DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS /
COMMUNICATIONS 2
• 8 possible output phases (M=8)
• incoming bits are grouped into tribits (N=3)
• I (In-phase) and Q (Quadrature) bits determine the
polarity of the output
• C or control bit determines the magnitude of the
output.
• The output of I and Q level converters can never have
the same magnitude but can have the same polarity.
• Polarity:
Logic 1 = +V Logic 0 = -V
• Magnitude:
Logic 1 = 1.307 V Logic 0 = 0.541 V
• Baud rate: • Highest Fundamental
𝒇𝒃 Frequency:
𝒃𝒂𝒖𝒅 =
𝟑 𝒇𝒃
𝒇𝒂 =
• Bandwidth 𝟔
𝒇𝒃
𝐁=
𝟑
For a tribit input of 010, determine the output phase for the 8-PSK transmitter.
Ans. -67.5 degrees
• It is a form of digital modulation whose digital
information is contained in both the amplitude and
the phase of the transmitted carrier.
• It reduces the possibility of errors.
• More efficient than FSK and QPSK but more
susceptible to noise
• There are two possible output magnitudes and 4
possible output phases.
• I and Q bits determine the polarity while the C bit
determines the magnitude.
• The magnitude of I and Q PAM signals are always
equal.
• Baud rate: • Highest Fundamental
𝒇𝒃 Frequency:
𝒃𝒂𝒖𝒅 =
𝟑 𝒇𝒃
𝒇𝒂 =
• Bandwidth 𝟔
𝒇𝒃
𝐁=
𝟑
For a tribit input of Q = 0, I = 0, and C = 0 (000), determine the output amplitude and phase
for the 8-QAM transmitter
Ans. 0.765 V, -135 degrees
16-PSK
Digital Modulation
• It is an M-ary encoding technique where M=16.
• There are 16 different output phases possible.
• Acts on the incoming data in groups of 4 bits, called
quadbits.
Digital Modulation
Digital Modulation
Digital Modulation
• Bandwidth: • Highest Fundamental
𝒇𝒃 Frequency:
𝑩= 𝒇𝒃
𝟒
𝒇𝒂 =
• Baud Rate: 𝟖
𝒇𝒃
𝐛𝐚𝐮𝐝 =
𝟒
Digital Modulation
• The output does not change until 4 bits (quadbit)
enter the modulator.
• 16-PSK is highly susceptible to phase impairments
introduced in the transmission medium, and hence,
seldom used.
• It can undergo only 11.25° of phase shift to retain its
integrity.
Digital Modulation
16-QAM
Digital Modulation
Digital Modulation
• I and Q bits determine the polarity while I’ and Q’
determine the magnitude
• Polarity:
Logic 1 = +V Logic 0 = -V
• Magnitude:
Logic 1 = 0.821 V Logic 0 = 0.22 V
Digital Modulation
Digital Modulation
Digital Modulation
Digital Modulation
• Bandwidth: • Highest Fundamental
𝒇𝒃 Frequency:
𝑩= 𝒇𝒃
𝟒
𝒇𝒂 =
• Baud Rate: 𝟖
𝒇𝒃
𝐛𝐚𝐮𝐝 =
𝟒
Digital Modulation
For a quadbit input of I = 0, I’ = 0, Q = 0, and Q’ = 1 (0100),
determine the output amplitude and phase for the 16-
QAM modulator.
Ans. 0.850 V, -105 degrees
Digital Modulation
For a 16-QAM modulator with an input data rate equal to
10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine
the minimum double-sided Nyquist frequency and the
baud.
Ans. 2.5 MHz, 2.5 Megabaud
Digital Modulation
• It is used to compare the performance of one digital
modulation technique to another.
• Generally normalized to a 1-Hz bandwidth.
• Sometimes called information density or spectral
efficiency.
𝒇𝒃
𝑩𝜼 =
𝑩
where:
𝑩𝜼 = bandwidth efficiency (bps/Hz or bits/cycle)
𝒇𝒃 = transmission bit rate (bps)
𝑩 = minimum bandwidth (Hz)
For an 8-QAM system, operating with an information bit rate of 24 kbps, determine (a) baud,
(b) minimum bandwidth, and (c) bandwidth efficiency.
Ans. 8 kilobaud, 8 kHz, 3 bits/cycle
For 16-PSK and a transmission system with a 20 kHz
bandwidth, determine the maximum bit rate.
Ans. 80kbps
Digital Modulation
[1] Ampoloquio, J. M. (2005). Self-Sufficient Guide to Electronic Communications Engineering.
[2] Beasley, Jeffrey. (2014) Electronic Communications. Pearson.
[3] Frenzel, Louis. (2016) Principles of Electronic Communication Systems. Mc Graw Hill Higher
Education. 4th Edition
[4] Gupta. (2016) An Integrated Course in Electronics and Communication Engineering. S. K. Kataria
& Sons
[5] Ha, Tri. T. (2011) Theory and Design of Digital Communication Systems. Cambridge University
Press
[6] Meadows, Jennifer H. (2018) Communication Technology Update and Fundamentals. Routledge.
[7] Rice, Michael. (2018) Digital Communications: A Discrete-Time Approach
[8] Sharma, Sanjay. (2015) Digital Communications. S. K. Kataria & Sons
[9] Sklar, Bernard. (2009) Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications. Aitbs India. 2nd
Edition
[10] Tomasi, W. (2014). Advanced Electronic Communications Systems. Harlow: Pearson Education
Limited.
QUESTIONS?
