Ad 1.1 Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT sys- tems, of the following quantities, which appear in Table 1.1 {a) angular velocity, (b) energy, (€) moment of inertia (area), (@) power, and (e) pressure. (0) engular velocity = i a a isplacerment ime (4) energy ~ capacity of body 4 do work Since work = force x disfane, energy = EL or with pa pyz-2 «energy = (eT )(t) 3 me?r? 6€) moment of inerha(area) = secend mement of area (2*)CL) (a) power = rate of doing work = Fl = pyro! 7 7 fer = bar Mr (€) pressure = foes Fos py? ree £. area La Ne = (mit) (44) = Mae'r?42 1.2 Determine the dimensions, in both the FLT system and MLT system, for (a) the product of force times volume, (b) the product of pressure times mass divided by area, and (e) moment of a force divided by velocity. (a) dovee x volume = (F)(U3) = ace Fa mir Loree x volume = (M27?) (13) = Ltr-? area Le = peer? & (mut (ct) Pensa ia eee eee = at (a) Preosare xe mace (Fu*Nin) , (PLIEL ri) (ey lement of a force . FL T velocity y7! —€ 4 length, and y afd property bav- ich of the ‘combinat ing dimensions tions tare dimensionless: (a) Vév, (b) Vélv,(c) V*v, (@) Viev? cay VAV & (LT “WL)ldtr-) = LIT? (rot dimensionless) wa) V4 = (TNL) s pere iw “tT YD te) Viv = et ULT) S LIT? Coot dimensionless) (dimension less) ay Moe Goa Vv Ger) = be (not _dimensionless )Lit A The force, F, of the wind agains a building is given by F = CopV"A/2, where Vis the wind speed, p the density ofthe air, A the crass-seetional area ofthe bulding, and Cis a constant termed the drag coefficient. Determine the dimensions ofthe dag coefficient, FeQ,eVA or Cy =2F/e VA, where F2MLT™* e= me VeLt! Thus, AaL* Cy SCMLT*)/[imee*)(2 7 (27)] = MPL? TT? Hence, Cy is dimensionless.1.5. If Vis a velocity, determine the dimensions of Z, a, and G, which-eppearin-the dimensionally homogeneous equation V=Ya-1)+G V= 2-146 Ler] * [z][e-9] + [6] Since. each term m The €guatin must have the sane drinensions, 1 follous thed Zs LT! of = PLT? C dimensionless sinie cembiied or with 4 number) 6= 477! I-s1.6 Dimensionless combinations of quantities (commonly {alle dimensionless parameters play an important roe in uid mechanics, Make up five possible dimensionless parameters by using combinations of some of the quantities listed in Table 1.1 Some possible examples: : acceleration x time , (L777) = ere velocity (LT-) Frequency x hime (T(r) = T° (velocity) * : (ir-)* apr length « acceleraton § (.) (L777) : r MT) pyere force xtime . (FAT) , LP Ds peer Tmementum ~ (MLT!) (FrLDT) u density « velocity « length (oar Mer Me) wer dynamic viscosity ML'T [-647 1,7 The volume rate of low, 0, through a pipe containing x slowly moving liquid is given by the equation aR‘ Ap Sut ‘where Ris the pipe radius, Ap the pressure drop along the pipe, a fluid property called viscosity (FL~77), and € the length of pipe. What are the dimensions of the constant 7/8? Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation? Explain, Q erie fe [utr] ={8) fet-] The Consbant Tp Um} system. Yes. Is dimensionless, and the eguahon 13 @ general homogeneous Cguation that i valrd th any Consistent48 J.B The pressure difference, Ap, scross a paral blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is approximated by the equation nM (MH Yee ap go gM yor where V isthe blood velocity, the blood viscosity (FL“"T), prthe blood density (ML~*), D the artery diameter, Ag the area of the artery, and A, the area of thestenosis. in Determine the dimensions ofthe constants K, and XK, Would this equation be valid in any system of units? aps ky Ah + el ale Ve 2feraf Je Dro) = [a J BVEKE)) NES] IE] [ro] kl ee - fete) Since each term must have the same dimensions, K, and K, are dimensionless. Thus, the equation is a general homogeneous €guation that would be valid sh ang Consistent system of units. Yes. & be 1-8Aa 1.9) According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy loss per unit weight of uid flowing throdgh 4 nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula 1h = (0.04 to 0.09)(D/d)*V?/2g ‘where his the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Explain, 4 = (0,04 f 0.09) (2) [eee [o-o te 0.09] [SE] EVE [1 ]2 [2.04 0.09] [t] Since each term in The eguation must have the Same dimensiwns, the comstend term (0.04 0,09) must be dirnensionless, Thus, The Cgaatioy is & general homogeneous ep uation That 1s valid jn any system of anit. Yes.full L410 Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends on an elastic modulus, E,, with dimensions FL ~?, and the fuid density, p, in the form (E,)*(o). If this is to be a dimen- sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and 4? