicinal Plants Board, Delhi.
19) Nanhoria R. 2010. Working plan for S. Sarguja forest division, CG Forest Dept., Raipur.
20) Panda B.B. Mishra P.K. Thakur R., 2010. Report of the study on Mahua sub sector for CG state
Institute of Rural Development (CGSIRD), by Livelihood School, BASIX, Bhopal.
21) Rath, Bikash, 2006. Globalization impact on medicinal plants. Vasundhara, Bhubaneshwar.
22) Sao, S. L. 2010, Working plan for S. Sarguja forest division, CG Forest Dept., Raipur.
23) Shankar Amit, 2003. super market of non timber forest produce in Chhattisgarh
(www.downtoeerth.org.in/node/12525)
24) Sharma S., Tyagi C., Singh L.K. & Rao Ch.U. 2008. Herbal medicines for market potential in India:
An overview, Acad. Jr. PI. Sci. (2) 26-36.
25) Subrat, N., Iyer, M. & Prasad Ram, 2002. The ayurvedic medicine industry: Current status and
sustainability. International Institute for Environment & Development, London.

42
 26) TERI (2004), Sustainable Exploitation, cultivation and marketing linkages of Non-Timber Forest
Products (NTFPs) in Andhra Pradesh, New Delhi.
27) Tiwari R. K., Oza B. M., Sinh A. & Sahu, A. K., 2005. Medicinal plants wealth of Chhattisgarh,
Agriculture University, Bilaspur.
28) Ved D. K. & Goraya G. S, 2008. Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India: A study for
National Medicinal Plants Board, New Delhi, by Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health
Traditions, Bangalore.
29) Ved. D. K., Kinhal, G. A., Ravikumar, K., Vijayshankar, S., Indresh B., 2003. Conservation
assessment of medicinal plants workshop at Bhopal- Report. FRLHT, Bangalore.

WEBSITES
1) CGMFPFED (www.cgmfpfed.org)
2) Jharkhand state forest department (JHKSFD, www.jharkhandforest.com)
3) Kerala state medicinal plants board (KLSMPB, www.smpbkerala.org)
4) Andhra state forest department (APSFD, www.ap.nic.in/apforest)
5) Tamilnadu state medicinal plants board (TNSMPB, www.tnsmpb.tn.gov.in)
6) Maharashtra state forest department (MHSFD, www.mahaforest.nic.in)
7) Orissa state forest department (OSFD, www.odishafdc.com)
8) Madhya Pradesh state forest department (MPSFD, www.mfpfederation.org,
www.vindhyaherbals.com).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. N. C. Pant, IFS & ex-CEO, CGSMPB for selecting us for theis study alongwith Dr. Haridasan,
Jt. Directro, IAIM & Mr. manranjan Bhanja, IFS, CCF, APFD. Dr. Ruchi Pant, Program Analyst, UNDP
guided us in the project, & Dr. Abdul Kareem, Jt. Director, IAIM. Dr. A. A. Boaz, IFS guided the project
initially & Dr. Pradip Pant, IFS, CEO CGSMPB towards the end very ably. Field work by all NGOs &
cooperation by all forest officials in the study contrinbuted hugely, as also by the traders & industry
representatives- Dabur, Himalaya, Natural Remedies, Emami & Dhutpapeshwar. Traditional helers’s
association of Chhatisgarh secretary Mr. Nirmal Kumar Awasthi & village botanists played crucial role
too. We are obliged to them all deeply.
SPECIES LIST
Amla- Emblica officianlis Kalmegh- Andrographis paniculata
Anantmul/ Sariva- Hemidesmus indicus# Kuchla- Strychnos nux-vomica
Arjun- Terminalia arjuna Kutaj- Holarrhena antidysentrica
Bael- Aegle marmelos Malkangani- Celastrus paniculatus
Behera- Terminalia belelrica Marodfalli- Helecteres isora
Bawchi- Psoralia corylifolia Musli (Safed)- Chlorophytum tuberosum
Bhelwa- Semecarpus anacardium Nagarmotha- Cyperus rotundus
Bhuiamla- Phyllanthus amarus Nisoth- Merremia/ operculina turpethrum
Baibidang- Embelia ribes Satavar- Asparagus racemosus
Charota- Cassia tora Vantulsi- Hyptis suaveolens
Giloy- Tinospora cordifolia Vidari- Pueraria tuberosa$
Gorakhmundi- Sphaeranthus indicus ($-Ipomea hederacea is also substituted)
Gudmar- Gymnema sylvestre (#Decalepis hamiltoni is often substituted)
Harra- Terminalia chebula

43
 Annex 1-

MAIN STAKEHOLDER’ CONTACTS

A) NGOS:

DIVISION NGO Coordinator Contact No.

1) South Sarguja Ma Shakambhari, Mr. Anil Pande 8959842877

Ambikapur
2) Kwardha Vrinda, Nagpur Dr. S. S. Bisen 9403930511
3) Marwahi Bhaishaj Sangh, Mr. N. K. Awasthi 9685441912
Pendra roar
4) Bilaspur RAHI Mr Anirudh Agarwal 9300914804
5) Dhamatari Bhagyashree herbal, Mr. Anil Choure 9893429054
Raipur
6) Kondagao Vikas Mitra Mr Dhanraj Kuldip 9425590817
7) Bastar Pradan, Jagdalpur Mr. Pradyut 9406539132,
Bhattacharya 9977701496
8) Dantewara Bastar samajik Mr S K Pande 9424284171
janvikas Samiti,
Jagdalpur

B) INDUSTRY:

NAME ADDRESS PHONE

1 Dr Brindavanam, Dir Plot No. 22, site IV, Sahibabad- 01204378581,
(R&D), Dabur 201010, Gaziabad (UP) 09810705066
2 Dr. Babu, Dir. (R & D), Makali, Bangalore, 562123, Ph. 080 900204343
Himalaya Drug Co. Ltd. 2371 4444
Mr. Arvinda, Manager As above 9980800042
(Agri), Himalaya
3 Mr. Suresh, Manager Plot no. 5B, Veerasandra Industrial 080-
(Purchase), Natural area, 19th K.M.Stone, Hosur Road, 40209908
Remedies Banglore-560100
4 Mr. Ranjit Puranik, MD, 135, Nanubhai Desai Road, 022-2382
Dhootpapeshwar Khetwadi-400004, Mumbai 5888
Ms. Seema Mali 135, Nanubhai Desai Road, 09833050803,
(Manager, purchase), Khetwadi-400004, Mumbai 0223003630
Dhootpapeshwar
5 Mr. Vishal Gupta, DGM 5th Floor , CPD 687 Anandpur, 03366136562
(Purchase), Emami Kolkatta
6 Mr. Anirudh Agarwal Pavan Herbal Co., Bilaspur 9039222677
7 Mr. Rajnish Awasthi & S-12 Green Paradise, Vishal Nagar 0771-
Mr Nikunj Harlaka, C. G. 3096649
Telibanda, Raipur (C.G) 492006
Herbal Co. Ltd.

44
 C) POLICY MAKERS
WITHIN STATE

SN NAME ADDRESS PHONE

1 Mr. A .K. Singh, CGMFPF VIP colony, Shankar 0771-2283249
nagar, Raipur 0771-2283249
2 Mr. Ramprakash, IFS, Aranya Bhavan, Raipur 0771-2552228
Director, CG State
Biodiversity Board
3 Mr. Badesha, Director, Health Department, 0771-2221642
Ayush dept., Raipur
4 Mr. Anand Babu, IFS, Govt. secretariat, Raipur
Director, NRHM
5 Ms. P. Sangeetha, IAS, Vikash bhavan civil line 0771-2423745,
SRLM, CG, Raipur Raipur 9425530424

OUTSIDE STATE

SN NAME ADDRESS PHONE

5 Mr. Balaprasad, IFS, NMPB, Chandralok 011-23319360
CEO, NMPB Bhavan, 36 Janpath, New
Delhi, 110 001
6 Mr. T. Vijaykumar, IAS, NRLM unit, Hotel Samrat, 0771-2423745,
Jt. Secy, MoRD, New Delhi 9425530424
7 Mr. G. A. Kinhal, AMD, Khel Parisar, Indira 0771-2674244,
MPMFPF, Bhopal Nikunj, 74 Bunglows, 9424790069
Bhopal 462003 (M.P.)

