›Pronouns
Rapa Nui…Easter Island 22
Rapa Nui, or Easter Island, located in the South Pacific, is
famous for its giant statues called moai. These statues are an
important part of the Rapanui culture, but many mysteries
surround the Rapanui and their statues. Everyone who has
ever studied the moai has his or her own theories about how
and why these statues were carved, but no one knows the
exact answers to these questions because so much of their
culture has been lost. The population of Rapa Nui at its peak
was between 6,000 - 10,000. However, by 1877, due to many
factors including disease, warfare, and slavery, the population
of the island had fallen to just 111. Since then the population
has grown, and today, it is just under 4,000 people. The
Rapanui have overcome many difficulties and the near loss of
their culture. The moai statues, however, are one reminder of
their long cultural history. 23
Possessive adjectives are followed
immediately by a noun.
Many mysteries surround the Rapanui
and their statues.
24
Possessive adjectives are followed
immediately by a noun.
Many mysteries surround the Rapanui
and their statues.
poss.
+ noun
adj.
25
Possessive adjectives are followed
immediately by a noun.
Many mysteries surround the Rapanui
and their statues.
poss.
+ noun
adj.
Whose statues?
26
Possessive adjectives are followed
immediately by a noun.
Many mysteries surround the Rapanui
and their statues.
poss.
+ noun
adj.
Whose statues? The Rapanui’s
27
Use a plural generic noun to avoid problems
with masculine or feminine pronouns.
28
Use a plural generic noun to avoid problems
with masculine or feminine pronouns.
Correct,
Easier but complex
solution
A studenthave
Students has his / her
their own/ his or herofown
theories why the
theorieswere
statues of why the statues were carved.
carved.
29
In formal English, use a singular pronoun to
refer to an indefinite pronoun.
Everyone who has ever studied the Rapanui
has his or her own theories about how and
why the statues were carved, but no one
knows the answers.
30
In formal English, use a singular pronoun to
refer to an indefinite pronoun.
Everyone who has ever studied the Rapanui
has his or her own theories about how and
why the statues were carved, but no one
knows the answers.
31
With informal English, a plural pronoun is
usually used.
FORMAL
Everyone who has ever studied the Rapanui
has his or her own idea about why the
statues were carved.
32
With informal English, a plural pronoun is
usually used.
FORMAL
Everyone who has ever studied the Rapanui
has his or her own idea about why the
statues were carved.
INFORMAL
Everyone who has ever studied the Rapanui
has their own idea of why the statues were
carved.
33
Use a singular, gender-neutral pronoun when
the collective noun refers to a single
impersonal unit.
The population has grown since then, and it is
just under 4,000 people today.
34
Use a singular, gender-neutral pronoun when
the collective noun refers to a single
impersonal unit.
The population has grown since then, and it is
just under 4,000 people today.
What is the collective noun?
35
Use a singular, gender-neutral pronoun when
the collective noun refers to a single
impersonal unit.
The population has grown since then, and it is
just under 4,000 people today.
What is the collective noun? The population
36
Use a singular, gender-neutral pronoun when
the collective noun refers to a single
impersonal unit.
The population has grown since then, and it is
just under 4,000 people today.
What is the collective noun? The population
Is it a single unit or a group?
37
Use a singular, gender-neutral pronoun when
the collective noun refers to a single
impersonal unit.
The population has grown since then, and it is
just under 4,000 people today.
What is the collective noun? The population
Is it a single unit or a group? A single unit, so use it.
38
Practice 1
Choose the correct completions.
1. The huge statues are famous for their / theirs large
eyes staring up into the sky.
2. Tourists often take his or her / their pictures next to
the moai.
3. The population of Rapa Nui is a mix of different
nationalities. It is / They are 60% Rapanui and
about 40% people from other countries such as
Chile.
4. Everyone has their / her theories about why the
moai were carved.
39
Practice 1
Choose the correct completions.
1. The huge statues are famous for their / theirs large
eyes staring up into the sky.
2. Tourists often take his or her / their pictures next to
the moai.
3. The population of Rapa Nui is a mix of different
nationalities. It is / They are 60% Rapanui and
about 40% people from other countries such as
Chile.
4. Everyone has their / her theories about why the
moai were carved.
40
Practice 1
Choose the correct completions.
1. The huge statues are famous for their / theirs large
eyes staring up into the sky.
