Lesson # Lesson Title o Research – another dimension that is

1 Language of Research based on research, since it provides

2 Conjunctions the necessary knowledge to act.
3 Formulating Statements of Opinion or o Social Mobilization – these are used
Assertion by grassroots-based social
4 Modals movements, but also as a tool for the
5 Formulating Claims of Fact, Policy, elite and the state itself.
and Value (In Lesson #3) o Training – it is the process focused on
6 Rhetorical Questions a clear and specific target. It further
7 Multimodal Text develops the contents, but also the
8 Public Speaking scope and the vision. It runs in a mid-
term and long-term scenario to get
in-depth into the topic. It completes
Grade 10 English – Quarter 2 Notes the information-understanding
cycle.
LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH, CAMPAIGNS AND
o Lobbying – it is an act to influence
ADVOCACIES
decisions made by officials in the
• Research - Research is a systematic government. It is very effective since
gathering of data to arrive at a result. This is it points directly to the legislator and
intended to solve a problem or to prove a regulatory agencies.
point in a scientific and methodical manner. • Advocacy - it is an action for a cause or
It is a thorough investigation of a certain purpose such as a media campaign of a non-
phenomenon, not just in the field of government organization or NGO that works
education, but in other fields as well. for human rights to find shareholders and
partners to sustain its activity. It can be said
that it’s a political tool by which an individual
or group aims to influence public policy and
resource allocating decisions within political,
economic, and social system and
institutions.
o Self-advocacy – it is speaking up for
oneself.
o Individual advocacy - In individual
advocacy a person or group of people
concentrate their efforts on just one
or two individuals.
o Systems advocacy - It is about
changing policies, laws or rules that
impact how someone lives their life.
• Advertisement - a person or thing regarded
as a means of recommending something.
• Characteristics of a Research Paper:
1. Bias – strongly favors one side of a
discussion or issue. This can be
intentional or unintentional.
2. Reliability – Refers to consistency of
results. The findings from research are
replicated consistently.
3. Validity – Refers to the accuracy and
relevance of the findings in research.
• Campaign - A single or a series of ads created
There are two questions you need to
with the use of persuasive language to
answer to test the validity of the study:
convince the audience to do a certain
o Is it measuring what is supposed to
function.
be measured?
• 5 Dimensions of Campaign:
o Are you asking the right question?
o Awareness Raising – this is intended
4. Credibility – Refers to the quality of
to make the problem addressed
being convincing or believable. Can the
known by the public.
source be trusted?
 CONJUNCTIONS adverbs. Some examples of conjunctive adverbs are
however, moreover, namely, nevertheless,
A conjunction is the glue that holds words,
meanwhile, subsequently, and furthermore.
phrases, and clauses (both dependent and
independent) together. They are called connectors, • For – another word for because.
and their can help There are three different kinds of • And – when indicating in addition to.
conjunctions -- coordinating, subordinating, and • Nor, neither – used when the options are not
correlative -- each serving its own, distinct purpose, chosen.
but all working to bring words together. • But – used for having an exception.
Example: • Or, either – used when providing available
options.
• Peter and Paul are best friends. (The word • Yet – another word for nevertheless, still or
“and” is a conjunction. It is joining two even, a word for the phrase but at the same
entities, which are Peter, Paul). time.
• I am going to the market and to the grocery • So – in the same way.
store. (The word “and” in this sentence is • Since – for the reason that or from a time in
joining two ideas, which are going to the the past until the time under consideration.
market and to the grocery store). • However – in whatever way or something
• My mother asked me if I am going to wash that is contradicting or the opposite.
my clothes or wash the dishes. (It is stating • Moreover – another word for besides or as a
that the girl has two choices, to wash her further matter.
clothes or wash the dishes) • Namely – saying something that is specific.
Conjunctions serve as a cue within a sentence, • Nevertheless – means all the same.
signaling the reader that another idea is coming. • Meanwhile – at the same time.
Coordinating conjunctions link ideas by showing • Subsequently – after something has
how they relate. For example, a word like "and" happened.
indicates two ideas go together. A subordinating • Furthermore - in addition to or besides.
conjunction indicates that one idea depends on • Whether – expressing a doubt in the choices
another. For instance, in this sentence the word between.
"unless" depends on the action that follows it: • Unless – another word for except.
• As a result – says the conclusion or effect of
Example:
an action.
• We will be late unless we leave now.
ASSERTIONS
Correlative conjunctions join elements within a
We use it in our everyday life in how we
sentence, indicating the two are of equal
understand or interpret the world around us.
importance. The words "neither" and "nor" work
Assertion as a term generally used to refer to
this way in this sentence:
statements of fact, opinion, belief, and prejudice.
Example: There are four categories:

