UCU T TTT TTT TTT COMPUTATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS Aim: To dolumine tur Poritui Sequence Le paramutres Land ¢ Por Phu Per km 4 Single phurt Ahrue Phare and clouble Ux Ayansmisseen Wis for clitpeunt Conclurtan corrangeminty, Software required: MATLAB, Theory: ‘Transmission line has four parameters namely resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields around the conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures data, the inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula. Formulae used: ARRANGEMENT | INDUCTANCE ‘CAPACITANCE ‘Single Phase System Lz 2x10 xn (Pfr) 2am | toy (o/,) 7) 2 OrvIEyY: ee Three phase SymmetricalSysiem | [= bph = 2x10 %In (pis) | ( =C ph = 20 S/n Ob) Three phase een Came ehh = 2x10% 'n ( Dew yi) Pee Trmposd sysem bey = (yah som roberta | C2bPK = Taf om) Unsymmetrcal ba = 2xw Lim Po% xdeaIy!| 4$ FE Jy [abl boa Untransposed. L al Bist be eye se ana System eon [is Tou vocal ls! 95 95 1m F OBC [phe Ae = 240677 in Ceara bee 1 |) FE to Pia l ope ‘Three phase L 1 | ) symmetrical, =AKWW xin | Deg |p ss Pema a, 4 C = 2 0/n ( Bofar, Se h = Ls Coh = cxa “Thrée Phase Line with = Bani Leaxio7in (Dmjos) o Ps Conductors Dim > (On x Dar xDea)"! bs = (osaxpse psc)"Problem Statement: iced 3.8m }- (a) Caleulate the loop inductance and capacitance ofa phase line with two parallel conductors spa Apart. The diameter of each conductor is 1.$.¢m. OO) Manual Calculation: Formula Cred a Gaven t- ads 16cm Ve olf. Trduckaance L > 20167 Loy JR Dass ut : ™ Vy 2 ¥ KO Tes eeepc (apacitance :C = 2n¢0 ty fe Solution \. = & = ove ve alle = \S]2 = OT5Em © bop = SF val = ¥X1% = O- 75x10 7.5 107%, D= 8.5m Sy = WHA KO. TBE = S.aiex to? m "Me Axio LE beg ] 25) cate x102m)) f= SSEABIEeaINS a my Cz MK B.BSA x Wl? | 4s] C= 4s30 xt! F PEDO TITAUC CATE ATT TTC Lee elProblem Statement: rr 4 €b) Calculate the inuetance a capacitance ofa conductor ofa 3 phase system show has 1.2 cm diameter and conductors at the edge of an equilateral (riangle of side 1.5m, a isa 1.5m 15m | Manuat Cateutation: ive ta | ri? (Hee Date! we Ala Ceany asus Toy ole hace oy = stock & O-TIR8 ‘UPd Dalsm ad = vx 1? Formula wel’ <> axel Loy (Were) Solubisa Gala Sesteun: Nad = BERW? Lex? m Ti sb tw ex O. 1188 WV We G1DR ROP So \- “Vey sh xi0b Wm ie leg Fes | 4. grax to) Ca Cowen gags X07) | iy CP exign) Se SSE COn aii 4 SOC CC CC CC CCCCCCCCCECCCCCCCECEECECEProblem Statement: (6) Calculate the inductanee, capacitance and reactance of 3 phase SO Hz overhead transmission line which | has conductors of 2 Sem diameter. Distances berween conductors are Sm between A & B | 4mbetween B& C | 3m between C & A Assume conductors are transposed. Manual Calculation: | < |Giben_Datg + Solid Ne | de asem — peienem| Ramenlauel 4, Ce ——A_) 8 | Dags sm Den eam [Dey *(Dab < Bab « Dea) rege | Leow? x log ec) C2 onx 2 seanio) we AUG es "nTde 4 Cy |_Solation \- “wea 2 (08 x10"? d= EHS = BoOlisH | TeAlo= \asem Med = las xwFm, Wy DO-TWBs Kia g x10? Day. Bee Karate TUE AUIS XW Nae C3-A) arsxie-3) = VAG xto8 Ulm Ce Laxme ees stor “S [109 C8-ai) ie sets)” C= 9-682 yO BLY STAs XL = ett x97 PAIS x Lob XL = BVeeEXO4 gs |m Xe = lam xse xq. bexio™ Sate otcProblem Statement: 1 (@ Caos stan pps ofa pas ase Eine show ES | Rais or conductors 0. em, Lies are unranspo ee dle len DAB 235m Dee =1m T= pene gsm Eoemula ured : Manval Calculation: | es = La = 2xto7 [hee A + loje Joan dea + Die Yad x 0-778. SS laye Spa | tlm The saxw!? e x18 Jim: sat Ne Jose xpos * 35 lye [mn ¢ DAS Pee = 2081 Vege Cll) 5 \me. opeabmuachepuiey2 Foal pee ued sn 1 = Ip = O:Sem vad= Os xwr= sam T= tad yo. Tee | Trt 8-8 3) 4 1ey EE tJ toy [SE] Bs. y = 2x01] log, Ci/a-g9 = \.gbo2 x isle We = axteTT legs Ua Bay 003) 4 10y Jase Aja ly ii) = Ciqaae tod 4 jtea00t 107) Hm Le= axe ig + lyJas + gn ty Js 2 bes J yoab ctoe — 4) --2006 xtor7 TUUVCUCVUELEELEbEoeeEecoecocrcoeConel a Problem Statement: pase double circuit line asia the figure it 1. () Cateulaethe inductance and capacitance of83 PIAS COT ameter of conductors is the condueters are spaced 2m apart atthe vernes oF 2 = : Ol= P 2m, we Manual Calculation: d= Viet dog, EO a Chm x g.sy eto Vege Sad Vr | Sovurien \ Te Ala =Xem } Toh = Ux Ww, = 0.01m. we 0 ; L 21 xtoT ley au / Ree ont Seat neato OE Tee AID Sin Leb oxo! dtfm Ce aT eggs x 10 ie SEE DAASTEKO™ Bl yy Qx0-0'Arrangemest Maneal Resolts ‘MATLAB Results of Conductors = Litim) | _Cifim | —-L@i/m | C(Fim) =" 3 of -& S 12-558 x10* | 4-53ovt0F | 2- xto | 4-6261 y 10 “These phase 1 SymmercaSytem| 1-1543x10%| foootyie” | [gyzywe | b-o07sxic” Tiree phase | 1 | Temaponed syaem | UIT x10 | Fe bR2x107%|) f-ggnyiot| F-bRoy x10 (Three phase 1 | Unsymmesical i | Untransposed | | Sysemm | je eae } | Dosbiecrexe | | System i [ Phar Tye Phat Gnqe Avansision Ure por clygrent Cord BB= 0-0=0=0 0200-620 =0-0=6-0-6=6-0-C-0-0-0-0-0- 9-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0. Ez | 10:2 (2) | ay DATE: Ta] | FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX ‘Theory: ‘Bus admittance matrix is often used in power sytem studies. n most of the power system Studies, i 6 necessary to form [Y-Bus] matrix of the system by considering certain power system | Parameters depending upon the type of analysis. For example, in load flow analysis it is necessary 0 ‘orm [Y-Bus] matrix without taking ino account the generator impedance, transformer impedance and load impedance. In stom cireuit analysis, the generator transient reactance and transformer impedance mist be {aken into acéount in addition to tine data. In stability analysis, line data, the generator transient feactance transformer impedance and equivalent load impedances are taken into account. ¥-Bus] may be computed by inspection method only if thee is no mutual coupling between the lines. Every transmission line will be represented by x equivalent. Shunt admittance are added to the diagonal elements corresponding to the buses al which these are comecied. The off diagonal lements are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of tap changing transformer may be considered in forming | ¥-Bus] matrix. The dimension of the [Y- rx is (mxn) where n is the number of buses. In a power 5 mdtrix for gives pouty SpierProblem Statement ‘ : oun the Y-Bus matt forthe given single line diagram and verify the results obtained in MATLAB, re y “TRANSMASSION LINE DATA , vine | Sout | tte | Somme | cng [AM Cneeriry [Ou 1 1 2 0.903 corer — Nimpe danie | 2 2 3 O15j05 0.0+j0.0125 Do 3 3 1 024406 ooyja08 | o0bas 6.04 Manual Catelaion: Prom » @& a Blo 1 2 Dy Oy OH n Be fommotecers a Re oto a sJet in UheuMhen Po ot 1 + bei to. mn Oltoaf Disab) laa = VS —y. WIS PPP PPO SP COS SSS ee ee ee‘buses, the sparsity és high. It may be as high as 99%, Hence, by applying sparsity technique, numerical requirement may be drastically reduced ‘computation time as well as memory storag FORMATION OF Y-BUS MATRI ‘The generalized form oF Yioy matrix is given a, Iy-Bust> fray Yu Ma Each admittance Ys ( ) is called the self admittance oF driving point admittanee of bus i and equals the sum ofall admittances terminating on the particular bus. the transfer admittance between, Each off-diagonal term Yi( i,j, = U2. DF buses iand jand Y= Yj Yo ==. wher