2. Tourists often take his or her / their pictures next to
the moai.
3. The population of Rapa Nui is a mix of different
nationalities. It is / They are 60% Rapanui and
about 40% people from other countries such as
Chile.
4. Everyone has their / her theories about why the
moai were carved.
41
Practice 1
Choose the correct completions.
1. The huge statues are famous for their / theirs large
eyes staring up into the sky.
2. Tourists often take his or her / their pictures next to
the moai.
3. The population of Rapa Nui is a mix of different
nationalities. It is / They are 60% Rapanui and
about 40% people from other countries such as
Chile.
4. Everyone has their / her theories about why the
moai were carved.
42
Practice 1
Choose the correct completions.
1. The huge statues are famous for their / theirs large
eyes staring up into the sky.
2. Tourists often take his or her / their pictures next to
the moai.
3. The population of Rapa Nui is a mix of different
nationalities. It is / They are 60% Rapanui and
about 40% people from other countries such as
Chile.
4. Everyone has their / her theories about why the
moai were carved.
43
44
Walking among the gigantic moai, one can’t help but be filled
with questions. How were they built and later moved? Why did
they face away from the sea? Did the islanders believe each
moai itself had special powers? Was each one a statue of a
famous person? The answers to some of these questions are
known, while others remain a mystery. Almost all of the moai
were carved at a single site inside an extinct volcano crater.
They were carved by hand with stone chisels, and each statue
represents an important person. Transporting the massive moai
required large amounts of timber. Some believe that the moai
were placed on logs and rolled to their destinations. As more
statues were made, more logs were needed, leading some
scientists to speculate that the Rapanui themselves might
have played a role in the deforestation of the island. 45
Use reflexive pronouns when the subject and
the object of a sentence are the same
person.
The Rapa Nui might have played a role themselves
in the deforestation.
46
Use reflexive pronouns when the subject and
the object of a sentence are the same
person.
The Rapa Nui might have played a role themselves
in the deforestation.
Subject ? Object ?
47
Use reflexive pronouns when the subject and
the object of a sentence are the same
person.
The Rapa Nui might have played a role themselves
in the deforestation.
Subject Object
48
Use reflexive pronouns when the subject and
the object of a sentence are the same
person.
The Rapa Nui might have played a role themselves
in the deforestation.
same meaning
The Rapa Nui themselves might have played a role in
the deforestation of the island.
49
Use reflexive pronouns for emphasis.
Did the islanders believe each moai itself
had special powers?
50
Use reflexive pronouns for emphasis.
Did the islanders believe each moai itself
had special powers?
What does itself The islanders
emphasize? The mo’ai
51
Use reflexive pronouns for emphasis.
Did the islanders believe each moai itself
had special powers?
What does itself
emphasize? The mo’ai
52
Use You, One, and They as impersonal
pronouns that refer to “people in general”
Walking among the gigantic figures, you can’t
help but be filled with questions.
53
Use You, One, and They as impersonal
pronouns that refer to “people in general”
Walking among the gigantic figures, you can’t
help but be filled with questions.
Who does the you refer to?
54
Use You, One, and They as impersonal
pronouns that refer to “people in general”
Walking among the gigantic figures, you can’t
help but be filled with questions.
Who does the you refer to?
Someone, anyone, people in general
55
Use You, One, and They as impersonal
pronouns that refer to “people in general”
Walking among the gigantic figures, you can’t
help but be filled with questions.
Walking among the gigantic figures, one can’t
help but be filled with questions.
Same meaning, but one is much more
formal than you.
56
Practice 2
Using the pronouns provided, create your own
sentences about Rapa Nui.
1. (one) _____________________________.
2.(themselves) ________________________.
3.(you) ______________________________.
4.(itself) _____________________________.
57
58
Fossil evidence shows that Rapa Nui used to have many
different kinds of trees. However, there are now no trees on
Rapa Nui. One theory for the lack of trees is that gradually
colder temperatures killed the trees. Another is that the
people themselves cut down more and more trees in order to
transport and erect the growing number of moai. Still others
point to a combination of factors from overpopulation, wars,
climate change, and moai construction. Whatever the actual
reason, did anyone stop to question the effects of their
actions? As the Rapa Nui chopped down the last remaining
trees one after another, did they ask each other where new
trees would come from? Or did everyone just assume there
were more trees on the other side of the island? The answer
will never be known, but for the island of Rapa Nui hope
remains. Seeds of the island’s trees have been found in
museums and may be reintroduced in the near future. 59
Use forms of other as either adjectives or
pronouns.