D) EXPERTS

SN NAME ADDRESS PHONE

1 Prof A. K. Geda, IGKVV Mahasamund road, Raipur 9425208647
2 Dr Sharad Nema, , Bastar University, Jagdalpur 09300790982,
IGKVV 078882239124
3 Dr. A. K. Pandey, P.O. RFRC, Mandla 0761- 2840799
Scientist, Tropical forest Road, Jabalpur, Ph:
research institute 2840799 Jabalpur

4 Mr. Uday Homkar, Polipathar, Jabalpur, 0761-2665540,

Scientist, State forest M.P. – 482 008 2666529
Research Institute

45
 E) TRADERS

DHAMTARI-
1. Mr. Karam Singh, Vishal traders
2. Nawab bhai, Dugli
3. Shantalal, Dhamtari
4. Agromen Centre, Nagri
5. Wahab bhai
6. Kasina bhai
7. Mr. S.N. Rathi 9425504809, 07222-239351/451 (Satyom herbs- supplier to Dabur, NRPL).

B. BASTAR-
1. Ramdayal Gupta, Geedam
2. Shivshankar Thakur, Geedam
3. Ramdayal Singh, Geedam

C. SARGUJA –
1. Mr. Satish Agrawal,
2. Mr. Ramesh Jaiswal

KATNI –
1. Mr. Ramswaroop
2. Mr. Umesh Kumar,
3. Dhaniram Barsaiyan

CHILPHI:-
1. Rajju,
2. Binda Seth,
3. Mr. Ramvilas

AMBIKAPUR–
1. Ramnarayan Agrawal,
2. Satish Agrawal,
3. Ramesh Jaiswal, Ganesh Trading

KONDAGAON–
1. Mahesh Traders, Ganesh Saw mill

RAIPUR- Santosh Herbal Extracts Private Limited, Pandri

BILASPUR-
1. Ramawatar Agrwal, Pipra
2. Mr Chimi Kesarwani, pendra Road

RAIGAD- Mr. kedia

MAHASAMUND- Mr. Dinesh Agarwal, 94252-15247

46
 F) GATHERERS
A -SARGUJA:
1. Manijer Tigga Beldhoop, Udaipur
2. Nohar Say Poorgoti, Lakhanpur
3. Radheshyam Rajwade, Patkura , Udaipur
4. Amar Say, Satringa, Udaipur
5. Etawar Say, Motringa, Udaipur
6. Teli Ram, Udaipur
7. Chakun Say, Sapanadar, Mainpat

B -BASTAR:
1. Kosibai , Kiskepara, Bastanar
2. Samlura , Kiskepara, Bastanar
3. Sonur Bhaskar, Bhagmundi, Bastanar
4. Ramsingh Teli, Banjarin mandi, Bastanar
5. Koparam kunjam, Karli, Geedam (Dantewada)
6. Suresh Kashyap, Bijaypur , Karli (Dantewada)

C- BILASPUR
1. Mr. Arun Shukla
2. Mr. Awdhesh Kashyap
3. Mr. Lok Nath
4. Mr. Shivprasad Kashyap, Kewachi
5. Mr. Chintaram Dhuri, Lormi
D. KANKER
1. Mr. Lakhiram, Gadpichwadi villager, kanker block
2. Mr. Sukhlal, Mardapoti villager, kanker block

G) FARMERS
A – BASTAR
1. UKHRAM Kashyap - Bastanar, Bastar
2. Ramsingh Kurion - Kilepal, Bastanar, Bastar
3. Budlron odi - Kilepal, Bastanar, Bastar
4. Manglu Bhawari –Karli, Geedam, Dantewada
B- DHAMTARI
1. Mr. Panchu, Coliari, Nagari
2. Hemwati Sahu, Nagari
C- BILASPUR
1. Mr. Kulast, Pali
2. Daulatram Raj, Chanadongari
3. Shivkumar Sahu, Kota, Bilaspur
4. Mr. Sukhram Rao, Ataria
5. Mr. Ramprasad, Thadpathra, Marwahi

47
 Annex 2- STAKEHOLDERS FEEDBACK

A) COMPANIES:
1) Dr Baba, Director, Dabur –Dabur wants to work jointly with the government & communities for
mutual benefit & sustainable natural resource development. We will disclose our purchase raw
drugs to the biodiversity board & work in collaboration with Biodiversity management
committees (BMC) with their consent. We will provide them buy back agreement revolving fund
& quality training as provided to GMCL, a community enterprise at Sheopur, M.P. We support
replanting of herbs in nature with revolving fund like Satavar, Giloy, Nagarmotha, Kutaj, Arjun,
Vidari etc. that are our main focal species. We today have about 1,000 acre of contract training
in Himalayas & few other states & follow Ayurvedic pharmacopeia regarding quality. We desire
strong community linkage in sales to body shop etc.

2) Mr. R.K. Agarwal, Chairman, NRPL – Good collection practice capacity building will help the
community & corporate both. For instance stearing Amla, deseeding & supply, boiling Amla, de-
seeding & selling helps both. We will provide advance like provided to GMCL /NGO’s if CFC set
up especially high trade items.

3) Dr S. Babu, Director (R&D), Himalaya – We wis to invest in replanting rare species like Seeta
Ashok. We also want quality raw drugs using GCP as GMCL provides from TN. We will provide
bank guarantee for loan against purchase as did with GMCL in TN. Corporate social responsibility
(CSR) would like to see eco-development in our supplier community villages. However, quality
standards of HDCL, taught by its visiting manager need to be followed rigorously. There are bit
above the NMPB specification.
B) POLICY MAKERS:
4) Mr. Ramprakash, IFS Secretary, SBB – There is no information today on industrial access of raw
drugs from the state nor is there any format or procedure. We are in process of evolving it. We
welcome industries for voluntary disclosure. They are free to obtain items from JFMC/local
companies without destroying the natural resources.

5) Mr. A.K. Singh, IFS & MD GCMFPF – Tendu & Sal with Rs. 350 & 150 crore trade annually in 2011
are huge responsibility. So we cannot focus on medicinal plants (these amount to Rs. 50-60 lakh
only annually). We tender the items through MARTS or traders can buy it as usual.

6) Dr Badesha, Director, AYUSH, Raipur – Privatization can be viable as found with Govt. AYurveda
Hospital of Raipur, now run well by Shridhaviyam Co. studies by FRLHT etc. have recommended
8 unique medicines of tribal to ICMR for drug development.

7) Dr Kulshreshtha, AYUSH, Raipur –There is no information on raw drugs bought by industries

infact traders buy there & supply to industries in metros.

48
8) Ms. Sangeeta, Chief, SRLM (State Rural Livelihood Mission) – Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran
Praiyajana (MKSP) program of National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) has NTFP scheme to
assist women groups in viable marketing NGO”s can seek it for community development In tribal
effusing extremism affected areas especially in South Chhattisgarh.

9) Mr. Ajay Sahoo, A.G.M. NABARD – CGSMPB returned grants of over Rs. 10 lakh they got from us
for a herbal cultivation project in 2010, due to poor extension/follow up. So we happy to
provide Private focused NGO/company like CCD/GMCL even a larger loan grant project.

10) Mr. Balaprasad, IFS, CEO, NMPB – We have now stopped NGO funding scheme but can fund
Public private partnership projects routed through the government as quality assurance project
for Chhattisgarh on cluster basis was earlier.

11) Dr A.M. Singh, DIG Forests – The govt. is planning NTFP board along the lines of NMPB.
However, absence of major industries of NTFP unlike in the pharmaceuticals is a constraint.

12) Dr A.A. Boaz, ex CEO, CGSMPB – Medicinal Plant user industries should invest in quality
production & community development for sustainability. JFMC can do much for this. Processing
marketing facilities can be just-2 in the state elsewhere only semi-processing is viable Minimum
Support Price (MSP) is unviable due to weak marketability. CAMPA can do a lot to plant herbs.
Degraded forests the tribal got under FRA can be suitable for herb farming we should also not
promote exotic species in forest areas.

13) Dr. G. A. Kinhal, AMD, MPMFPF, Bhopal- A medicinal plants based lab-factory unit like at
Barkheda pathani of the MPMFPF needs to be promoted for visibility, viability & growth as profit
centre within CGMFPF.

C) EXPERTS

14) Dr Mandar Akkalkotkar, Advisor ADMA – Quality planting material of rare trees used in
Ayurvedic industry is the biggest need e.g. Patola, Shyonaka herbal farming on tribal farmland
can be more lucrative for the also as food crops suffer from damage by the wildlife semi-
processed quality products such as Baibidang, just dried rind of Amla, Harda, Behera fruits, Giloy
& Satavar roots can be sold to many ADMA members in metros like Pune, Mumbai profitably
but it needs a manage to advertise, seek orders& do sales, recovery other option is to focus on
few value added items with known high market demand (Triphala, Satavari Kalp, Giloy sattva
etc.).