ys admittance connected between buses i andj, n= ota number of buses. ALGORITHM: Step 1 : Initialise |Y- Bus| matrix, that is replace all entries by zero. Yur -Yo= Y= off diagonal clement, By Pataca feces Step 2: Compute et 24 1 2A did + d.mDbry de i de de Aber + hers DAO-94 — DSAOSS 4 ASS - hewisg \ +L Ao bisa DaseneS} O24 DRY > - \k3j HO. AL BSC)Youu * hes- Si “1433 ~ OS Hs} -)43) 0 -p.5 4155 \.S5 4-735} - 0-55 +1: 8355 DesS EIB) LOS. 3.3355 | 18Line charging admittance:0.021 Starting bus:2 Ending bus:3 Admittance or Impedance of line:0.15+0.5i Line charging admittance:0.01251 Starting bus:3 Ending bus:1 Admittance or Impedance of line:0.2+0.6i Line charging admittance:0.0281 ybus = 1.5000 - 4.4760i -1.0000 + 3.0000i -0.5000 + 1.50001 ~1.0000 + 3.00001 1.5505 - 4.8186i -0.5505 + 1.83491 -0.5000 + 1.50001 -0.5505 + 1.83491 1.0505 - 3.31461 Result: Ha bus adnidtarte mack Yor We qves Sepses seroore Gb computes acct aibieet using, Mari.2B. 2EX.NO:2(6) | _______| FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX BY BUS BUILDING DATE: ALGORITHM Fajen Ai: ‘To form the Bus impedance Matrix using bus building algorithm and execute using MATLAB program and verify the result by using Manual Calculation. Software Required: MATLAB, Algorithm: Step 1:Consider the new element which is connected to reference node. Step 2:To add a new element, check whether it brings new node Step 3:If it does, check whether > fits connected between new node and reference node, apply Rule 1 > It is connected between new node and existing node, apply Rule 2 Step 4:1 t doesnot bring new node, check whether its connected to reference node. > Ifit is connected between existing node and reference node, apply Rule 3 itis connected between two existing nodes, apply Rue 4 lep 5:Chcek whether al elements connected, if aot go to step 2 and continue Print the Zs matrix Step Formulae Used: Rule 1: Ian element is added between new node and reference node, the impedance matrix will be Zustold) 0 Zaainens=(“i0e) 9) a ‘Where 2» = impedance of an clement. Rule 2: Ifan element is added between new node ‘jo old node “’, the impedance matrix will be | Zys(old)—Z, Zen) -( zi eel a2) Where =f colamn of old Zs ‘2 impedance of an clement Rule 3: If an element is added ‘an old node ‘i’ to the reference node, the impedance matrix will be “et eae pane Re Bee i Problem Statement: : in the figure below. All the is shown 0 Form the Zies matrix for the system whose reactance diagram aoa a | A aD = ae ne fe = Geforonte jo new be Z by = ly Sip >= Existing bus |e nein Bob Tea i u = Zotd + 2b. vas = yh ponast =1.a5) Bree a esting) sal veperen cena = eee 2 AY Vash vast NG) Gesagenesat Sire ob 24 gragtr than, no, of buses o Lnone'S rect Lion» Marin — xedurtion dere ne 3 ay a2} ola in x £75 Zn nos -24 Old - Zig nol aay Z32Zn neo = 2 Old - an7s 20.5} 233 zo old . 208 Ze. ° za news Za) 2 6-8} Zar Beco) = (Lom CS eGgaataaee |= Cag) Ze > bun = lOredewey 01-53) o.sh 0-695) Step Existing 40 neo bar Zz bw DF Osi Of OS} 9.ba5} 0.28) 0:5} Osbas B+ 61S) 60.0000 + 0.62501 0.0000 + 0.67501 |New node and Reference Node 2.New node and Old Node 3.0ld node and Reference Node 4.0ld node and Old Node 5.Print 6st Enter your choices (0.0000 + 0.60001 0.0000 + 0.50001 (0.0000 + 0.50001 0.0000 + 0.6250 (0.0000 + 0.5000; 0.0000 + 0.6250: (0.0000 + 0.50001 0.0000 + 0.62501 0.0000 + 0.67501 |New node and Reference Node 2.New node and Old Node 3.0ld node and Reference Node 4.0ld node and Old Node 5.Print 6. Enter your choices es (10 Mari RecordAim: To Understand Perfarmanc O§ Short and mectubim Trax Line Software Required: MATLAB