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq. 1,1) * c= (E, ad Since C347 =FL* p=FL'T [ere] [e"] * For 2 climensionally homogeneous 2fuaktion each term ln the eguation (must have the same dimensions. Thus, the vight hand side of £3 (1) must have The dimensions of LT! There fre, (Lo eliminate F) arb= Zh=-l Cte satisty Condition on T) Lat¢b=-1 Che atsty conditen on L) Lt Allows Tht a=4 and b:-4 So That je This result is consistent with The standard formula hr the Speed of sound. Yes. 1a bi111 A formula to estimate the volume rate _of the dam (called the head). This formula gives of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is Q in ft/s when B and H are in feet. Is the con- given by the equation stant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation = 3.09BH be vali fants othe than fet and seconds were where #1 is the depth of the water above the top Q= 307 Bu% « [er] = BorfiJ [LI (7-] = [soe] [1 Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions the constant 3.09 roust have dimensions of L*T~! and is therefore not dimensionless . No. Since the constant has dimensions its value will change with » change in units. No. lel}7.13 1.13 Make use of Table 1.2 to express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min, (b) 4.81 slugs, (¢) 3.02 Ib, (d) 73.1 ft/s*, (e) 0.0234 Ib-s/ft®. @ 10.28, = (a2 %,) (25s 2) ( Len) Ges = 4324107 2 = 432 22m Ss (4) 48 slags= (427 sigs ) (4459410 4)- 70.2 £4 ce) 302 b= (2028 )( 440 #) = san @) 73.1 4: (731 4) (aorraw' % ) 223 es (é) 0.0234 es (0.234 'S2) (1.709400 13 br1.14 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km, (b) 8.14 N/m’, (¢) 1.61 kg/m’, (€) 0.0320 N-m/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr. (a) 142 kim q (42.x10%m) (220 £)= Abb xsot tt 4 a) Bm AS ib (8.14 & ) (to s66x10" #2). ENRHI Fis Im 4 4 -3 slugs. e (2) 16) 48 = (4%) (0x10? 52). 312 x10" sess ae as Mu i ~1 ft: (a) 00320 2 = (0.0320 "") (a anx0' 4 ) - isa Mam -2 Lt = Z23bx10 (2) 5,67 MH = (547x107 7) (3201 #) Lhe ~b = S/7 x10 a1.15 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of 100 gal/min: What is this volume rate of flow in (a) m/s, (b) ligers/min, and (€) f?/s? (a) " im flowrate = (1700 $2! ) (6,309 x0? ) eI rin 20757 Rye ae SRNMEER SoS eunE eae (b) Since 1 liter = 10? mn? Flowrate > (7.57 npr? bee ) (totes ) ge’) amin -2 #3 (©) Llowrate = (757x102 )(3 s3ixi0 #_ ) me #? = s 4 1[776 3% PT coeat oneaee in ST unit In SI unitr Vea j7 vai Le 06m Thun, Mw ae = )-24 ee [var B)éay eis 16 beWee 118 Cloods can weigh thousands of aewhwidue to their ‘gel wines conent, Oe hs cots cased in grass percuble meer (go?) Assume bat actmulaslead ocepies {elu ef owe exe omer, ands gui water sole 1s 02 gta? (a) What's te volume ofthis cloud in cubic ywelann 1) ow mace Bes the we nthe loud weigh in parent71a 1.19 The density of a cerwin liquid is 2.15 slugs/ft, Deter- ‘mine its specific weight and specific gravity. vepg «(2 illart). cra _ wh sae ie La @¥# ae Ao ty Se1,20 A hydrometer is used to measure the specific grav- ity of liquids. (See Video V2@.) For a certain liquid a hy- drometer reading indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid’s density and specific weight? Express your an- swer in ST units. SG= Co @4 °C Pe fe loon 22. m3 ke P= (1.15) Creo 43) = 1150 =, & 4N y= pg = (1150 BAS = 1375 1-18Epes your reskin St oak weight of Flud Xe piece hid weight of can= O153N Thus, Fron Eg. (1) xe 242N - 0153N 1,22 “The information on a can of pop indicates thatthe can + contains 3§5 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific ‘weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare ‘your results with the corresponding values for water at 20°C oa pe 3 =o Volume of Fluid = (355407 L) (10222 )= 755.110 on? a eee PEE X10 am? a) total wergrt = massx g = (36th )(961%) = 2b2n a = 7770 =; N-s* 4 ee = 0.996 For water o£ 20°C (see Table B2 15 Appendic B) 3 a | Bs 4&5: Mee 7787-4, j bo 776.24 SG 29.9982 A compansen of These Values hr wabey with These for The pop shows That The specitre Weight, density, ann gpecihe gravity of The pop are all Slightly. lower Than Pre corresponding Values sar wader. [1d Cc io arbi, [224 124 Wes pts ped fit foun io meg GN when ecopiag a ae o Soba ee weight - an ve ame “ GaaTeB) ES yA i secthe = ea 2 a 24 be10% 8 425* "1.2.5 _ The variation in the density of water, p, with wemper- ature, 7; in the range of 20° C = T= 50 C, is given inthe fol lowing table Density kg/m’) | 998.2) 997.1] 995.7] 994.1] 992.2] 9902 988.1, ‘Temperaure CC) T 20 125 130 Fas 1 40 | as 1 so Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form 9 = cy + cal + csT*, which can be used to predict the density over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1° C? Frt the data bo a second order palynomia| 4sing @ stendord curve-fitting program such as fund in EXCEL, Thus, (A= (el = 0.0533T ~ 0.004) T* a See 8 OSFF TOO As shown in Tre table below ) 2 (predicted) from £9.00 18 14 900d agreement with ? (glen). Te gy p, Predicted 20 ‘en 998.3 25 997.1 997.1 30 995.7 995.7 36 994.1 994.1 40 a 992.3 45 2 990.3 80 At 968.1 AL. 7s #arere _ 4 o pe (90) ~ 0.0538 (42sec) ~ 0.0041 G2st) = FAS xs I-2]N27 ‘mountain climber’s gn | of cree We mg ),) denote sea level and ( ye denotethe top of MH. Everest VS, We = 118 = Mey G5) andl Wate = ng Gare However my = Myg 50 that since m= ¥, Wa Wh Me iy 2 hue tt Psi Mme Imus ” 2 yy, ome 1b 32,082 ft/s* _ ine * sl he 32.178 Fs* = /-22.{1,2 If 1 cup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m’ is tured into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specitic gravity and specific weight of the whipped cream. Maas of cream, om = (10064) (Yn) where 4 ~ volume Since tees = ain ON whi ppe é fides = ease if (loos HH, se 1006 FE) Hinp HE cape re | 00s ae - he 3 a? whipped 4 So: oh 23s fro @ Ye Teas 2 ’ Yethipa ee Me (338 #8 aes 2) cream N = 3240 7 —__ ae beoO (Z2a9q7 1.24 Some experiments are being conducted in a labo- ratory in which the air temperature is 27°C’and the atmo- spheric pressure is 14.3 psia, Determine the density of the ‘ir, Express your answers in slugs/f’ and in kg/m? peeRT Temperature = 27°C =[1.8(27)+32°] “F = 90.6 °F 2. (43 Be) (144 2 ) RTT hig eee )[[Link] eo)°e] Slug -°R = 0.00222 a 4s a3 slugs Pe ie fin eo p= (0.00222 Ee (E154 x amt )= 114 2, ay ey 1-24 29 br430 1.90. closed sank having a volume of (is filled with [ra Mof a gas. A pressure gage aached to le tank ceads 837 the ga is 27°C. There is some question 35 to whether the as in he tank is dxygen or helium. Which do you think te? Explain how you arved a your answer. he » _ weight, 130 Density of Gas in tank fatline (arms KeoeA ka = 221% Since ps wit p= (8341043) KPa Catmosphene pressure assumed +o be % |6)-3K Po) ank with T*I24C4 244K tA hbiloes tht (84-3 kPa) 0° R(aecky jook ) Prom Table | R= 2598X I> for oxygen ant RE DOLE D_ for helium Ke = 1493 ky 01) md Thus, From [Link]) if the gat is ekygtn > O39 Ke. 9 Ky. O* a.ca8zick mt eS ana ter belnim 61433 = 6-296 Ke 2:0FLx108 me 4 Compansoe of These values with the ectual density of the 94s th The tank shoreetes That The Ges rust be Oxygen1.33 Nitrogen is compressed to a density of 4 g/m under an absolute pressure of 400 kPa. Determine the temperature in degrees Celsius. a ae yoox 10 eee eH et A K, PR 74% Vint) Te = T7473 = 337K 273 = 64% 1-261,33 A tive hoving a volume of 3 £€ contains air at a gage pressure of 26 psi and s temprature of 70 °F Determine the den sity of the air and the weight of the air contained in the tire. p= & = Ce f+ a7.) (me) | eae ols (1% BA) (0% +460) (9 & volume = (by4 xn” shes) (322) (34°) weight = 2.622 |b234 J 1.34 Tne hein Aled bfiep Ahan jn fig. PI-BY veured at Vevioun atnletic Oventi- Oclenmine ine number af newionn of heiumr ositia ty HF FA Volume i 14am? arel dre kepembre and preaune are QTC and fabs) » DeaPectively. BRIGURE Prog W=EV where Ve (226m? and U<09=(P/RT)g Thos, past [ae (oF nea) (04+ aa | Gas) = Nv - Teg 42 ) = bs Hence, We 154 SS (426m) = 2966N a4 be136 Lab waver, wheat is of the 7 ‘wothear stress of 1.0 1m”? oo di 4 oe “He where 4 = ))2x10° MS and retod Thos, & 2 6 1.0 1 ay * “tates 78 me = L37 137 Aliguid hasa specitic weight of 59 b/f? and a dynamic viscosity of 2.75 Ib-s/ft?. Determine its kinematic viscosity. y Sie VES ane P79? ays Ph a (a8 eh) (0222) «50 # x a oS Be38 1,38 (See Fluids in the News article tiled “A vil uid” Section 1.8) Some metsaremens on + blood sample a S7°C indicate w shearing aves of 0.52 N/m for comrespoading rite of shearing ssin of 2003"? Determine ‘he apparent vszeity of the blood and compare it with the viscosity of water at the same wrmperatte top Song x - t, om ot ms Prtooa ? 24.0 x10 ZS From Table 8.2 16 Appendss B: @ 30°C Ay ye 4s xiort Me ¢ = 6524 xi Mes @ Yo Mio? 524 x10 Me Zo This, with Wwe mberelabon , y, Carte) © baa xtd "m2 i ca and at nes Muted. 