15) Prof A.K. Geda, DMAPR,Raipur – He is a faculty on medicinal plants at horticulture dept, Indira
Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (IGKVV), Raipur. He is state coordinator of ICAR (Indian Council
of Agriculture Research) project on medicinal plants in the state through its Directorate of

49
 medicinal & aromatic plants research (DMAPR). He said we have agro technology package &
some trainings but market linkage is poor so few farmers do herbal cultivation.

16) Dr Ramprasad, ex IFS & ex-PCCF, MPFD – Government must make micro enterprises & revolving
fund of the JFMC/FDA level & promote herbs farms on for sectoral development as we did in
Tripura Japanese Bank project quality planting material development & replanting in degraded
forests is necessary for conservation & development. Private forest like ‘Salai’ tree farm at
Sheopur can only be sustainable.

17) Mr. Ramsundar Das, Consultant, Orissa, SMPB – Govt. of Orissa may may start a producer
company with JFMC shareholding. We are also contracting NGO’s for marketing facilitation of
JFMC in 8 divisions.

18) Mr. Mahavir Jhangte, Secretary, Maharashtra, SMPB – We could reach herbal farming to over
4000 farmers in years due to experience in Managrapes campaign etc. We are promoting 3
AYUSH clusters.

D) OTHER STAKEHOLDERS

19) Mr. Mansani, Social worker, Kanker – Maize started in this area 10 years ago. Total it goes to
Rajnandgaon & then Punjab, Hariyana as poultry feed. There is scope to promote herb farming
similarly & sell to companies in metros similarly.

20) Mr. Agarwal, Trader, Raigarh – Lot of medicinal plants were sold to Kolkatta with WIFPS earlier
from Raigarh. But forest diversion to mining & industries of late has stopped this trade. State
monopoly on harda etc also spoils its stocks if unsold & presents us also from marketing.

21) Mr. Kulast, Farmer, Pali – I grow Amla, Sarpagandha, Buch, Kewach etc & sell to Pavan Herbs Co.
Bilaspur profitably. Others can also follow it other buyer are found.

22) Mr. Aniruhda Agarwal, Pavan Herbs – Govt. needs to provide market linkage & technology
development. Purchase of Ayurvedic medicine from small local companies for Govt. Ayurvedic
Hospital/NRLM can boost herbal sector in the state.

23) Mr. Kashyap, healer & gatherer – CGMFPF must avail Tendu godowns for herb storage in winter
& revolving fund to best fair trade in herbs.

24) Mr. Kedia, Trader, Raigarh- Lot of medicinal plants used to be traded to Kolkatta via Sambalpur a
decade ago. State monopoly on Harda etc. has reduced the trade & recent mineral industry
growth in the district has also reduced the NTFP collection effort & trade.

50
 ANNEX 3

MEDICINAL PLANTS STUDY METHODOLOGY

To assess the availability of medicinal plants & their cultivation/ trade status (current) or potential, field
studies are conducted. The availability or inventory is conducted using transects, with methodology
specified separately. The information on collection, cultivation & trade is obtained through interviews with
the gatherers, farmers & traders as below. The information for each district/ block is best discussed with
the local forest/ agriculture official to make it authentic, with the befit of their experience. Following is the
methodology adopted for the study.

Data collection in the field

Select 3-5 villages randomly per block/ district for study. The sampling formats (annexure A-3 to A-7) for
each of the trade levels– gatherer, agent or trader/healer, and industry.

Consult at least 3, preferably 5-10 members at each node of supply chain of medicinal plants to get an
estimate of various values. Sample of 30 individuals is best. Small group discussion improve the
information provided by individuals by correcting/ adding to it.

Data are complied & analyzed after compiling from all sources & sites. The results are verified by
stakeholder workshop/ experts.

Secondary data are obtained from paper, reports, reports of the Government - forest, tribal welfare,
marketing federations such as TRIFED, Research agencies, academician, industry etc.
Data Forms:

Form 1 s administered to gatherers and had such information as number of families involved in
gathering, number of days in a year for collection. season - wise species available and collected, volume
& value of price and quantity used for collection, activities involved in semi processing .

Form 2 is administered to the trade agents, with details such as their role strategy of purchase, semi
processing techniques. quality check, storage, packing, pricing and transport

Form–3 is administered among the cultivators with information such as selection of species for
cultivation, agro-technology, cultivation practices, post harvest techniques and marketing.

In the compiled report, include an analysis of the information with the name of the surveyer & forest/
agriculture department officer who is informed of this or preferably his/ her sign, seal. This will make it
authentic, reliable & make them aare of your study conclusion.

51
 DO’s
Friends- to tap or approach the people to consult through friends, to get information easily, reliably.
Samples- do take/ purchase/ show samples of species of interest to ensure certainty & develop interest.
DON’TS
1. Do not commit any immediate benefit or buyback etc. as it could backfire on you/ your contact
person.
1. Do not act like franchise (agent) of the industry or government as it raises expectation/ spoils
the work due to the past experience the interviewed person has with that agency.
2. Do not say you do this just for study, but explain you are in process of developing fair trade, so
that it is not ignored as a mere research project.

A) GATHERER”S SRUVEY
1. Gatherer’s name
2. Village, block, district-
3. Average collection area acre-
4. Species collected
5. SPECIES DETAILS (separate form per species)
6. Price Rs./kg
7. Quantity kg/ season
8. Market place
9. Quality norms-
10. Buyer
11. Season months (from-to):-
12. Any Processing done/ value added-
13. Problems faced-
14. Date & place
15. Surveyer
B) FARMERS’ SURVEY
1. Farmer’s name
2. Village, block, district-
3. Farm area acre Irrigated-Y/N
4. Crops grown
5. Income Rs./acre
6. Cost Rs./acre
7. Experience
8. Market place
9. Medicinal plants SP. In focus
10. Price
11. Quantity
12. Buyer
13. Season
14. Quality
15. Processing
16. Certification (organic/ fair-trade etc.)
17. Insurance
18. Loan- sources, amount, interest-
19. Date & place
20. Surveyer

52
 C) TRDER’S SURVEY
1. Species traded (separate form per species)
2. Price
3. Quantity
4. Trader
5. Season
6. Buyer
7. Transit permit, way bill, purchase order-
8. Any processing done/ value added-
9. Quality norms-
10. Packing type/ standards, cost-
11. Transport by-
12. Marketing regulation- toll post/ agri-marketing committee etc.
13. Date & place
14. Surveyer
D) TRANSECT DATA SUMMARY

Forest division, range/s name/s (there can be up to 5 sites in a range/ division)-

SP./TRANSECT 1 2 3 4 5 AVG
Site
Surveyer
Date
Sp. 1
2
3
4
5
6
.
.

Sp. Can be- Arjun, Bael, Ghamar, Triphala, Kutaj, Baibidang, Gudmar, Giloy, Kewach, Satavar,
Vidari. A separate field identification key for these with brief info is sent separately.

53
 E) TRANSECT SURVEY METHODOLOGY

Sampling approach- Forest plant resource sampling is done by transect method. Transect is a line. Plants
in 5 m on either side of the line are counted. So the width is 10 m & 1,000 m long, size of 1 1 ha.
Sampling design- Study each forest division using 5 distant (apart by 0.5- 1 km or more) plots, to get fair
representation of local species composition.
Transect layout- Forests survey is done by trekking along the transect, an imaginary straight line in the
direction of the compass. If footpath is available & not much curved, it can be followed, if it does not
cause canopy opening & change of plants due to it. Belt transect is preferred, with 1,000 m length & 10
m width i.e. 1 ha size. Its good to go around an area before laying transect to ensure it has sufficient
space or any diversions/ breaks needed due to sharp slope/ stream etc.
Measurement, marking- A rope about 40 m long with knots made on each 10 m is tied to a tree. Nylon
rope lasts longer. The rope passed across trees in 10*10 m imaginary quadrat. No. of individuals of plant
species of interest inside it is counted. Then the rope is untied & used to encircle the next quadrat
adjacent to it. With practice, only the central line ix extended every 40 m & plants inside of 5 m on
either side are counted. The trees to which the rope is tied are painted at chaste height to relocate for
future survey say to count the herbs in the monsoon.
Counting- Only the target species listed are counted along the transect to save time & focus on the
species under study. Other species may constitute majority of the individuals & may take much of the
time of the survey, which is unnecessary. Such counting is also called as “enumeration”. Only the
number of adult individuals of the focal species are counted in the belt.
Transect Summary- No. of individuals (adults) of target species is summarized for each transect.
Population estimate- No. of plants per ha will be estimated by average of 5 transects.
Yield estimate- The yield of produce (fruit/leaf/bark/gum) per species will be estimated by actual
harvest in the ripe phase from 3-5 matured plants & average value considered as standard. Only 60-70%
of the potential yield will be harvested from each plant to ensure sustainability. Alternatively, estimated
yield per adult plant will be told by the experienced gatherers.
Yield per unit area say ha will be estimated by no. of adult plants/ ha estimated above * yield/ plant.
Yield per give area say a block with be computed as average yield/ ha * no. of ha/ block.
Issues for Policy Study