Formutiae Used: Vs= AVR+BIx 1s= CVa+DIx TPE METHOD “ABCD PARAMETERS Shor ss ADT ECD. etiam Nominal T Method ‘A=D=1VYZ2, BeZusyZay: cy; Nominat a Method ‘ASD=1VZE: BZ: Ca¥a+vZi8y, 35Problem Ststement: An overhead 3 phase trnsmission tine deliv eae and inductive reactance of each conductor ae 15 2 ers aon ot at 15 6 9608 pf neeing. The 1 phase, Deerwine ioe Parameters for short transmission fine, Manual Cateuiat ReVso — feltin Mth Ae Bolle Yer by=d Cee Veen | Do fied? Tinpeaade , rdmuune, Lee Parenter ZeAtmyjin) = Misty) = (1s ty) 2 y eflutivd =| Cote) = 0% for Shant tranmission re! Line Parvamstuss Ae mol) Boxe Stine D q | 36——— an so tz and 085 prog BY means of lng 5910-68. Using ee ers for mediom transmission line, Problem Statement: ‘A balanced 3 phase load of 30. MW is SUP “The series impedance is 20+j82 © and total admit ine A. B. plied at 132 KV: sce is 31: ramet ‘nominal T and nominal x methods. deter coe Manual Calculation: Given: 39 Load @ Bonk) Vo I32kv decom 2 e 58 (as $ = O85 lag Reza myegsas VC 2 3:SXW oe Tepesone > 22 (a xy xi) = 1(20838) = Oe aad Admiarce = Y=} (urtisc) s1oti ti) = 3 gts note 2xSown 73.5 x10°F Nongoal T_Metiod i Se a A = 14 Zy) = Az\4zy & = 0. 418 -S0.008! 4 Az b.9%18 + 30.003) B zUeZav) Be \.ed6 -Ssi-ei9, czy © = 33.4 x04 Dea D=0-a918 —So.00a > ie = ANG + So -OyziaMATLAB Cot ele: clear all: Reinput (‘Resistance :1), Xueinpue ("Inductive Reactance :* XGninput ("Capacitive Reactance Geinput ("conductance 2"); Lengtheinput ("Length of Transmission Line feinput ("Frequency 2") Bie (Rt]*XL) “Length; 1s (G4}+xc) sLengeh; mmemenu ("ENTER THE TYPE OF HETVORK', ‘NOMIUAL T, "NOMINAL PT." switeh ease (1) = 1 (znew1/2); Beaas (1+(zitv1/4y); cov: Dear otherwise R= 1e(ziev1/2); Beis cov (ae(zirya/ay) Dear end ™= (AB CDI; 21 nu ™ Output: Resistance 20 Inductive Reactance :52 Capacitive Reactance :315*10%.6 Conductance :0 Length of Transmission Line :1 Frequency :50 2= 20,0000 +52,00001 sa 0,0000e+00 + 3.1500e-041 eas Aue ABCD KN e) rom gre we CateyGrea wing MAT LAS oro uoxttid. Performance (40 Marks) | Yq Result omens) | LO | wee (ey | vO (20 Marks) w~w Total Marks |LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD To determine the load flow solution of given power system using Gauss-Seidel method. Software Requires MATLAB. Theory: Load flow analysis is the most frequently performed system study by electric utilities. This analysis is performed on steady state operating condition of a power system under normal mode of operation and aims at obtaining bus voltages and line flows for a given load condition. This ‘information is essential both for long term planning. A number of methods are available for solving load flow problem. In all the methods, voltage solution is initially assumed and then improved upon using some iterative process until convergence is reached. The first method Gauss-Seidel Load Flow is a simple method to program but the voltage solution is updated only node by node and hence the convergence rate is poor. Problem Formulation The performance equation of power system may be written as Enus) =[ Yous} [Vnus} @ Selecting one of the buses as the reference bus, we get (n-1) sirmultancous equation. The bus loading equation can be written as Q) @) 41Problem Statement: with generation a bus 1 shown Belo, The The one line diagram ofa simple tnee-bus ONEE SISTENT ioads at buses 2 and 3 gy, magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted 10 1.05 per units THE Se ers = ‘marked on the diagram, Line impedances are marked im Per ae = charging susceptances are neglected. 