20.0000 RE Bipo b.%e x10" 4 ar ath 1-301.39 The time, ¢ it takes to pour a liquid from @ con- itainer depends on several factors, including the kinematic “viscosity, v, of the liquid. (See Video V1.2.) In some labo- ‘ent viscosities were poured at a fixed tipping rate from small 150 ml beakers. The time required to pour 100 ml of the oil was measured, and it was found that an approximate ©. es) O}2 Er] homogeneous eg uation, Thus, From Fel) @ ore de 4 @ Gort ts 4 [Beale 7 equation for the pouring time in seconds war = 1+9 x ratory tests various oils having the same density but differ | £2 14 FxlOU 4 Sxoipr it (r]2 [1] + Fes’) [2] + (x04) [4] Since each term in the eguation must have the same dimensions the tonstants appearing in The eguation (must have dimenswns, £.€ , [axe] [22] Thus, with a change th units The value of The Constants would change Gnd This 1s net a () From Table 8.2 14 Appendix B: Chor SABES 0:1 @ OC) V= 2.34 10% mL Chop SER 01 @O0%) V= ox Wm, Le G20 (23x04 8x02(2.30109" Bftis i 1+ gui? Cho ww) + oxi (hone) 1 O# 5 10% + 8 X 10%? with v in m/s. (a) Is this @ general ho- mogeneous equation? Explain. (b) Compare the time it would take to pour 100 ml of SAE 30 oil ‘rom a 150 ml beaker at 0°C to the corresponding time at a temperature of 60°C. Make use of Fig. B2 in Appendix B for viscosity fata 2) [sx] =[2] general Le. /-31 39 br1.40. SAE 30.0 ac /F% flows tuough 1 SGmdiameer pe witha meno velocity of sf Determine the value of he ‘Reynolds number (see Example 1.3). aeKg A Bina Ms P om = wh kes Oe? « (910 Be) (| 2) (So) a = 1H 033 Ms WE é-22,LAL Lat 10" poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and ‘The viscosity of a eemnin aid is. 5 BG units. Frees Bapdadeit Es yor" Mes x and = Gx 10 “poise ). (ze tt ia OS, = | poise. Thus, Hi whis 1 4) Sie * Ms Reise 7 —— 2 [bs “Tie DBF X10 )= 10.4 x10 te “amt =1.42 Make we of in da in Apgensfix Bo determine the yam viscosiyof hea at gc T= ave From Fig, 81 in & ppendie B: PGlyenn of 29°C 2 0.6 EELAB 1.43 Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water and for air through a 3-mm-diam- eter tube, if the mean velocity is 2 m/s and the temperature is 30 °C in both cases (see Example 1.3). Assume the air is at standard atmospheric pressure. For water at 30°C (from Table 8.2 sh Appendix B): 42 = seit MA Pz PGE Gas oF ORG 2, Re = LUD = (9951 38) (4 F) (0.005 m) = 7440 Ve 7975 x10? MS ata a For acr at 3o'C (From Table B.4 in Appendix B) + = Ag = “5 Ms a 105 =, Pe bike x10 2 eee (1.105 #4) (2 F) (2.008) oo¢ - LRb cto LES cea aleLaH at be 144 A Newtonian fluid having a specific gravity of O-8). snd a kinematic viscosity of 3X 10" ms flows past + fBxed surface, Due 10 the novs Dn. ‘te fined surface i aero (as shown in Video VIA), and the fd ital expec no Of es ge ‘ond and meters, respectively, “= 1o the no-sip condition, the velocity at m FIGURE P1.4¢ Carin = #(B) m0 Gee) a 2.32 #0 (h-3 8 @ yo, we. 3k fg a 2 5 e J. U (wero BY) F - ong # Mfr Qchig to leh on ple 1-3645 1.45 _ As shown in Video V1.4, the “no-slip” condition ‘means that a fluid “sticks” to a solid surface, This is true for both fixed and moving surfaces. Let two layers of fluid be id dragged slong by the motion of an upper plate as shown in Fig. P1.45. The bottom plate is stationary. The top fluid puts ‘shear stess on the upper plate, and the lower fluid puts a shir stress on the botion plate, Determine the ratio of these wo shear stresses. uis2| MW FIGURE P1.45 : |- Pat 4S br146 | 1.46 — When a viscous fluid flows past a thin sharp-edged | late, a thin layer adjacent to the plate surface develops in | which the velocity, u, changes rapidly from zero to the ap- | proach velocity, U, in a small distance, 8, Ths layer is called ‘ boundary layer. The thickness of this layer increases with the distance x along the plate as shown in Fig. P1.#s. As- sume that «= Uy/5 and 6 = 3.5\VoalU where » is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Determine an expression for the force (drag) that would be developed on one side of the. plate of length / and width b. Express your answer in terms, of J, b, »,and p, where p is the fluid density. 7 - Drag, & ili Tu dA Whe u Pate width = 5 Ft m FIGURE P1.46 re dhe bd So That ZL 7 Bs [te bae ee ‘ 5 du vu Since tet & ge) ey and ae — . 