1) Does the state give for medicinal plant tax sops/incentive to Industry/facilities?
2) What effort is done to train gatherer groups/VSS in good collection/management?
3) Do agriculture/horticulture/NABARD schemes/farmer centers/clinics/training programs/agri-
business/agri-unit/KVK include medicinal plants?
4) What facilities state has created/plans to collect trade or add value to medicinal plans?
5) What has been the progress of medicinal plants processed/sold by NTFP federation?
6) How much growth is observed in the last 5 yars reg. medicinal plant farming? Where? Does the
state have quality planting material (QPM) supply network, where & how? What is the seed
source, accreditation mechanism?
7) Is information on inputs, irrigation, machinery, where addition/export available for medicinal
plants?

54
 Annexure 4

MKSP-NTFP-PPP (Public private partnership) HERB DEMAND

Demand of various medicinal plants species with value by different industries

A medicinal plants consotium (MPC) is formed by 4 companies & 3 NGO’s in the sector as a
follow up of the Public private partnership (PPP) meeting held on 3rd Feb 2011 at Delhi, chaired
by Mr. Jairam Ramesh, Hon. Minister, Rural Development, Govt. of India, as part of the Mahila
Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojna (MKSP – women farmers empowerment scheme) of the National
Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM). Three major medicinal plants based pharmaceuticals
companies in the country joined to float the conservation – Dabur India Ltd (DIL), Himalaya
Drug Co. (HDCL) & Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd (NRPL), with the NGO the Covenant Centre for
Development (CCD), Madurai (TN, Chhattisgarh & Orissa, M.P) & its promoted community
enterprise- Gram Moolige Co. Ltd (GMCL) set up 12 years ago. Below is trade potential of MPC
in year 1 (2013).

ITEM TECH Quantity Price Value DIL HDC NRPL

(Ton) Rs./kg (Lakh) (ton) (ton) (ton)

Amla DIL 70 30 21 30 10 30

Arjuna HDL 50 15 7.5 10 20 20

Beheda DIL 50 10 5 30 10 10

Guduchi DIL 50 20 10 30 10 10

Guduchi NRPL 50 20 10 30 30 10

Harda DIL 60 15 9 30 30 20

Kalmegh NRPL 130 20 26 30 50 50

Kutaja NRPL 40 15 6 10 - 30

Makoy NRPL 130 25 32.5 40 30 30

Satavar HDL 90 100 90 20 20 50

TOTAL 720 208

Note- this is local village price, transport cost could be Rs. 1 per kg per 300 km
TECH- The said co. has & wil provide agro-/harvest/processing technology
The above values are below 10 % of annual requirement of these companies
So if convinced of quality & price effectiveness, they could purchase much more.

55
 MEDICINAL PLANTS TRADE ESTIMATE Annex 5
5-A) Indian Medicinal Plants- TOP 30 TRADED SPECIES in descending order- FRLHT- NMPB 2007

16000 20
500 850 43
5000 70 35
5000 50 25
2000 100 20
10000 20 20
10000 15 15
! " 500 25 13
! # 5000 25 13
$ % 5000 25 13
% 10000 10 10
& 1000 100 10
70000 273
! "#
% ' 5000 45 23
' 5000 40 20
! ' 5000 35 18
#( ' 5000 30 15
$ ) ( % ' 5000 20 15
% ! ' 5000 25 13
% ' 5000 25 13
$ % "## ' 10000 10 10
$ & ' 5000 20 10
! ( ' 5000 20 10
! ' 10000 10 10
*% ' 5000 20 10
TOTAL 70000 167
CULTIVATED- C
2000 18 36
$ + ( 5000 70 35
$ % 5000 50 25
% ,, 2000 100 20
% $ "(% 2000 80 16
& 200 750 15
% * 2000 75 15
' $ 5000 25 13
% 5000 25 13
+ 2000 55 11
30200 199
HIMALAYAN FOREST- HF 6500 301
176,000 1,000

56
 Annex 5-B) HERB TRADE INDIA- NBRI, 2008
OTHERS
C. INDIA Himalaya, W. India, S. India
Price Rs. K/ Value Rs. Price Rs. K/ Value Rs.
ITEM TON ton Crore ITEM TON ton Crore
Bach 150 120 1.8 Atis 20 4000 8
Gheekunwari 200 15 0.3 Akkarkara 50 250 1.25
Kalmegh 250 16 0.4 Daruhaldi 500 100 5
Satavar 500 70 3.5 Deodar 200 100 2
Safed musli 25 1200 3 Dalchini 300 500 15
Nagarmotha 150 20 0.3 Guggul 500 300 15
Bhringraj 500 20 1 Kesar 5 30000 15
Vaividang 200 60 1.2 Mulethi 5000 100 50
Anantmul* 200 150 3 K. Kachari 400 60 2.4
Kutaj 150 20 0.3 Jaiphal 500 500 25
Vasaka 500 15 0.75 Jatamanasi 200 200 4
Kaunch 200 50 1 Kutki 200 500 10
Amla 100000 20 200 Cubeba 150 100 1.5
Vidari# 200 45 0.9 Piparmul 200 400 8
Chitrak 500 30 1.5 Pepper 150 500 7.5
Kuchala 1000 25 2.5 Senna 1000 100 10
Seeta
Jamun 300 20 0.6 Asoka 1200 20 2.4
Beheda 500 12 0.6 Chirayata 300 500 15
Harda 500 10 0.5 Clove 150 600 9
Guduchi 1000 15 1.5 Ajwain 200 100 2
Askand 500 125 6.25 Tagar 150 200 3
Ginger 500 125 6.25 211.05
108025 2183 237.15
*- uncertain is mixed with Makali- Decalepis
#- could be Pueraria mixed with Ipomea TOTAL Rs. Cr. 448.2

57
 Annex 5-c) NMPB own estimate- 2004

! " # $ $ $
%&&'( %&&)(
&% &* !
)-
../01 23/40 .. 5 23/40 05 146
#( .115 .36/ 03 .36/ 01 7
$ + ( /1.6 63.4 63 63.4 /1 64
$% ## /153 31/.2 35 31/.2 .5 27
! 04.0 77.. .1 3 77.. 05 23
! # ## 5043 /145 67 /145 .5 18
! ( $ # .1/4 .36. 34 .36. 35 3
316.5 37756 35 3 37756 /1 117
8# $ 04 73 3/ . 73 2.5 3
* ..54 .600 63 .600 35 4
%&" $ 0.6/ 5210 3/ 6 5210 .5 14
! ..30 .645 31 5 .645 .5 7
'&+++% 433

'9 * (( 3515 .526 36 . .526 371 41

' : % # %% 4/0 3071 35 6 3071 351 20
% ( ,#,,# 0660 7.41 37 0 7.41 311 63
+% 8 2.2 546 33 7 546 3.5 7
# & 75 313 35 2 313 511 5
$ ./1 224 34 2 224 2111 179
675 3.45 31 3.45 ..5 29
%$ $ 3232 34.7 46 34.7 ..5 41
% # 0.. 02./ 01 02./ .51 86
" "# & 334/ 34.6 35 5 34.6 05 6
; $ 7/5 47/ 4/ 47/ 351 13
% < ..1 03/ 3. 6 03/ .01 7
+%% 705 31/0 36 3 31/0 451 91
# 7270 337// .3 4 337// 35 18
,,-%. 606
1034

W- West, C- Central, H- Himalaya, S- Southern India.

58
 Annex 6-

AMBIKAPUR MART SALES GOAL (2011-12)

S.NO SPECIES QUANTITY PRICE VALUE

(Quintal) Rs/kg Rs. ‘000
1 Van Tulsi Beej 120 14 168
2 Arjun Chal 117 11 129
3 Kalmegh 4 18 7
4 Anantmul 24 47 114
5 Behera 34 6 208
6 Bhelawa Beej 4 8 3
7 Kewanch Beej 15 60 20
8 Djawaiphool 5 12 6
9 Amaltash 2 30 6
10 Indrajo 3 100 30
11 Amla 4 70 28
12 Safed musali 5 726 360
13 Baibidang 3 150 45
14 Nagarmotha 20 20 40
15 Honey 10 ½ kg=130, 1kg = 195 200
(24% less)
370 1364

Note- 1) Mahua Beej- 2,500 quintal & Mahul pattal (leaf)- 1,000 quintal are the main items in
addition to the above here.