1 0.02 + 50.04 Load Gus 110.2 (9) 0.01 + 40.03 Mvar donc Bvr Slack Bus V = 1.0520° NO genvation Bur vo 248 ae Re Al Bur 21 Pa = Ba a ; 2 Oho Determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3 (P-Q buses) using MATLAB, Manual Calculation: Evamation eg v gus maby Yn > Yew = !o.02 430:04 = ¢o-f20 Oe, i Pollan reticle eal 19 (OBE 0.014 j0-03 ine ee 16282) Deolas+ jp Orr vaos Ge tds = 20-550 NS aee eiorees pee 420) nes Z ee ve 1p 420) eb 2 Rae spt ideal fosso Ne Mi Bus 2: Pa = Does - Poe Pra o- aseb So cRsnhs rc Os = = +1102 Pu, At Bus 8! Pe = Pua — Pos 2 D- 1386 Pos 0-188 |) pues (0 Rs = Pa-Oby =0-AS2 _ Tee 7 Obs ape Firs Gb vatisn |. Sek ke Bw 1b HE Slack Bo. Nieu! sy? suis... = bos +Jo.0 Assume gq jerk Start voltage for Pa buster. Vo%= 120° avs" IL? Bee yr eeini 2 poe ees iw] « Vite ee S| BAN osea . Tha eda Y"* Yon va - Yau ve]a Desbb43) V-bt = i) 10S - [-1o4 208 26-52) [ ae ~ (10 + 2ei) os =f 2a \- Soo Vit. 0. qgas - Jo- 031094 Voltage at Bu 2: os BERR eee] ’ vere me VeBBbe +$o0.ys> ; ee ee . ]-w #5] (1.05). \ -jo [_crvssa Lo gers - Sorozio) Vs! 2 2 = 1.00 - 50.0363 V enecensat ; neg Locke }.05 + jo V2" = 6.9926 -Jo-o3)ov 6-98.25 + jo. 0310 leon - jo - 0353 Ve) = thom -jo-0363yv 50Output: y= 20,0000 -60,0000i -10.0000 +20,00001 -10.0000 +30.00001 40,0000 +20.0000i 28.0000 -§2.0000i -16.0000 +32.0000i “40,0000 +30,0000i -16.0000 +22.0000i 26.0000 -62.0000i busdata = ‘Colurnns 1 through 9 4.0000 1.0000 0 0 1.0500 1.0500 0 o | 20000 3.0000 -25660 -1.1020 1.0000 1.000 0 Oo oO 3.0000 3.0000 -13860 04520 1.0000 1000 0 0 Oo Columns 10 through 11 | (OF 40) O}a0) 0 0) ans = Bus voltages 1.0500 + 0.00001 0.9825 - 0.03101 1.41 -0.0353i Passer (20 Merks) | QO ESS ne a ee a a eer Oe ub — clotusrined my yous -Siedal methecl and the vowle axe verilted Using MaTLAS . si he i) Yow Sotution og Gren ower splCECE CCCCCCCOCCE bw wn SUUNGRURGROn@nOrOaGuOngrarargn6-a, ae vonoriowaxstassismenewrovmamonernon | ‘To determine the load Now solution of given power system using Newton-Raphson Joad flow method, Software required: MATLAB. Theory: The second method Newton-Raphson is an accurate method 10 update the vollage solution of all the buses simultaneously in cack iteration and hence this method have fister convergence rate Algorithm: Assume a flat voltage profile 1+j0 for all buses except the slack bus. The STEP voltage of the stack bus is the specified voltage and i i not modified at any iteration. | STEP 2: Assume a suitable value of c called convergence criteria, Hence ¢ is a specified change in the residue that is used to compare the aciual residues at the end of cach iteration STEP 3: Set the iteration count K=O and assumed voltage profile of all the buses are Voexcept slack bus. The real pant of the volage denoied as Vi ve are denoted as ¢;? and the reactive part as f° for P=1,2.3...n STEP 4: Set bus count P=1 STEP $: Check for slack bus. If it is a slack bus then go {o step 13 otherwise go to next sep. STEP 6: Calculate the real and reactive power of bus P using the following equation: 12 -SISEG, + 138) LUNG, ea) pg + L¢By)+ 65 Ff Guy C88] 33 2: RSE seem omarreng oF. eae |10,0007 - 0.00081 00762 + 0.41781 delvo = 1.00.06 * 0.0000 + 0.00001 0.0705 - 0.072 0.4364 + 0.9701 delv = 1,0-06* | 0.0000 + 0.00001 0.0705 - 0.07721 0.4364 + 0.37011 vprev = 1.0500 + 0.00001 0.9985 - 0.0550) 1.0824 - 0.02681 delv= 1.06.06" 0.0000 + 0.000% 0.0705 - 0.0721 0.4364 + 0.37011 v= 1.0500 + 0.00001 0.9985 - 0.0550i 1.0824 - 0.02681 ans =Bus voltages v= 1.0500 + 0.00001 0.9985 - 0.05501 1.0824 - 0,0268i noofiter= 6 Aw a — Result: %o Thy he Loud Jo Ao\utton poultry Aystem using ywton Rupion Loa flow mete % anoles bed 65