5 x ‘+ follows tr win fos [ZB 2 8 From A= ey vA “4 35s 25 U8 This, b- pbs (@t') “ "Zsa and wih Y2& Hb br 1-33LAT 1.47 The sled shown in Fig. P1.47slides along on a thin horizontal layer of water between the ice and the runners. The horizontal force that the water puts on the runners is equal to 1.210 ‘when the sled’s speed is 50 f¥s. The total area of both runners in ‘contact with the water is 0.08 fi¢, and the viscosity of the water is 3.5 x 10™* Ib s/ft?. Determine the thickness of the water layer under the runners, Assume a linear velocity distribution in the water layer. = FIGURE P1.47 T= p ifs ¥ Where od =thideness of Water lay Thus, Erh¥A ana a= Hu « (toast in BY (ons) Qld = Woe tee 47 be 39aye 1.48 Auch sbepe‘lleyindcal tank Ky -Yaianetes, lies siow'y doin tap with a constant speed of 6.63 75 45 shown in Fig PLB The non hiceness 0 lyer om the ramp has a viseosy of el} 4/Determite the a Be, 8 of he rap. MFIGURE P1.48 Th i ay sine TA o hi { Since. We ithevets Wiis) the. we acausen eae Ue Gad Ib is Thickness of oil lager -— lesa a eee ae hy Cagtin A Tim Ca Prom E@.(1) (own) sin oS ENCE) (14) ane sinB= 6-08 03 i 50 That : = 2-88 40o 49 1,49 A layer of water flows down an inclined fixed surface with the velocity profile shown in Fig. P1.49. Determine the ‘magnitude and direction of the shearing stress that the water exerts on the fixed surface for U = 3 m/s and h = 0.1 m. d TAG a _e 4-0(%-%) Thus, at the tixed surtece (y=0) eH ) = 2% dy / y= A so thet Ts AAP) = (otaxis? BS \a) BE = 69x10 7M acting in direction of flow m FIGURE P1.4q Calm) = 9 beu 1 750 cay Le Si | a - | Fath term sa the epuadion roust shave the samme ch mensions PMS thee stent G81 rust have dimensensof hE ies Will change with & chal 1.50 Wates ows near a flat soface, and some mea surements ofthe wares velociy. 1, parallel tothe surface, a Siferent heights, y, above the surface ae obtained. At ihe surface y = 0, After an analysis of dat. the Ib technician reports thatthe velocity disuibucon in the range O < y < (vais given by te equation w= O81 + 9.27 + 4.1 x 1049 ‘with u in)YS when y i inp (a) Do you think that wis ‘equation woold be vaid in any system of units? Explain. {) Do yon think this equation is correct? Explain. You smay wart (0 00K at Video 1.10 help you arrive at your Gy r Alewty? |) | ‘Gade Gale] ~ feree) [2] to dimensions of To, ana 41 x10? dimensines of LT! The tbnstarts jn The fe have dimensuns There age bali th units. No- wdtion ehnast be tarreck site at Yeo M= Osim, Nowgere\-valte which would Violate thé ‘no-slip” itn. Mak err. 1-42wae 1:81 A new computer drive is proposed to have & dise, a8 shown in Fig. PLSI. The disc is to rotate at 10,000 rpm, and the reader head is to be positioned 0.0005 in. above the surface of the disc. [Bstimate the shearing force on the reader head as result of the air beween the disc and the head, Stationary reader head 6.2 nia sy 10,000 rpm op a 7 Y/ Rotting dst BFIGURE PLS} Fe shear force on head =A, where, if the velocity profile in the gap between the disc and head is linear and Umitorm across the head, then Te fp a nt 5 where see iN0 om Le] d®= torque on area element dA, where dA = 20r dl = 2mrdr/tind Thus, dT erdF=rtda where Ten yee so thot, dv« ir (HE) (28rd /cind) 7, * Fe ee Hence, 7 ae BAP fe ae 2bsind Now, R= 25mm, b=0.015imy 402079 Sur, O=30dey and we 5000 SE (gS) (2m Tet) 2 524 Cad fad, Thus, from £¢.(), T- 16 wie) (s g2y et.) we Gs 2, @:2Em) Sindet KI" - 0) Sob:° 1.57 There are many fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian | behavior (see for example Video V1.6). For a given fluid + the distinction between Newtonian and non-Newtonian be- havior is usually based on measurements of shear stress and ‘ate of shearing strain, Assume that the viscosity of blood 4s to be determined by measurements of shear stress, 7, and rate of shearing strain, du/dy, obtained from a small blood sample tested in a suitable viscometer. Based on the data Newtonian fluid. Explain how you arrived at your answer. 1(Wm')_| 0.04 | 006 | 0.12| 0.18 | 030] 0.52 1a 20 dutty (©) Faas Taso lias 225 Ta50 1900 aes Taso For a NMewkenan Fluid the ratio of t t dufdy is & Constant. For the data given’ f Cup-s/ma) duty The ratio 13 nek a Constant but decreases 8 the rate of shearing Strain mereases. Thus This Fluid Cbloed) 1 & pon-Mewbtoman fluid. # plet of the data & shown below, For 2 Wewbonen Fluid The curve would be a straight line with « slope of / te 1 2. 0178 | 0.0/33 |0. 