One theory is that colder weather killed all the
trees. Another theory is that lack of rain killed
them. Others include cutting down all the trees
for firewood or using the trees to transport
moai.
60
Use forms of other as either adjectives or
pronouns.
One theory is that colder weather killed all the
(first example)
trees. Another theory is that lack of rain killed
them. Others include cutting down all the trees
for firewood or using the trees to transport
moai.
61
Use forms of other as either adjectives or
pronouns.
One theory is that colder weather killed all the
(first example)
trees. Another theory is that lack of rain killed
adjective + noun
them. Others include cutting down all the trees
for firewood or using the trees to transport
moai.
62
Use forms of other as either adjectives or
pronouns.
One theory is that colder weather killed all the
(first example)
trees. Another theory is that lack of rain killed
adjective + noun
them. Others include cutting down all the trees
pronoun
for firewood or using the trees to transport
moai.
63
Other is used in many different expressions.
64
Other is used in many different expressions.
They chopped down the last remaining trees
one after another.
65
Other is used in many different expressions.
Separate events that occurred very close in time
They chopped down the last remaining trees
one after another.
66
Other is used in many different expressions.
Separate events that occurred very close in time
They chopped down the last remaining trees
one after another.
Without trees, the Rapanui couldn’t move the
moai. They tried every other way they could
think of but none worked.
67
Other is used in many different expressions.
Separate events that occurred very close in time
They chopped down the last remaining trees
one after another.
Alternative
Without trees, the Rapanui couldn’t move the
moai. They tried every other way they could
think of but none worked.
68
Other is used in many different expressions.
Separate events that occurred very close in time
They chopped down the last remaining trees
one after another.
Alternative
Without trees, the Rapanui couldn’t move the
moai. They tried every other way they could
think of but none worked.
The people helped each other move the moai.
69
Other is used in many different expressions.
Separate events that occurred very close in time
They chopped down the last remaining trees
one after another.
Alternative
Without trees, the Rapanui couldn’t move the
moai. They tried every other way they could
think of but none worked.
Reciprocal relationship
The people helped each other move the moai.
70
Practice 3
Complete the sentences with a form of other.
1. Most tourists come to Rapa Nui to see the moai.
____________ come to see the beautiful beaches.
2. ____________ island I’ve visited has palm trees,
but Rapa Nui does not.
3. With only 4,000 people on the island, neighbors
have to help ____________ with large projects like
building houses.
4. Scientists have found ____________ five mo’ai
buried under a landslide.
71
Practice 3
Complete the sentences with a form of other.
1. Most tourists come to Rapa Nui to see the moai.
Others
____________ come to see the beautiful beaches.
2. ____________ island I’ve visited has palm trees,
but Rapa Nui does not.
3. With only 4,000 people on the island, neighbors
have to help ____________ with large projects like
building houses.
4. Scientists have found ____________ five mo’ai
buried under a landslide.
72
Practice 3
Complete the sentences with a form of other.
1. Most tourists come to Rapa Nui to see the moai.
Others
____________ come to see the beautiful beaches.
2. ____________
Every other island I’ve visited has palm trees,
but Rapa Nui does not.
3. With only 4,000 people on the island, neighbors
have to help ____________ with large projects like
building houses.
4. Scientists have found ____________ five mo’ai
buried under a landslide.
73
Practice 3
Complete the sentences with a form of other.
1. Most tourists come to Rapa Nui to see the moai.
Others
____________ come to see the beautiful beaches.
2. ____________
Every other island I’ve visited has palm trees,
but Rapa Nui does not.
3. With only 4,000 people on the island, neighbors
have to help each other
____________ with large projects like
building houses.
4. Scientists have found ____________ five mo’ai
buried under a landslide.
74
Practice 3
Complete the sentences with a form of other.
1. Most tourists come to Rapa Nui to see the moai.
Others
____________ come to see the beautiful beaches.
2. ____________
Every other island I’ve visited has palm trees,
but Rapa Nui does not.
3. With only 4,000 people on the island, neighbors
have to help each other
____________ with large projects like
building houses.
4. Scientists have found ____________
another five mo’ai
buried under a landslide.
75