• I like neither carrots nor celery. 1. Fact is a verifiable statement which means
we can prove it with evidence.
Transitions also serve the same purpose as 2. Opinion is a personal judgment based on
conjunctions, but on a larger scale. They signal to facts; hence, it is debatable and potentially
the reader the relationship between ideas in a changeable.
paragraph or even between paragraphs. By a. Claims of truth – it is an opinion
connecting larger ideas, they let readers know what based on evidence.
to do with the information presented to them. b. Claims of policy – it is an opinion
Indicating these connections help reinforce the based on what should or should not
argument within a paper. Phrases like "for example" be done.
let the reader know the information that follows is c. Claims of value – it is an opinion
meant to support an idea. Thus, the use of based on the worth of something.
transitions cues readers into the writer's thinking 3. Belief is a conviction based on cultural or
process. personal faith, morality, or values.
Conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs unite 4. Commonplace assertion is a stereotype, an
elements of an argument together. The words you oversimplification, or a prejudice, which is a
are thinking of do function like coordinating half-baked opinion based on insufficient or
conjunctions, but they are classified as conjunctive unexamined evidence, but it presented as if
it were a fact.
 MODAL VERBS Must/Have to OBLIGATION ● You must
– finish your
Modal Verbs are special verbs which behave
expresses task by this
irregularly in English. They are different from normal
strong afternoon.
verbs like "work, play, visit..." They give additional
obligation. ● She has to
information about the function of the main verb
feed her
that follows it. They have a great variety of
pet
communicative functions.
everyday.
MODAL ADVERBS
Modal Verbs Expressions Examples Modal Adverbs are used to modify specific
Can/Can’t ABILITY- to ● Lito can verbs that consist of a linking verb (verb of being)
(present) say someone speak 5 and sometimes another verb. Here are examples of
Could/Couldn’t has (or dialects modal adverbs: probably, possibly, evidently,
(past) hasn’t) a fluently, but certainly, surely, undoubtedly, seriously, clearly,
particular she can’t obviously
ability. speak
1. I will surely watch the Avengers movie.
English
2. It will probably rain this afternoon.
fluently.
3. Ruben must seriously
Could/Might/May POSSIBILITY - ● It might
(present to express be raining What is MODALITY? It is used in writing to express
and future) possibility outside, how definite you are about something.
about the you should
Degrees of Modality
present take an
or the future. umbrella 1. Strong – uses the adverbs always and never,
with evidently, surely, seriously, and
you. undoubtedly.
● I may Example: You will never graduate fi you will
come and not study hard.
visit 2. Moderate – uses often, rarely, usually,
you after sometimes, frequently, and occasionally.
work. Example: Mary rarely goes out to party.
● It could
rain later, Some adverbs can be used to describe how
so I likely it is that something will happen. These are
will bring an called ‘adverbs of possibility. Some of the most
umbrella common adverbs of possibility are certainly,
with me. definitely, maybe, possibly, obviously, perhaps,
probably, and clearly.
Must/ Must Have CERTAINTY – ● She
(present/past) to express speaks RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
certainty. 5 dialects,
so she must ▪ an inquiry that ends in a question mark but
be clever. is asked for effect rather than to elicit an
Should/ought ADVICE – to ● You answer.
to/Must give advice. should buy ▪ a rhetorical question is a question asked to
some make a point, rather than get an answer.