0107 | 0.0080| 0.0067 | 0058 \2.00s0 | 0.00%] ‘Shear Stress vs Rate of Shearing Strain 10 —eiperimental Data Slope = 1:1 fora [Newtonian Fluid TNim*2, O14 0.01 1 10 400 4000 duldy, s+ f 50 $7 br59 1.54 A sound wave is observed to travel through a liquid with « speed of 1800 as. The specific gravity of the liquid is 1.5. De- ‘ermine the bulk modulus for this uid ce {@ , where @=S6Q,, and SG=LS This, E,= co =¢ $6 Oyo =('5002)'(.5) (9998) = 9 kgm = 3,37K 10° SE or Z 9 Ey =3.37%10 oa so be760 ae rounding the object. Fora projectile traveling at /2%0 Km, Uhrowph ara 6" and standard ammasphenc pressure, what Fosom Table B.4 im Appendix 8 ain @ fore = 334 We burs Heh Rie 3 (2404 { ooo > / 4h ach nuybe, = i Kt ars Seat ) 337 4% 1-St 0 br1.61 1.61 Often the assumption is made thatthe flow of a certain fluid can be considered as incompressible flow ifthe density of [Link] changes by less than 2%. If air is flowing through a tube such that the air gage pressure at one section is 9.0 psi and at a downstream section itis 8.6 psi atthe same temperature, do you think that this flow could be considered an incompressible flow? Support your answer with the necessary calculations. As- sume standard atmospheric pressure, For sothermal change 1 density hk A 8 So That Bigs (a e § The percent change th ait densities Yebuten sectoas C1) GO) of change + fe x 100 1 jae = i C8.b+ 4 7)psca change = NI — Corea pain Thus ’ x 100 = 1.b9% Since /.66%<2% The Flow could be Considered meanpreis ble Yes - 61 br62 br 4 62 162 SGuygon a 30°C and 300 absolute pressure expands to an absolute pressure of 140 kPa. Det final density of the gas. cae For ssotsermal expansion, SG = contort so That # BE where 1 initil state and aoa fe fal state. Thas, Also, : i b . B00n By - su hs 58 RT (ase, # Zh, ereranye] on so Thet 140 Ae 4; zi = 179 2h Ae (Been & ma 463 1.63 __ (See Fluids in the News article titled “This waterjet is a blast," Section 1.7.1) By what percent is the volume of water ’ decreased if its pressure is increased to an equivalent to 3000 atmospheres (44,100 psi)? ge a — AR (4.49) a. bp. 4 too pola - 147 pote | yay) Be Ey 31a x10F psa Thus, oh decrease im volume = Ih1% ba br1.64 Determine the speed of sound at 20 °C in (a) ait, (b) helium, and (e) natural gas. Express your answer in mus c= VART (Eg. us ) With T= AoC +AT3 = 293K: (4) For air, cc =|[(h40) (28. ee L Nase) = 343 22 (h) For helium, (i. aaa = = “(B93 K) = Joo (€) For natural gas, ¢ SS = 44yp@ 7 sA65 1,65 During a mountain it ts observed that the wa- ‘ter used to cook @ meal boils at’ ‘Uyan the standard 100 SC at sea level. At what altitude are the climbers. preparing their meal? (See Tables B.2 and C.2 for data needed to solve this prob- Jem.) When the wafer boils, Prin * for , Where from Table 8.2, at T= 90°C fre z.o1xj0*%, (abs) Also, from Table C.2, for a standard atmosphere p 2 7.01x10° (abs) af an altitude of 2000m7.66 1.66 When 2 ld Sows trough 2 shrp bend, ow pees sires may develop in ean eons ofthe bend. Esimate > ‘inimum abtolue presse {in PA. that cag develoo witbout casing caviaion ie ids mae x79 Cavitation may occur when the locel pressure egutls the vaper pressure. for weter at 74% Grom Tebleb-21 hyped) HB =B12Xl0 "Pa Cabs) Thus, minimum pressure = %\2Kl0'Palabs ) i-STba br 167 1.67 When water at 70 °C flows through a converging sec- tion of pipe, the pressure is edtced in the direction of flow, Es- timate the minimam absolute pressure that can develop without cceusing cavitation, Express your answer in both BG and SI units. Cavitation may occur m the converging section of the pipe-when the pressure equals the Vapor pressure . From Table B.2 in Appendix 8, for water at 70°C, f= 3.16 x1E Wri (abs), ue minimum pressure 31.18 kPa (abs) in SI nits. In 86 units a minimum pressure =(3.1bxi0X ) (1esoxié ee ) = 452 psia 1,68 At what atmospheric pressure will water boil at 35 °C? Express your answer in both SI and BG units. The vapor pressure of water of 35°C is 5:21 4B (abs) (trom Table 8.2 im Append's B sing Vinear interpolation ). Thus, 'f water beils at Tis temperature the atmospheric pressure must be egual to 5.8) hfe labs) th ST units. Zn BG units, (S91 210° % \(iyson io" ) 0. 