DATA DESCRIPTION

Irmatul Hasanah, M.Si.

 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
Given data set: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6

Could you give one number that represent the data

given?
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
The data can be represented by a number called the
central tendency, such as:

Mean Median Mode

The sum of the
The observation The value with
observations
in the middle of the greatest
divided by the
the ordered list frequency
number of
observations
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
Given data set: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6
Mean
6 3 5 7 6
The sum of the
observations
The Mean of the data is divided by the
6+3+5+7+6 number of
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 5.4 observations
5
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
Population Mean
∑$
!"# 𝑥! Where
𝜇=
𝑁 𝜇 = population mean
𝑁 = the number of
population
Sample Mean
𝑥̅ = sample mean
∑%!"# 𝑥! 𝑛 = the number of
𝑥̅ = sample
𝑛
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
Given data set: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6
Median
6 3 5 7 6

The ordered data from minimum to the The observation

maximum values in the middle of
the ordered list
3 5 6 6 7

The median of data is 6.

 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
Given data set: 2, 6, 3, 5, 7, 6
Median
2 6 3 5 7 6

The ordered data from minimum to the The observation

maximum values in the middle of
the ordered list
2 3 5 6 6 7

The median of data is the average of 5

&'(
and 6, ) = 10.5.
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
Given data set: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6
Mode
6 3 5 7 6
The value with
the greatest
The Mode of the data is 6. frequency
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
Given data set: 1, 3, 5, 7, 6
Mode
1 3 5 7 6
The value with
the greatest
The data has no mode. frequency
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY
Given data set: 3, 3, 3, 3, 3
Mode
3 3 3 3 3
The value with
the greatest
The Mode of the data is 3. frequency
 EXERCISE
Consider these sample data : 1, 7, 4, 5, 10.
a. Find 𝑛.
b. Compute the mean.
c. Find the median.
d. Find the mode.
 THE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
The measures of dispersion tell he spread of the data, tell
about the variation in the depth.
Standard
Range Variance
Deviation
The difference The arithmetic
The square root
between the mean of the
of variance
maximum and squared
the minimum deviations from
values the mean
 THE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Given data set: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6
Range
6 3 5 7 6
The difference
between the
The Range of the data is 4. maximum and
the minimum
values
 THE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Given data set: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6
Variance
6 3 5 7 6
The arithmetic
mean of the
The Variance is ... squared
deviations from
the mean
 THE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
5.4 , then
The mean of the data: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6 is 5.4
2 Variance
( 6 − 5.4 ) = 0.36
2
( 3 − 5.4 ) = 5.76
The arithmetic
2 mean of the
( 5 − 5.4 ) = 0.16
2 squared
( 7 − 5.4 ) = 2.56 deviations from
2 the mean
( 6 − 5.4 ) = 0.36

The Variance is …
 THE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Population Variance
∑ $ ) Where
) !"# 𝑥! − 𝜇
𝜎 = 𝜎 ! = population
𝑁 variance
𝑁 = the number of
population
Sample Variance 𝑠 = sample variance
∑ % ) 𝑥̅ = sample mean
) !"# 𝑥! − 𝑥̅
𝑠 = 𝑛 = the number of
𝑛−1 sample
 THE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
If the data: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6 is population, then
2 Variance
( 6 − 5.4 ) = 0.36
2
( 3 − 5.4 ) = 5.76
The arithmetic
2 mean of the
( 5 − 5.4 ) = 0.16
2 squared
( 7 − 5.4 ) = 2.56 deviations from
2 the mean
( 6 − 5.4 ) = 0.36
*.,('&.-('*.#(').&('*.,(
The Variance is = 1.84.
&
 THE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Given data set: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6
Standard
Deviation
6 3 5 7 6
The square root
The Standard Deviation is 1.84 = 1.356 of variance
 THE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
If the data: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6 is sample, then
2 Variance
( 6 − 5.4 ) = 0.36
2
( 3 − 5.4 ) = 5.76
The arithmetic
2 mean of the
( 5 − 5.4 ) = 0.16
2 squared
( 7 − 5.4 ) = 2.56 deviations from
2 the mean
( 6 − 5.4 ) = 0.36
*.,('&.-('*.#(').&('*.,(
The Variance is = 2.3.
&.#
 THE MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Given data set: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6
Standard
Deviation
6 3 5 7 6
The square root
The Standard Deviation is 2.3 = 1.52 of variance
 EXERCISE
Consider these sample data : 1, 7, 4, 5, 10. Compute
a. the range.
b. the variance.
c. the standard deviation.
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY

Where
The Mean
𝑓" = frequency of i-th
∑/!"# 𝑓! 𝑀! class
𝑥̅ = 𝑀" = mid-point or
∑/!"# 𝑓!
class mark of i-th
class
𝑘 = the number of
class
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY

The Median
𝑛
− 𝐹1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿0 = 2 ×𝑐
𝑓0

Where
𝐿! = the lower boundary of the median class
𝐹" = the cumulative frequency before the median class
𝑓! = the frequency of the median class
𝑐 = the class interval of the median class
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY

The Mode
𝑑#
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝐿0 + ×𝑐
𝑑# + 𝑑)

Where
𝐿! = the lower boundary of the modal class
𝑑" = frequency modal class – frequency of the class before
𝑑" = frequency modal class – frequency of the class after
𝑐 = the class interval of the median class
 EXERCISE
Calculate Mean, Median, and Mode.

Marks Frequency
60-67 2
68-75 7
76-83 12
84-91 6
92-99 3
 SOLUTION

Marks Mid Point Frequency 𝒇𝒊 𝑴𝒊 Then

60-67 63.5 2 127 ∑&!"# 𝑓! 𝑀!
68-75 71.5 7 500.5 𝑥̅ =
∑&!"# 𝑓!
76-83 79.5 12 954 2393
=
84-91 87.5 6 525 30
= 79.77
92-99 95.5 3 286.5
& &

G 𝑓! = 30 G 𝑓! 𝑀! = 2393
!"# !"#
 SOLUTION
Marks Class Boundaries Frequency Where
60-67 59.5-67.5 2 𝑛 30
= = 15
68-75 67.5-75.5 7 2 2
𝐿0 = 75.5
76-83 75.5-83.5 12 𝐹1 = 9
84-91 83.5-91.5 6 𝑓0 = 12
92-99 91.5-99.5 3 𝑐=8
𝑛
− 𝐹1 15 − 9
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿0 + 2 ×𝑐 = 75.5 + ×8 = 79.5
𝑓0 12
 SOLUTION
Marks Class Boundaries Frequency Where
60-67 59.5-67.5 2 𝐿0 = 75.5
68-75 67.5-75.5 7 𝑑# = 12 − 7 = 5
𝑑) = 12 − 6 = 6
76-83 75.5-83.5 12
84-91 83.5-91.5 6
92-99 91.5-99.5 3
𝑑# 5
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝐿0 = ×𝑐 = 75.5 + ×8 = 79.14
𝑑# + 𝑑) 5+6
 THE CENTRAL TENDENCY

The Median
𝑛
− 𝐹1
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿0 = 2 ×𝑐
𝑓0

Where
𝐿! = the lower boundary of the median class
𝐹" = the cumulative frequency before the median class
𝑓! = the frequency of the median class
𝑐 = the class interval of the median class
 SKEWNESS

The range of the

coefficient of
skewness is from
-3 up to 3.

Example :
𝑠𝑘 = −2,57
indicates
Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness
3 𝑥̅ − 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 negative
𝑠𝑘 = skewness.
𝑠
 EXAMPLE
Given data set: 6, 3, 5, 7, 6

6 3 5 7 6

The skewness is
3 𝑥̅ − 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 3 5.4 − 6
𝑠𝑘 = = = −1.18.
𝑠 1.52
Conclusion: negative skewness
 EXERCISE
Consider these sample data : 1, 7, 4, 5, 10. Compute
Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness and give the
conclusion about the skewness.
 REFERENCES
Lind, Marchal, Wathen:
Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics 17th
Edition

Neil A. Weis:
Elementary Statistics 8th Edition
THANK YOU