2) At the above scale, 6 MARTS in the state could sell about 180 ton of herbs annually. This is
about 1% of the current trade estimated from the state. But actual sales of MARTS are low, as
per the statement of the CGMFPF HQ, Raipur. Also, CGMFPF focus is on Tendu leaf & Sal seed
that are sold about Rs. 300 & 150 crore annually resp. in the state.

59
 Annex 7
NRLM-MKSP– project summary
Medicinal plants based livelihoods & rural healthcare for the tribal in Kanker district
Covenant Centre for Development (CCD), North India Unit, Durg, Chhattisgarh
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (Up to 1000 words)

This a project proposal for 3 years to empower 1,000 women in about 20 villages of 4 blocks in
Kanker district through livelihood security & social energisation. It will be executed by by
Covenant Centre for Development (CCD), Durg. CCD has head quarters in Madurai &
coordination office for its N. Indian projects since 2008 at Durg, Chhattisgarh that will coordinate
this project also. CCD promoted Gram Moolige Co. Ltd. (GMCL) owned by women NTFP
gatherer groups in Tamilnadu in the year 2000 guided by the NGO Foundation for Revitalization
of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT) Bangalore It has a branch in M. P. & opening one now in
Chhattisgarh, that will provide market linkage initially, till local producer company of the MKSP
NTFP project beneficiary women groups targeted here becomes operational in 3 years time.
For, GMCL already has marketing fair operations with Dabur, Himalaya, Natural Remedies cos.

CCD will build the capacity and institution of the women in Kanker distruct for Good Agriculture
& Collection Practices (GACP), value addition and profitable marketing. GMCL, the community
owned enterprise will be responsible for initial market access. FRLHT will be responsible
guiding the health security related elements of the program. CCD will receive funds, share with
community based organizations (CBOs) & FRLHT as per approved budget. CCD will compiled
& report the accounts & physical progress to CG SRLM (Chhattisgarh state rural livelihood
mission) through Kanker district administration.

This project aims to improve livelihood security through value addition & assured market access
to non timber forest produce (NTFP) with focus on medicinal plants. It aims to raise the income
2-3 times & save their healthcare expenses, besides improving productivity of NTFP by
scientific and sustainable wild harvest and reducing disease burden by revitalizing use of
medicinal plant based "local health traditions" (LHTs). It aims to benefit about 1,000 poor tribal
women on forest borders in the 4 blocks of Kanker district:- Kanker, Charama, Bhanupratppur &
Narharpur. . About 70% of these will gain both better income & health from the project, while the
rest only better health (these include the old, disabled, or people engaged in other occupations
so not dependent on this project for livelihoods).

The project would generate sales of NTFPs worth minimum Rs. 1 core from the beneficiaries,
about the size of this project. It is about 3 times that of today as per the recent sample survey
conducted by CCD, that showed women gatherer income from NTFP as Rs. 3,000-5,000/ per
year. Also it is mostly earned from Tendu leaf collection & sales that leads to addiction, a social
evil. It is proposed to focus here instead on health & nutrition. -. Income per woman could be
Rs. 10,000/- (ten thousand) about 2.5 times the present, to overcome poverty. It will also
empower the women by savings, bank linkages, skill, knowledge & leadership development,
exposure, institutionalization. It will provide them a greater voice, credit, insurance and
infrastructure facilities & empower them in the true sense.

60
The project will also build the women’s ability to aggregate, add value & collective marketing of
NTFPs (non timber forest produce) such as Tamarind, Chironji, leaf plates etc. besides gum, lac
and honey. Capacity of the women groups will be built by setting up production facilities for Post
Harvest Management (PHM) such as collection kits, credit linkage, and insurance, better supply
chain management systems (tools & procedures). It will provide them access to working capital
& infrastructure (storage facility, transport) & assured market access by avoiding the middlemen.

Sustainable agriculture promotion is another goal of the project such as System of Rice
Intensification, crop diversification such as horticulture, animal husbandry, dairy etc. that are
often women controlled. FRLHT will guide the project regarding health issues as Malaria,
anemia, dirrohea & other water borne diseases (WBD) such as jaundice, hepatitis etc prevail
here. Proper diet-nutrition & proven traditional knowledge based herbal remedies can improved
the health & save medical expenses & wage loss. About 40 Women Community Resource
Persons (CRPs), will be developed as local leaders, 2 per village. Infrastructure will be mostly
on leased basis to reduce fixed capital cost & can be built later by bank term loan.

NABARD Chhattisgarh has examined CCD work & offered it recently a loan project of Rs. 30
lakh with Rs. 5 lakh grant for 3 years in Kanker & Bastar. CCD also recently completed a UNDP
project through CG state medicinal plants board (CGSMPB) to develop strategy & action plan
for medicinal plants in the state. MKSP NTFP project offers scope to follow it up & upscale the
NABARD project. CCD has secured letters of support & investment of Rs. 10 lakh each for the 3
year period from the 3 leading companies in the medicinal plants sector- Dabur, Himalaya &
Natural Remedies due to the PPP (Public private partnership) nature of the project. CCD may
also get UNDP GEF (Global Environment Facility) Project of budget Rs. 25 lakh for 3 years in
Chhattisgarh to promote women eco-enterprises. This can complement the MKPS project.

b) Rational for support under MKSP

The rationale is that most of these women groups are-

1. Novices, thus have poor savings & bank linkages,
2. No knowledge or ability to enter markets significantly &
3. Their collectivization & institutionalization will thus need significant external support from
an experienced & established entities such as CCD and GMCL.
4. Health security using low cost, local herbs will need FRLHT guidance,

Nearly all the areas proposed to be covered in the project are tribal predominated, steeped in
poverty, illiteracy, remoteness & lack of infrastructure, commerce . Hence, there is need for
vibrant social development to reduce the risk of growing armed conflicts. Women can do this
best as they provide stability to the society & fight social evils. They have proven this in many
cases such as in liquor eradication by collective protest.

Budget

The budget for this project is Rs. 1 crore of which CCD will raise about Rs. 0.5 crore i.e. 50%
from other donors. The budget sections comprise of capacity building 32%, revolving fund 40%,
health care 15%, project management 7%, common facilities & overheads 5% each.

61
 Annex 8

NABARD CCD PROJECT BRIEF

UPNRM PROPOSAL: 2012-5

Name of the Organization and The Covenant Centre for Development (CCD)
Status
Project Title Medicinal plants cultivation for food and social security in
southern Chhattisgarh
Project Location Bastar, Kondagao and Kanker districts
Project Context Chhattisgarh state in central India is hilly, forested and with
large tribal population, with nearly half of the families
being poor. Agriculture underdevelopment is the root cause
of poverty, which is causing hunger, distress and even
causing unrest and triggering armed conflicts. Agriculture is
primitive & dryland, dominated by rice, unable to provide
decent income. The project will thus attempt to improve
irrigation status and crop diversification including
medicinal plants as cash crops by building capacity of the
Farmers clubs and women groups here. Market access will
be ensured through tie up with the corporate and primary
processing infrastructure & skills will be built for better
price & income. A producers’ organization will be
promoted for long term sustainability.
Project Budget Rs. 30 lakh
Expected return on investment 15%
Total Loan Requirement Rs. 24 lakh
Justification of how your activity Agriculture backwardness in Chhattisgarh is caused by the
qualifies for UPNRM loan facility poor irrigation facilities & other technology adoption
(crops, seeds, machinery etc.). Such backward linkage
improvement is a must for better yield and income, which is
focus of UPNRM. But this is viable only with a strong
market & financial linkage- i.e. bank loan. Remunerative
crops, quality seeds and improved agro-technology is
needed for higher farm growth and income. Both the above
are possible only if a sound farmers’ organization is
incubated to manage both way linkages, which is lacking
today. Hence, the activity of institution building, farming
improvement and market linkage suits UPNRM here.
Strong agriculture growth will also lead to infrastructure
development and reduction in social distress, thereby
reducing the risk of armed conflicts.