642. pst (abs) 1-58 ge br170 1.70 An open, clean glass tube (@ = 0°) is inserted verti- cally into a pan of water. What tube diameter is needed if the ‘water level in the tube is 10 rise one tube diameter (due to sur- face tension)? ye 2E C088 (e4.1e) are for 422R and 070° AR -3 Ib Oo ~ §:03xXID Fe R= 8.4 x10 FE 1goxi ft and diameter = 2R = f-5417 1,7] (See Fluids in the News article titled “Walking on water,” Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig. 1,71 is supported on the surtace of a pond by surface ten- sion acting along the interface between the water and the ‘bug's legs. Determine the minimum length of this inter eeided to support the bug. Assume the bug weighs 10! N A land the surface tension force acts vertically upwards. (b) Re- eat part (a) if surface tension were to support a person " FIGURE P17) ‘weighing 750 N. Fr equilibrium , W= oh Ww <4 (fe . a woo N We weight : im orm surface tension w a Lv length of interface, 1.34210 am -3 3 (3b x10 7m) (10°80) = 136 em i” p. teu eg 02 x10 (6.3% ni 1.4 xi* Y ae 3 1-60772 1.72 As shown in Video V1.9, surface tension forees can be strong enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade t0 “float” on water, but a single-edge blade will sink, Assume that the surface tension forces act at an angle 6 relative to the ‘water surface as shown in Fig. P1.72, (a) The mass ofthe double- cedge blade is 0.64 X 10? kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. Determine the value of @ required to maintain equilibrium between the blade weight and the resultant sur face tension force. (b) The mass of the single-edge blade is 2.61 X 10”? kg, and the total length of its sides is 154 mm, Explain why this blade sinks. Support your answer with the necessary calculations, Surface wesion es, = FIGURE P1.72 - (a) Frerheal ° WwW = Tsind “ where A) = Mey tad avd Ta OR length of sides. J (0.64 x10%eg) 4.91 mgr) = (134 1087) (0,201 m ) sin sing = 0.415 Sens’ (b) For single-edge blade DW gege® fe (261 x13 kg) (4.81 |x) 0.0Z5bN u ear cae att fee llnehe ot bhae )'sin'o = (7.3410 Ny) (0.1549) sin B = 0.0113 sin b Ln order for blade to “float’ W< Tso. Stice maximum Value for sino is 1, (+ follows that W>Tsino and single-edge blade will sink. 1-61 77 be1,73 Under the right conditions, itis possible, due to surface tension, to have metal objects float on water. (See Video V.4 .) Consider placing a short length of a small di- ameter steel (sp. wt. = 490 lb/ft’) rod on a surface of water. ‘What is the maximum diameter that the rod can have before it will sink? Assume that the surface tension forces act ver- tically upward. Note: A standard paper clip has a diameter ‘of 0.036 in. Partially unfold a paper clip and see if you can get it to float on water. Do the results of this experiment fr C490: 225.) Support your analysis? Sasi a ed [ot | A] | Ta abaer for rod +e Float (see figure) i vt fellows tat | Pg ge egg) =o) Kpeel ; 4 | | = = rod Thus , for The limiting case 2 aces | | D* perk cm I | a = ——- ex. (EL Yetee] T steel | 50 tht byl | , 3 (5. 03 x10 ~ | I Dmax = |. 4) = Sux tt | | G14 In. Since a standard steel paper chip has a diameter of, 0.036 im, Which 1s less tran | it should float. A simple experimnmat hy Ths Yes t ‘ = = 1 | oeLtt 1274 — Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer Objfeetive: As discussed in Section 1.6, some fluids ean be classified as Newtonian flu- fds; others are non-Newtonian, The purpose of this experiment is to determine the shearing ‘Stress versus rate of strain characteristics of various liquids and, thus, o classify them as Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids. Equipment: Stormer viscontst¢ 4 stationary outer cylinder and a rotating, concentric inner eylinde (se FigdPh 74) ap wate dive weights forthe viscometer, tres different liquids (silicone oil, syrup) Experimental Procedure: Fill the gap between the inner and outer cylinders with one of the three fluids to be tested. Select an appropriate drive weight (of mass m) and attach it to the fend of the cord that wraps around the drum to which the inner evlinder is fastened, Release the brake mechanism to allow the inner cylinder to start to rotate, (The outer cylinder remains stationary.) After the cylinder has reached its steady-state angular velocity, measure the amount Of time, f, that it takes the inner cylinder to rotate N revolutions. Repeat the measurements us- ing various drive weights, Repeat the entire procedure for the other fluids to be tested, Calculations: For each ofthe thee fluids tested, convert the mass, m, of the drive weight to its weight, W = mg, where g isthe acceleration of gravity. Also determine the angular ve- locity of the inner eylinder, » = N/t. Graph: For cach fluid tested, plot the drive weight, W, as ordinates and angular velocity, ‘9, as abscissas. Draw a best fit curve through the date. Results: Note that for the flow geometry of this