new shoes. ▪ useful technique in persuasive or

● You ought argumentative writing as it allows the reader
to go to a moment to pause and think about the
sleep early, question.
you look Examples:
tired.
● You must • 'Who wouldn't want to be a millionaire?'
be careful • ‘Do we really want our planet to survive?’
and alert • 'Wouldn’t you feel happier if you could wear
when what you wanted to school?'
driving
Benefits of rhetorical questions:
alone.
 1. Engage the audience. o Counter argument (Other Side)
2. Increase the variety of your presentation.
o Rebuttal
3. Influence and persuade the audience.
4. Evoke emotions. • Conclusion – Closing
5. Introduce topics/ideas.
6. Make the listeners think about certain There can be two sides of an argument. You can
topics. choose either the affirmative or negative side. The
affirmative side talks about the positive side, it has
RHETORICAL DEVICES an agreeing tone towards the topic, and it can talk
about the presence of something. On the other
• Repetition - it is the use of the same word,
hand, the negative side talks about the opposite, it
phrase, or sound more than once for
has a disagreeing tone towards the topic, and it can
emphasis.
talk about the absence of something.
Examples:
- Time after time. MULTIMODAL AND ITS ELEMENTS
- Boys will be boys.
- Sorry, not sorry. Communication is not limited to using voices
and letters, there are many ways that we can send a
• Parallelism - it is the use of grammatical
constructions to express ideas that are message and that is what we call Multimodal.
Types of Multimodal
related or of equal importance.
1. Multimodal texts – can be seen through
Examples:
print. They include picture books, textbooks,
- My dog not only likes to play fetch, but
he also likes to chase cars. graphic novels, comics, and posters, where
- No pain, no gain. meaning is conveyed to the reader through
varying combinations of visual (still image),
- I think therefore I am.
written language, and spatial modes.
• Antithesis - it is a device that contrast
2. Digital multimodal texts – can be seen
opposing ideas in a brief, grammatically
digitally. They include film, animation, slide
balanced statement to express a truth.
shows, e-posters, digital stories, and web
Examples:
pages, convey meaning through
- Keep your mouth closed and your eyes
combinations of written and spoken
open.
language, visual (still and moving image),
- Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
audio, gestural and spatial modes.
- Keep your friends close; keep your
3. Live multimodal texts – can be seen
enemies closer.
physically through real-life settings. They
include dance, performance, and oral
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY storytelling, convey meaning through
combinations of modes such as gestural,
An argumentative essay is a type of essay
spatial, spoken language, and audio.
that presents arguments about both sides of an
issue. It could be that both sides are presented
Elements of a Multimodal Text
equally balanced, or it could be that one side is
1. Linguistic: vocabulary, structure, grammar
presented more forcefully than the other. It all
of oral/written language
depends on the writer, and what side he supports
2. Visual: color, vectors and viewpoint in still
the most. An argumentative essay is usually written
and moving images
in the five-paragraph structure.
3. Audio or Aural: volume, pitch and rhythm of
The argumentative essay format consists of music and sound effects
an introduction, 2-3 body paragraphs, and a 4. Gestural: movement, facial expression, and
conclusion. Logically, each of those three sections body language
will have a unique structure, so understanding them Spatial: proximity, direction, position of layout,
on an individual level will help ensure a smooth organization of objects in space.
writing process. The thesis statement is part of the
DELIVER A PREPARED OR IMPROMPTU ON AN
introduction. It is a concise, one sentence summary
ISSUE EMPLOYING THE TECHNIQUES IN PUBLIC
of your main point or claim.
SPEAKING
Format:
Public speaking is the proper modulation
• Introduction (fact, policy, value) and presentation. It is a presentation given in front
• Body of a live audience where the speaker can talk about
o Reasons 1, 2 and 3 a wide variety of topics, and its goal is to educate,
entertain, or influence the listeners. It is not simply
memorizing information and speaking based on a
cue card, it includes many factors and can show
different techniques. When speaking in front of an
audience, you can keep in mind your body language
which is process of communicating nonverbally
through conscious or unconscious gestures and
movements. You may also maintain eye contact
which is a way of looking directly at someone when
communicating. Be mindful of your diction (the
choice of words based on the appropriateness of the
setting), pitch (the highness or lowness of tone),
volume (the degree of loudness), and
pronunciation (the way in which a word or a
language is spoken). In public speaking, you present
an organized speech, it includes introduction, body,
and conclusion. You may start with an introduction;
it is the beginning section that states the purpose
and goals of your presentation or your speech,
throughout the body when you are elaborating your
topic, you may pause depending on the situation.
You can pause to emphasize points, evoke
emotions, and make the speech sound not rushed.
You should present various information to a group
of people because explaining the information helps
the audience understand what you want to impart.
Do not forget to end the speech with a bang or an
impact in the conclusion. What would you like your
audience to remember or do at the end of your
speech? In case you make a mistake during
presentation, self-correct if possible.
13 Effective Public Speaking Techniques
1. Care About Your Topic
2. Remember Your Speaking Goal
3. Support Your Main Points
4. Use Presentation Tools Wisely
5. Use a Professional Template
6. Practice Your Speech
7. Relax!
8. Pace Yourself
9. Add Visual Aids
10. Dress Comfortably, But Professionally
11. Avoid Awkward Fillers
12. Use Gestures (But Don't Overdo)
13. Allow a Q & A