62
 Detailed Proposal
Project Details:
Goal: What is the overall goal of the current project?-
To promote medicinal plants cultivation as viable enterprise for poverty alleviation & ensure food &
social security in the backward, insecure parts in Central Indian forest margins.
Objectives:
1) To promote medicinal plants intercropping & sustainable collection through farmers & women
gatherer groups amongst the tribal.
2) To ensure its viability by ensuring market security through prior agreements with pharmaceuticals
companies at fair / higher price than the local traders.
3) To set up collection / semi processing centers, producer organization & systems for long term
sustainable development including natural resources.

The first two are short term while the 3rd one is a long term objective.

Following changes are expected due to these interventions-

a) The project proposal here seeks to replicate our success in Southern India in this scheme to start a
new business live here. Presently the so called lucrative species viz. Safed musali & Ghikanvari
cultivation is much promoted but much failure there by bringing disrepute to the medicinal plants
field. Instead we could promote alternate species with long term, high demand & fair price with
prior buy back agreements. This will reduce the marketing risk.
b) The farmers / gatherers today sell the medicinal plants for poor price to the traders. Instead, if
they promote a federation / company owned by them, they can aggregate the produce & sell
directly to the pharmaceutical companies profitably. We have experienced this in TN & in Lohara
block, Kawardha District, Chhattisgarh State.
c) Aggregation centers, storage facility, semi-infrastructure building like processing equipment etc.
enhance the product value by 15 – 30%, benefiting the producer community that much, besides
creating additional jobs (work in such Postharvest management).

Target Community: The project will work with about 150-200 farmers/ women in 3 blocks- 2
each from Jagdalpur & kanker & Kondagaon. Majority of the beneficiaries aimed are tribal,
below poverty line, including the landless who depend on collection & sales of the forest
produce, including medicinal plants in it or from the wastelands (e.g. Bhringraj, Gokharu). Total
number of beneficiary families is about 500.

Project Activities:
a) Group Orientation & Organization – Here the existing farmers / gatherers will be assembled in
villages & told about farming collection & trade potential, including value addition as a collective
enterprise. Its benefit potential, including for their livelihood improvement, including better price

63
 insurance, risk reduction will be explained. Case story of our Southern Indian work will be told.
Their consent will be obtained for such work here & they will be organized as the farmers clubs /
women’s Joint liability groups (JLG) or Self help groups (SHG). If such groups exit, their
members interested in the medicinal plants activity will be selected & regrouped, if needed.
b) Training & exposure – The groups will be trained in the Good agriculture & collection practices
(GACP) module of the developed in an earlier project in Orissa with CCD. They will be taken for
exposure to Balangir, Orissa or other nearby suitable places like Dhamtari with successful
cultivation marketing entrepreneurs for self learning & motivation.
c) Input / Market agreement – CCD will ensure market assurance through agreement with the buyer
co.’s like Dabur etc. to reduce the producer risk or distress sales & ensure fair price similarly
input supplies (seed / growth promoters) will e ensured besides technology, training & periodic
monitoring (guidance through Krishi Vigyan Kendra- KVK).
d) Production – This involves land preparation provision of Quality Planting Material (QPM) & its
sowing, manuring & cultural operations (weeding, irrigation, growth promoters’ pest & disease
management) Monitored on weekly basis by the staff & monthly basis by the experts from KVK.
e) Marketing – Harvest & semi processing (Post harvest management: PUM, including drying,
grading etc) & storage will be organized. It will be guided as above in 2-3 months period to get
the price rise advantage of “delayed marketing” in the local markets. If based on prior contract,
the price will be fair one, minimum 50% above the cultivation cost, avoiding local trader’s
exploitation earlier.
f) Income & benefit sharing – The buyer companies’ pay with 3-6 weeks credit but it often takes 2-
3 months to realize their payment in CCD’s experience. To meet with consumption cost in this
gestation period & the cropping season working capital will be arranged as loan from this project
& assigned to the product groups. Once the payment is credited, RF spent will be replenished &
enhanced to handle the next business cycle. The balance, considered as profit will be shared
equitably with producers in proportion with their contribution to the material sold, as incentive to
motivate them for the future business activities through this platform than their local traders.
Working capital is also needed for seed purchase, payment for irrigation, farm labor &
machinery, during the monsoon period, when income from the earlier harvest is over. Thus, many
farmers seek loan from moneylenders at 5-8% interest p.m. due to lack of bank access given the
weak documentation, poor literacy, other constraints. Thus, working capital for 6 months period
can cover this as well as market gestation at just 9% interest p.a.
g) Institutionalization & Governance - Community based organizations (CBO) as revolving fund
(RF). The CBO’s associations / federation of farmers’ clubs (FC) & women self help groups
(WSHG), will be organized block wise. These can be registered as Society or Producer Co. or
Corporative or Small scale industry (SSI) as they desire & as suitable locally to ensure the long
term sustainability & growth of the initiative, including access to schemes of Agri. Dept./ micro-
enterprise dept. etc. or tie up to the corporate under the public private partnership (PPP) mode.

The activities above will be conducted by the producer groups (FC & WSHG) under the guidance of the
local CCD / NGO staff on weekly fortnightly basis & the visiting experts (KVK / outside) intermittently.
CCD central team will monitor the work progress on monthly basis including a quarterly joint review
meeting of all the 3-4 block coordinators for also future quarter planning. NABARD will be provided
every 6 monthly report & regular repayment from December 2012.

64
Key Challenges/Issues: What are the key challenges and how one has attempted to minimize
them while designing the activities?
1. Social insecurity due to the conflict & violence here is a key problem. However, it will be
minimized by focusing move on CBO activities than NGO / government as the latter attract move
friction from the destabilizing elements.

2. Weather fluctuation is another challenge sought to be met by watershed development.

3. Another potential challenge is political interference that will be similarly handled in partnership
with the communities.

4. Weak leadership or poor skills & fragile organization are other challenges to be dealt with
through careful guidance & incubation by CCD staff / local partner NGO’s. Addiction is a
challenge to be met with women empowerment & awareness building.

5. Corruption is a risk to be minimized by the strict budget control & transparency.

Expected results:
Developmental Impact:
About 500 farmers from the 3 clusters together will earn Rs. 15,000/- each i.e. 2-3 times the present
income. This could ensure family food security, nutrition & health, besides education.

Easy credit, insurance, market linkage & producer organization will be other vital outputs.

Policymaker’s faith in medicinal plants for livelihood development will be buttressed again. This can be
replicated elsewhere after 2-3 years through other NGOs & CBOs by their exposure visits here for the
multiplier effects.

Time Frame: Give the time frame envisaged for each activity.
Programme Management: CCD will implement the project directly in Kanker while in Bastar,
through 2 local NGOs- Bastar janvikas Samiti in Jaggdalpur block. First staff training will be
conducted & then quarterly review & planning meetings by the PI for timely progress. CCD staff
will visit the field on monthly basis fo review & guidance & also visit markets/ potential buyer
companies & expert agencies like KVK to seek cooperation.
The project will adopt the following management strategy:
a. Strengthening the existing FC/ SHG & forming new groups if gaps exist.

b. Federation of FC/ WSHGs to be constituted & registered as trust/ society as

suited locally first.

c. Registering Federation as Small scale industry (SSI)/ cooperative/ producer

company in the 3nd year.

d. Seek support from Govt scheme such as NABARD, Micro-Small-Medium

65
 Enterprise (MSME) Dept. as appropriate.

e. Training of the gatherer/ farmer groups in good collection/ agricultural/

processing practices of medicinal plants & other non timber forest products
such as gum, lac, honey, silk, etc, quality control, marketing.

f. Marketing of NTFPs through GMCL first & local producer agency later.

g. Guidance & handholding of local SSI/GMCL/ Producer Company/

Cooperative units for 2 years for business management e.g. transport,
documentation, finance management etc.

Monitoring and Evaluation: What will be the system for the Monitoring and evaluation of the
project? Describe how progress will be tracked and the outcomes of the project will be
monitored. What indicators will be used to assess and measure whether project objectives are
being achieved?
The project will set up a local Project Management Committee (PMC) comprising 5 representatives of the
farmer/ women groups, with at least 2 women. Three NGO representatives including the PI & the 2 other
NGOs will also be part of it.

PMC members will be explained the project calendar & budget initially. PMC will meet quarterly to
review the progress & address gaps, if any and plan ahead, physical & financial targets.

CCD & partner NGOs will appoint a Project Advisory Committee (PAC) comprising of 4-5 honorary
members. They will consist of 1 other NGO representatives in the district, 1 govt. official, 1 agri/forestry-
expert & 1 management/ marketing expert, to review the project on 6 monthly basis.