experiment, the weight, W, is propor- ‘ional to the shearing stress, r, on the inner cylinder. This is true because with constant an- ular velocity, the torque produced by the viscous shear stress on the cylinder is equal to the torque produced by the weight (weight times the appropriate moment arm). Also, the angu- lar velocity, «, is proportional to the rate of strain, du/dy, This is tue because the velocity sradient inthe fluid is proportional to the innes cylinder surface speed (which is proportional tots angular velocity) divided by the width of the gap between the eylinders. Based on your araphs, classify each of the three fluids as to whether they are Newtonian or non-Newtonian. Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem, Rotating ner eytncer ute eyes iv ele rus = FIGURE PIM (cont ) 74 b 1-63LZ (cont ) Solution for Problem 1.74 Fuld Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer mig Nerve te outs W.N From the graphs: Silcone ols Nevlrian Silicone Ol Data Com Syrup is Newtonian 0.02 4 59.3 0.07 0.20 Latex paint is non-Newtoniz 0.05 12 66.0 0.18 0.49 O12 gak 037 aa as > 26 - i350 07 tar o=Nt 020 24 317 O76 1.96 0.25 30 HO 0.97 2.45 W=mg 0.30 20 17.4 4.15 2.94 03 = 28a 133 33 0.40 40 26.0 1.84 3.92 ‘Corn Syrup Data 0.05 1 28.2 0.04 0.49 0.10 2 27.5 0.07 0.98 0.20 4 27.2 0.15 1.96 0.40 8 25.7 0.31 3.92 Latex Paint Data 0.c2 2 32.7 0.06 0.20 0c3 2 20.2 0.10 0.29 [Link] 5 32.2 016 0.39 0.c5 10 473 0.21 0.49 0.06 10 37.2 027 0.59 0.c7 10 29.8 0.34 0.69 081028 oa 078 oxo 4024 080 (bas 0.10 20 34.0 0.59 0.98 4 (cond ) 64wre Problem 1,74 Weight, Woight, W, vs Angular Velocity, t» tor Cor Syrup 45 } 4.06 i | 3860 =| 30¢ 2280 Sa: W=2 55.0, I 150} 1.00 : | ose t - | a0 | 090 aso 400480" 2.00 090 © 010020080 oy revis ovis 040 WN Problem 1:74 ‘leigh, W, va Angular Velocity, ‘or Latex Paint 1.20 , 4.00 0.80 0.60 | 0.40 me Weta 0.00 000 = 020 ooo | orevis 1-651.75 Capillary Tube Viscometer Objective: The flowrate of a viscous fuid through a small diameter (capillary) tube is a function of the viscosity of the fluid. For the flow geometry shown in Fig, P1.75, the kine. matic viscosity, v, is inversely proportional to the flowrate, Q. That is, » = K/Q, where K is the calibration constant for the particular device. The purpose of this experiment is to deter. ‘mine the value of K and to use it to determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function of temperature. Equipment: Constant temperature water tank, capillary tube, thermometer, stop watch, ‘graduated cylinder, Experimental Procedure: Adjust the water temperature to 15.6°C and determine the Aowrate through the caplary tube by measuring the time, f, i takes to collect a volume, V. of water in a small graduated eylinder, Repeat the measurements for various water temper. atures, 7. Be sure that the water depth, h, in the tank is the same for each wil. Since the Aowrate is a function of the depth (as well as viscosity), the value of K obtained will be valid for only that value of A Caleulations: Foreach temperature teste, determine the flowrate, Q = V/t, Use the data for the 15.6%C water to determine the calibration constant, K, for this device. That is, K = ¥Q, Where the kinematic viscosity for 15.6°C water is given in Table 1.5 and @ is the measured flowrate at this temperature, Use this value of K and your other data to determine the vis- cosity of water as a function of temperature. Graph: Plot the experimentally determined kinematic viscosity, v, as ordinates and tem perature, 7, as abscissas, Results: | On the same graph, plot the standard viscosity-temperature data obtained from Table B. Data: To proceed, prin this page for reference when you work the problem and click here to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem, Capa tube Graduate engae m FIGURE PL75 (cont ) 75 br 1-86LTS (con't ) Solution for Problem 1.75: Capillary Tube Viscometer From Table 8.2 V,mi ts Tdege Q,mis yma Tdegc v,m*2is 92 198 156 0.465 1,126.06 10 1.31606 97 158 263 0614 8496-07 20 1.00606 92 168 243 0548 9,516.07 30 8.01607 91 213 123 0.427 1.226-08 40 6.58607 92 134 343 0.702 7.42E-07 50 5.53607 94 101 504 0931 5.60E-07 60 4756-07 ot 89 681 1.022 5.10E-07 v=KIQ — K,mA2milsh2 (at 18.6 deg C), m*2/s 5216-07 1126-06 K=vQ=1,126-6 m'2/s * 0.466 mils = 5.21E-7 m"2 mls"? Problem 1.75 Viscosity, v, vs Temperature, T 1.5E-06 | | | | 106-08 + g a ‘> Experimental E | From Table 82), : | 506-07 be | 0.0&+00 + | 0 20 40 60 80 | T, degC Por