Indicators to be used to assess the quarterly project progress include-

1) no. of farmers’/ women’s groups (existing) oriented/ formed (new ones, if gaps exist) in
medicinal plants
2) No. of groups trained in collection, cultivation, post harvest management
3) Buyers surveyed & tapped through prior marketing agreements
4) Experts/ service providers tapped- for quality seed, agri-technology
5) Production (collection/ planting area planned, management practices adopted, yield,
aggregation, post harvest management)
6) Marketing, income & benefit sharing, including investing for the future.

66
 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6

Loan 10.00 10.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Own Funds 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sales Realisation 24.00 48.00 72.00 79.20 87.12 95.83
34.50 58.00 82.00 79.20 87.12 95.83

Fixed Assets# 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Collection 5.25 10.50 15.75 17.33 19.06 20.96

Farm produce 13.13 26.25 39.38 43.31 47.64 52.41
Admin Expenses 3.21 9.58 10.00 10.48 11.02 11.64
Income Tax 1.21 0.99 2.55 2.00 2.44 2.91
Loan interest Repayment 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70
Loan principle Repayment 0.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
30.50 50.02 70.38 75.82 82.86 90.62
!" 0.00 4.00 11.98 23.60 26.98 31.24
Add Surplus (less deficit) 4.00 7.98 11.62 3.38 4.26 5.21
!" 4.00 11.98 23.60 26.98 31.24 36.45

# minimal facilities like storage shed, tools, vessels will be provided at 3 sites

67
 # (Rs. In Lakhs)
$%& '$() * + ,

Collection 5.25 10.50 15.75 17.33 19.06 20.96

Cultivation 18.75 37.50 56.25 61.88 68.06 74.87
*- *.- / - /0- ./- 0+-.
$1

Purchases 5.25 10.50 15.75 17.33 19.06 20.96

! 1.05 2.10 3.15 3.47 3.81 4.19

2 *- 0-*+ *-/ /- .-/ -+.
3
Purchase 13.13 26.25 39.38 43.31 47.64 52.41
" " # #
Less Closing Stock 3.28 6.56 9.84 10.83 11.91 13.10
2 0-.* -0/ ,- 0 * - *,-+, + -
$ # "
% " "
& '% #
(% % #
% % )* 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70
% ! % )* 0.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
* #
+ % 0.40 " #
+-0 - . -/ - . -/ *- *
$1 0-0+ **-/ , -*0 / -+ /0- .,- *
" 1 *- + - .-+ ,-,. .- 0-,0
* ( ,- ". ## #
( 1 -. - +-0+ *-,. +-,0 ,-/.
Profit % of sales 12 5 8 6 7 7
year on year growth % NA 100 50 10 10 10
ASSUMPTIONS There will not be drought/ calamity.
The collectors provide Rs. 3,500 worth medicinal plants each annually,
The farmers will provide Rs. 12,500 worth medicinal plants each annually
The produce can be sold at 30% higher price, but 20% will be sold next year
There will be 100% growth in the 2nd year & 50% of it in the 3rd year due to new clusters
There will be 10% business growth annually from 3rd year, double the GDP growth rate
Packaging cost is 2%, storage 3%, moisture loss & transport 5% each, to reduce progressively

68
 Table 3- SPECIES WISE COST BENEFIT PROJECTIONS

COST Rs. INCOME

Loss-
Moisture Over- COST- Price Profit
MONTH Collection Storage Packing Transport etc. heads total Rs./kg Rs. Profit %
WILD
Satavar Apr 90 4.5 1.8 9 2.7 18 108 120 12 10
Baibidang May 55 2.75 1.1 5.5 1.65 11 66 75 9 12
Vidari Nov. 40 2 0.8 4 1.2 8 48 55 7 13
Giloy Feb. 15 0.75 0.3 1.5 0.45 3 18 23 5 22
Arjun Oct. 15 0.75 0.3 1.5 0.45 3 18 24 6 25
Kutaj Dec. 18 0.9 0.36 1.8 0.54 3.6 21.6 26 4.4 17

FARMED
Ashwagandha Mar. 65 3.25 1.3 6.5 1.95 13 78 95 17 18
Bach Nov. 90 4.5 1.8 9 2.7 18 108 125 17 14
Kewach Feb. 40 2 0.8 4 1.2 8 48 62 14 23
Kalmegh Sept. 18 0.9 0.36 1.8 0.54 3.6 21.6 26 4.4 17
Tulsi Oct. 12 0.6 0.24 1.2 0.36 2.4 14.4 18 3.6 20
NOTE- total of producers is over-estimate due to overlap, seed cost is 15% of the price, other inputs 15%, labor 20%
 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF CHHATTISGARH- MAIN TRADED SPECIES DATABASE Annex 9

SPECIES TYPE Wild PART REMARK VALUE ADDITION SCOPE REMARK

Amla W/C 30% Fr Open forest Pulping by boiling, deseeding Vulnerable raw
Anantmul Powdering, grow on bamboo shelf Viable for farming
Arjun Powder/extraction/Arishta abundant species after Sal/dhaura.
Bael W/C 30% Fr Open forest Fruit pulp powder by drying, seed oil for Needs replanting, bark, root also used
geriatric care
Behera W 80% Fr Dense forest Fruit shell powder as herbal
Bawchi W 30% Fr Open forest
Bhelwa W 30% Fr Open forest Seed oil sales to cancer drug Co’s
Bhuiamla W 40% Fr Wasteland Powdering leaves, sales for live52
Baibidang W 40% Sd Forest Powder/decoction for Arishta Viable for farming
Charota W 50% St Waste/open Seed for dye, tannin
Giloy W/C 30% Fr Forest Extract or ‘Sattva’ i.e. powder, cooking Viable for farming
Gorakhmundi W 40% Lf Fallow - -
Gudmar W 40% Fr Forest - -
Harra W 50% w/l Forest Fruit shell powder Raw fruit monopolized, some estimate
it as vulnerable’ but we find it
Kalmegh W/C 30% Sd Open/waste Seed sales, separate leaves, powder Viable for farming
Kuchla W 25% Sd Forest Seed extract, export -
Kutaj Arishta making sales to NRHM for diarrhea cure
Malkangani W 30% Fr Forest Seed oil Viable for farming
Marodfalli W 40% Rt Open
Musli (S) W/C 20% Rt Open/farm Powder
Nagarmotha W/C 30% Rt Open/farm/wa Oil extraction
ter
Nisoth W 15% Rt Open Powdering
Satavar W 20% Rt Forest Powdering/reboiling ‘Kalpa’ -
Vantulsi W 30% Rt Open Oil extraction/powder -
Vidari W 20% Rt forest Powder -
W- Wild, Fr- fruit, L- leaf, Rt- root, Sd- Seed, W- whole. All the plants above are found in all zones of CG state & nearby states.

70
 Annexure 10

Herbal farm- micro-enterprise concept

Below are herbal remedies tried tested & proven by CG State traditional healer association led
by Mr. Nirmal Kumar Awasthi. They are ready to set up a small factory at Ataria on 50 acre land
leased by the local Panchayat in the Bilaspur district & grow some herbs as needed. Dr. Dangi
Guru Ghasidas University Pharmacy Dept is ready to guide this excercise. The medicines
prepared can also be provided to ASHA- women health volunteers at village level in the Mitanin
program of health department. At least 20-30 Malaria cases occur per village each monsoon &
over 1 million per state totally. They spend Rs. 500/- on average for cure & effect o Chlorquine
is reducing. Total spend would be Rs. 50 crore/ state. Even if Rs. 250/- worth herbal medicines
are provided to them, it would save 50% of cost of the patients & earn Rs. 25 crore to the folk
healers/ herb medicine factory/ Government. Clinical trials as Mumbai hoispital have proven
Nyctanthes arbortristis to be safe & effective in this, besides proven Neem & Kalmegh use.

1) Malaria – Apamarg , Aparajita, Gataran, Munga ok Lahsun, Adrak, Shahad

2) Diawhoea – Giloy, Gorakhgania
3) Anemia – Satavar, Ashwagandha, Vidari, Hanspad
4) Arthritis – Nirgundi
5) Eye care – Gulbakwali, Triphala
6) Fever – Kalmegh
7) Jaundice – Peeli katevi, Munga
8) Cholera – Karonda
9) Hepatitis – Punarnava, Bansen
10) T.B. – Kasaundi, Mandukparn
11) Diabetes – Kasturibhendi
12) Piles – Apamarg (Blue)
13) Blood pressure – Arjun, Pashanbhed
14) Sickle cell anemia – Giloy, Tulsi, Kalimirch, Jimikand
15) Delivery – Aparajita, Patha, Hathjod
16) Gynecology – Satavar, Dashmul, Dhawai
17) Leucoderma – Charota, Sadabahar
18) Filaria – Indrayan (Citrulus colosynthus).
 Annexure 11

SUCCESSFUL FARMERS

Following are the cases of farmers who cultivated medicinal plants successfully. These can be models for
others to replicate yet since the medicinal plants market is limited & specialized, mass replication is
difficult. Over production could kill like Safed Musli case. A prerequisite of most of there cases their “tie
up” with the local/ state or national buyer industry.

IIFM reviewed1 the medicinal plants farming initiated by M.P forest dept in western M.P (Malwa) in
N.M.P.B. project in 2007 to 2010. It was found that the more failed due to no marketing assurance
arrangement. Also, the farmers cultivated less but claimed more subsidy, team members say informally.
So subsidy based scheme may not thus succeed, as all examples below are outside it, voluntary.

Dr A.K. Pandey, an expert in Medicinal plants & forest products from Tropical Forest Research Institute
(TFRI), Jabalpur says that only a few farmers & few species succeeded in cultivated produce &
marketing- Bach, Kumari, Kaunch, Pashanbhed, Safed musli, Sarpagandha, Tulsi while Satavar is mostly
planted by forest dept. Kalihari is suggested but has no certain markets he said. He cited the 1st example
below as a success story. Rest are narrated by Mr. N. K. Awasthi (Ph. 9685441912) & checked by Dr.
Ghate/ Mr. Dubey except the last 2 that they promoted themselves.

1) of Mr. Fularam Patel, Kund in Mandla district on Chhattisgarh border. He has about 13 acre land
has irrigation, Pashanbhed, Sarpagandha, specializes in making seeds & sells to other farmers.
They sell produce to the local vaids, pharmaceuticals include Sanjivani Herbs of MPMFPF.

2) Mr. Chintaman Dhuri (ph. 9755299213), Village Sagar, Block Lormi, District Mungeli (earlier
Bilaspur) has 3.5 acre land & irrigation. He grows Kumari, Satavar, Sarpagandha & Steria. He sells
to local market to healers. He has about Rs. 1.4 lakh income/year from herbs i.e. Rs. 40,000/-
per acre for purposes below –

Satavar – as tonic as laddu for pregnant women. Root sold at Rs. 160/- per kg sold to Pansari
(sweetmeat/petty & shops).
Sarpagandha – Root sold at Rs. 360/- kg to Dr S.K. Singh, Telipara. He is specials in Diawhoea
medicine from Mango leaf, Tomar beej also, a reputed psychologist who manufactures
neuropathy medicines himself in Jagriti pharmacy, a proprietary micro enterprise.
Kumari – Rs. 8/- kg sold locally in raw dried leaf farm, now price lose to Rs. 12.5/- kg.
Kounch (black) – sold at Rs. 60/- kg (seed) to Pavan Herbs from tonic making.
Kalmegh – Rs. 13/- kg about 6.5 quintal / year (mostly will) sold to Mr. Sunil Jain, a trader
nearby.
Arjun Chal (Bark) – Rs. 5/- kg collected from local farm bund trees sold to traders locally.

1
Mishra M. & Kotwal, P. C., 2010. Assessment of success & failures in cultivation, processing & marketing of
medicinal plants in the Malwa region, central India. Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal.

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3) Mr. Jankiprasad Kulast (Ph. 7489753883), Village Madan, Block Beltora, District Bilaspur. He has
about 8 acre land mostly dryland & earns about Rs. 3.5 lakh/year from herbal farming.

He sells herbs mainly to Traders Co’s from Bhopal Dr Goswami of Bharat Pharmacy, Bhopal &
Indore is his regular customer. CG MFPF unit of Sanjivani Herbal at Donganala is another buyer
just 8 km away. He has applied recently to CGSMPB for recognition to other farmers locally. He
is interested to grow Pipali (Piper longum). His herbs grown are –

Baibidang – 25,000 plants

Khamon – 150 trees (bark/root)
Kalmegh – 2 Quintal at Rs. 9.5/-kg
Kadam (bark) Pavan herbs
Pipal (bark) – Rs. to cure piles.

4) Baidyanath Kashyap (Ph. 9753154788), Thakurpara village, Takhat Taluka , Dist Bilaspur. Has 5
acre land irrigated grows Amla 0n 3 acre is traditionally as farmer of Giloy since generations.
Sells in local markets at Rs. 9.5/- kg dried stem. Also sells Mehandi to local women groups to
poweder at Rs. 100/- kg.

5) Viadya Shivkumar Kashyap, Village Kewachi, Pendra Taluka, Dist Bilaspur. Grows Ratigunia
(Abrus precatorius). Has just 40 chitrak for root yield. Uses himself as a viad. He sometimes sells
herbs to Mr. Sunil Jain above also collects & sells wild herbs through nearby community. This
includes Jamun guthli (seed), Patalkumhda, Harra, Beheda (runs an Ata chakki & grinds last 2
species in it), Satavar, Kalmegh.

6) Mr. Shobharam , Village Saraipatera, Block Lormi, Dist Mungeli. Has 3.8 acre land semi irrigated,
grows Satavar , Sarpagandha, Giloy. Sells to Jagriti Pharma, Bilaspur said above.

7) Mr. Bodhram Kanwar, M.L.A. Hardibazar assembly constituency Dist Korba. Has 3 acre irrigated
land. Grows Ghikumari , 2 crops/year. Sells at Rs. 8-10/- per kg green leaves locally.

8) Mr. Anand Ramechoure, Village Sambalpur, Post Balconagar, Dist Korba. Has 1.2 acre farm
irrigated. Grows Kasturi bhendi. Sells to Pavan Herbs, Bilaspur to make Sugarnil tablet. He yields
@ 500 kg/yr & sell as for Rs. 75/- kg. i.e. Rs. 37,500/- so Rs. 30,000/- per acre/year.

9) Vaidya H.D. Gandhi, BIMS (Ph. 9424631467) – He is a traditional healer, also with bachelor
diploma of Integrated Medicine at Bhopal. He is consultant to Sanjivani herbal, M.P &
Chhattisgarh. He procures Kumari from many farmers & manufactures medicine for sickle cell
anemia cure from it & sells in his clinics, above Sanjivani outlets. Key to success of Kumari
farming is pulp making.

10) Vaidya Yuvari Patil (Ph. 8806376055)– He is Ayurvedic Physician in Anjangaon block, Dist
Amravati, MH State. He grows Pipali (Piper longum) in his 8 acre irrigated farm traditionally. He

73
 gets a yield of 2 ton worth Rs. 5 lakh/year i.e. Rs. 1 lakh/acre/year. He sells it at Rs. 420/- kg to
Dabur Co. besides locally at Rs. 400/-sales to Dabur was facilitated by GMCL, channeled through
local farmer club named Ujjwal, registered as small scale industry (SSI) in the district industries
centre (DIC) with central sales tax (CST) & value added tax (VAT) registration.

11) Mr. Ravindra Meshram (Ph. 9424388855) Village Lal durba block, Balaghat, M.P. State has 23
acre land, partly irrigated. He grows Bach on 5 xare, sells locally at Rs. 35/- per kg wet & Rs. 80/-
per kg dried form. M/s Jain Traders, Indore also buy it. He got seed from Indore.

He also grew Sarpagandha on 1 acre last year & sold roots at Rs. 3,000/- per kg. He got seed at
Rs. 4,000/- per kg from Jeypore district, Orissa. He has farmer friend Mr. Rajkumar Dewangan in
Maharashtra district, CG State, with similar experience.

They also collect medicinal plants from nearby forests & sell to local traders e.g. Arjun, Kutaj,
Gudmar, Malkangni.

CULTIVATION ZONES FOR HERB SPECIES

Species Soil Elevation Rainfall Zones

1. Anantmul Loam 0-1000 600-2500 C, S
2. Ashwagandha Sandy loam 300-600 600-1000 C,S
3. Bach Clay loam 0-1500 900-2500 All
4. Baibidang Sandy loam 300-1500 All
5. Giloy Sandy 0-600 800-1500 C, S
6. Kalmegh Well drained, all types 0-600 800-1500 C, S
7. Kewanch Loam 0-800 1000-2500 All
8. Satavar Sandy loam 0-800 800-2500 All
9. Tulsi Sandy loam 0-1000 750-2500 C, S
Note: Zones C – Central, S – South, N – Northern (high elevation some places above 1,000 MASL in
northern zone, so frost occurs, so is not suitable for some species).

74